Abstract
The clinical efficacy of thymosin α1 (Tα1) therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subsequent to radical hepatectomy is unclear. In the present study, the impact of Tα1 therapy on outcomes in HCC patients after radical hepatectomy was retrospectively evaluated. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for 146 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated HCC who were treated by radical hepatectomy and subsequently with Tα1 therapy, as well as for 412 control patients with HBV-associated HCC treated by radical hepatectomy. Propensity score matching was used to minimize confounding variables due to baseline differences. Liver function, recurrence-free survival and overall survival rates were compared between the two groups. Serum markers of liver function were significantly improved in the Tα1 group compared with the control group. The 1-, 2- and 3-year overall survival rates were 87.2, 82.0 and 68.4% in the Tα1 group and 78.2, 64.2 and 49.7% in the control group (P=0.011). The 1-, 2- and 3-year recurrence-free survival rates were 79.7, 70.8 and 67.3% in the Tα1 group and 69.9, 61.5 and 51.6% in the control group (P=0.019). The results suggested that post-hepatectomy Tα1 therapy improves liver function and significantly prolong recurrence-free and overall survival in patients with HBV-associated HCC.
Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, propensity score matching, overall survival, recurrence-free survival rate, thymosin α1
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer, and it ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide (1). Surgical resection remains the most effective curative treatment for HCC (2), but the high incidence of tumor recurrence makes long-term survival following resection unsatisfactory (3,4). Reducing postoperative recurrence is one of the most significant challenges to improving the prognosis of patients with HCC (5). Several factors (6,7) are hypothesized to affect the risk of recurrence, including whether radical treatment has been performed, what biological characteristics the tumors present, how well the patient's immune system is functioning, and whether the patient has active hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Increasingly, clinicians are exploring ways to boost patient immune function in order to reduce postoperative recurrence (6).
Thymosin α1 (Tα1), a 28-residue peptide hormone with an acetylated N terminus, is widely used in the clinic to treat patients with chronic HBV infection and to enhance immune response to vaccines in immunocompromised individuals (8,9). Tα1 enhances immunity mainly by inducing the differentiation and maturation of T cells as well as the production of cytokines (10). Only two studies (11,12) have reported that Tα1 may also be effective at reducing risk of postoperative HCC recurrence subsequent to hepatectomy, leading to significantly increased long-term survival rates compared with the absence of Tα1 therapy. The reliability of these studies is limited by their relatively small samples (19 and 34 patients) and the fact that the studies did not adjust for potential baseline differences between Tα1 and control groups that may have contributed to observed differences in outcomes.
To more rigorously assess the clinical efficacy of postoperative Tα1 subsequent to radical hepatectomy in HCC patients, medical records were retrospectively analyzed for recurrence and prognosis in a larger cohort of patients treated at the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Nanning, China), comparing those who received postoperative Tα1 therapy with those who did not. Propensity score matching was used to minimize interference from potential confounders.
Patients and methods
Patients
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University and patients provided consent as part of the standard admission procedure. Medical records were retrospectively analyzed for patients who underwent initial radical hepatectomy for HCC at the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University between January 2007 and December 2012. To be included, patients had to present with: i) A diagnosis confirmed by postoperative pathological examination; ii) serum hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positivity; iii) a Child-Pugh score of 5–6 for liver function; iv) an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score of 0; v) preoperative absence of any cancer embolus in the main portal vein or its first-level branches, the common bile duct or its first-level branches, the main hepatic vein, or the inferior vena cava; vi) absence of intra- and extrahepatic metastases, and total resection of macroscopic tumors without residual cancer cells on the surgical margins; vii) absence of any residual tumor by imaging 1 month subsequent to surgery; and viii) return of α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels to the normal range within 2 months of surgery in patients with elevated serum AFP before the operation.
Patients were excluded from the present study if they: i) Had received transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), radiotherapy or other anti-tumor therapies prior to hepatectomy; ii) had undergone emergency surgery; iii) were infected with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus or HIV; iv) had concomitant malignant tumors or severe disorders in other organs; or v) had a history of alcohol or drug abuse.
Patients included in the present study were divided into two groups: Those who received postoperative Tα1 therapy and those who did not.
Propensity score matching
Since patients were not assigned randomly to receive postoperative Tα1 therapy or not, it was highly likely that the two patient groups would present significant baseline differences that may confound the analysis of outcomes. In order to reduce the bias in patient selection, propensity score matching was performed to balance these baseline differences and thereby simulate random group allocation (2,13,14). Propensity scores were estimated using a logistic regression model based on age, gender, presence of HBeAg, presence of diabetes mellitus, albumin level, total bilirubin level, serum AFP level, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, prothrombin time, platelet count, tumor size and number, presence of liver cirrhosis, presence of tumor capsule, microvascular invasion, Edmondson stage, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification (15), and antiviral therapy administered. Subsequently, 1:1 matching without replacement was performed using a 0.1 caliper width, and the resulting score-matched pairs were used in subsequent analyses, as previously reported (2).
Treatment
Patients in the Tα1 group were injected subcutaneously with 1.6 mg Tα1 (Chengdu Diao Jiuhong Pharmaceutical Factory, Chengdu, China) twice weekly for 6 months.
Follow-up and outcomes
Control and Tα1 patients returned to the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University for follow-up assessments every 2–3 months. During these visits, serum levels of AFP and the following liver function markers were determined: Albumin level; ALT level; prothrombin time; and total bilirubin level. In addition, imaging tests were performed using B-mode ultrasonography, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Patients showing the presence of newly developed intra- or extrahepatic tumors consistent with the characteristics of HCC by two imaging modalities were considered to have postoperative recurrence. The outcome measures were postoperative recovery of liver function and recurrence-free and overall survival rates.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Data with a normal or approximately normal distribution were reported as the mean ± standard deviation. Data with a non-normal distribution were reported as the median (range). Means, medians and rates between the two patient groups were compared using Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test or χ2 test, as appropriate. Survival rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and inter-group differences were compared using the log-rank test. The threshold of statistical significance in all cases was defined as P<0.05.
Results
Patients
A total of 558 patients that met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the present study, of whom 146 patients received postoperative Tα1 therapy and 412 patients did not (Table I). The Tα1 and control groups were similar for the majority of baseline characteristics, but there were significant differences in the rates of postoperative antiviral therapy using lamivudine or other drugs, as well as marginal differences in the numbers and longest diameter of tumors. To reduce the risk that these baseline differences may confound the present results, 1:1 propensity score matching was performed to generate 106 pairs that showed no significant differences in any of the baseline parameters (Table I).
Table I.
Baseline characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma patients who received Tα1 therapy or not after radical hepatectomy, before and after propensity score matching.
| Variable | Tα1 group, n (%) | Control group, n (%) | P-value | Tα1 group, n (%) | Control group, n (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 146 (100.0) | 412 (100.0) | 106 (100.0) | 106 (100.0) | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 127 (87.0) | 359 (87.1) | 0.963 | 93 (87.7) | 95 (89.6) | 0.665 |
| Female | 19 (13.0) | 53 (12.9) | 13 (12.3) | 11 (10.4) | ||
| Age, years | 49.8±9.9 | 50.7±11.6 | 0.786 | 49.0±10.1 | 49.7±10.8 | 0.618 |
| HBeAg | ||||||
| Yes | 123 (84.2) | 348 (84.5) | 0.950 | 85 (80.2) | 87 (82.1) | 0.726 |
| No | 23 (15.8) | 64 (15.5) | 21 (19.8) | 19 (17.9) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
| Yes | 14 (9.6) | 23 (5.6) | 0.095 | 8 (7.5) | 8 (7.5) | 1.000 |
| No | 132 (90.4) | 389 (94.4) | 98 (92.5) | 98 (92.5) | ||
| HBV-DNA, IU/ml | 8.6×103 (0.0–2.0×107) | 4.2×103 (0.0–1.9×109) | 0.496 | 8.6×103 (0.0–2.0×107) | 7.8×103 (0.0–1.8×107) | 0.875 |
| Total bilirubin, µmol/l | 12.8 (3.4–68.7) | 13.2 (2.7–63.9) | 0.333 | 12.7 (3.9–46.7) | 12.1 (3.4–29.5) | 0.679 |
| Albumin, g/l | 40.8±4.3 | 40.4±4.7 | 0.283 | 41.0±4.0 | 40.7±4.3 | 0.656 |
| ALT, U/l | 36.5 (8.0–504.0) | 36.0 (8.0–281.0) | 0.959 | 38.0 (12.0–108.0) | 41.0 (8.0–181.0) | 0.654 |
| Prothrombin time, sec | 12.7 (9.4–22.4) | 12.8 (9.5–20.1) | 0.637 | 12.6 (9.4–18.4) | 12.7 (10.4–16.9) | 0.701 |
| AFP level | ||||||
| ≥20 ng/ml | 92 (63.0) | 242 (58.7) | 0.365 | 63 (59.4) | 63 (59.4) | 1.000 |
| <20 ng/ml | 54 (37.0) | 170 (41.3) | 43 (40.6) | 43 (40.6) | ||
| Number of tumors | ||||||
| Multiple | 28 (19.2) | 112 (27.2) | 0.055 | 19 (17.9) | 20 (18.9) | 0.859 |
| Single | 118 (80.8) | 300 (72.8) | 87 (82.1) | 86 (81.1) | ||
| Size of largest tumor | ||||||
| ≥5 cm | 70 (47.9) | 235 (57.0) | 0.058 | 55 (51.9) | 52 (49.1) | 0.680 |
| <5 cm | 76 (52.1) | 177 (43.0) | 51 (48.1) | 54 (50.9) | ||
| Tumor capsule | ||||||
| Incomplete | 77 (52.7) | 189 (45.9) | 0.153 | 49 (46.2) | 48 (45.3) | 0.890 |
| Complete | 69 (47.3) | 223 (54.1) | 57 (53.8) | 58 (54.7) | ||
| Microvascular invasion | ||||||
| Yes | 14 (9.6) | 22 (5.3) | 0.073 | 9 (8.5) | 8 (7.5) | 0.800 |
| No | 132 (90.4) | 390 (94.7) | 97 (91.5) | 98 (92.5) | ||
| Liver cirrhosis | ||||||
| Yes | 127 (87.0) | 335 (81.3) | 0.118 | 92 (86.8) | 94 (88.7) | 0.675 |
| No | 19 (13.0) | 77 (18.7) | 14 (13.2) | 12 (11.3) | ||
| Portal hypertension | ||||||
| Yes | 58 (39.7) | 152 (36.9) | 0.544 | 38 (35.8) | 41 (38.7) | 0.670 |
| No | 88 (60.3) | 260 (63.1) | 68 (64.2) | 65 (61.3) | ||
| BCLC stage | ||||||
| A | 119 (81.5) | 335 (81.3) | 0.958 | 89 (84.0) | 88 (83.0) | 0.853 |
| B | 27 (18.5) | 77 (18.7) | 17 (16.0) | 18 (17.0) | ||
| Edmondson stage | ||||||
| I/II | 13 (8.6)/72 (49.5) | 28 (6.8)/183 (44.4) | 0.062 | 8 (8.0)/51 (48.0) | 7 (6.6)/49 (46.2) | 0.942 |
| III/IV | 33 (22.6)/28 (19.4) | 141 (34.2)/60 (14.6) | 29 (26.9)/18 (17.1) | 33 (30.8)/17 (16.0) | ||
| Antiviral therapy | ||||||
| Yes | 104 (71.2) | 90 (21.8) | <0.001 | 65 (61.3) | 66 (62.3) | 0.888 |
| No | 42 (28.8) | 322 (78.2) | 41 (38.7) | 40 (37.7) | ||
Data are mean ± SD or median (range). AFP, α-fetoprotein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BCLC, barcelona clinic liver cancer; Tα1, thymosin α1.
Changes in liver function during follow up
The albumin level was significantly higher in the Tα1 group compared with the control group at 1, 2 and 3 years subsequent to hepatectomy, whereas total bilirubin and ALT levels were significantly lower in the Tα1 group at 2 and 3 years (Table II). By 3 years subsequent to surgery, the prothrombin time was significantly shorter in the Tα1 group.
Table II.
Post-hepatectomy liver function in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with or without postoperative Tα1 therapy.
| Years after surgery | TBIL, µmol/l | ALB, g/l | ALT, U/l | PT, sec |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group | ||||
| 1 year | 12.4 (3.4–506.9) | 42.2±4.9 | 31.0 (8.0–373.0) | 13.3 (10.3–24.2) |
| 2 years | 14.3 (5.2–187.6) | 39.9±4.6 | 33.0 (9.0–219.0) | 13.3 (10.4–17.8) |
| 3 years | 13.3 (5.8–16.0) | 42.3±4.7 | 44.5 (22.0–65.0) | 12.7 (11.0–14.1) |
| Tα1 group | ||||
| 1 year | 10.4 (5.0–134.5) | 44.0±4.3a | 31.5 (10.0–558.0) | 13.0 (10.3–19.1) |
| 2 years | 10.7 (3.8–98.7)a | 45.3±3.1a | 27.5 (6.0–159.0)a | 13.0 (10.2–37.9) |
| 3 years | 9.9 (7.3–12.4)a | 48.6±2.7a | 31.5 (25.0–38.0)a | 11.6 (11.2–12.0)a |
P<0.05, Tα1 group vs. control group. Tα1, thymosin α1; TBIL, total bilirubin; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; PT, prothrombin time.
Recurrence-free survival and overall survival analyses
Cumulative recurrence-free survival rates of the Tα1-treated patients in the 106 propensity score-matched pairs were 79.7% at 1 year, 70.8% at 2 years and 67.3% at 3 years subsequent to surgery. The corresponding rates in the 106 control patients were 69.9, 61.5 and 51.6% (P=0.019; Fig. 1). Cumulative overall survival at the three time points was 87.2, 82.0 and 68.4% in the propensity score-matched Tα1 patients, compared to 78.2, 64.2 and 49.7% in the control patients (P=0.011; Fig. 2).
Figure 1.
Cumulative recurrence-free survival of propensity score-matched hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated by radical hepatectomy, with or without postoperative thymosin α1 therapy.
Figure 2.
Cumulative overall survival of propensity score-matched hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated by radical hepatectomy, with or without postoperative thymosin α1 therapy.
Discussion
The preferred treatment for early- and intermediate-stage HCC is radical hepatectomy, but despite impressive advances in early HCC detection and resection techniques, 2-year recurrence remains high, at 45% (16). Reducing tumor recurrence and/or metastasis subsequent to resection is crucial for the long-term survival of HCC patients. The present study provides evidence that postoperative therapy using the peptide hormone Tα1 may significantly increase overall and recurrence-free survival as well as liver function in patients with HBV-associated HCC.
Impaired immunity subsequent to resection is considered to contribute to HCC recurrence both soon afterwards and in the longer term (6). Single-site HCC recurrence appears to be more common within 2 years of surgery, while multi-site recurrence is more common >2 years subsequent to surgery (17). The present results, with 3-year recurrence-free survival, suggest that Tα1 can significantly reduce both types of recurrence. Tα1 may exert these anti-tumor effects mainly by boosting immune function in several respects (18). Tα1 enhances the mitogen-triggered maturation of Tα1 lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, increases the secretion of various T cell lymphokines, such as interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-3, increases the number of lymphokine receptors on the T lymphocyte surface, and activates T4 helper cells to promote lymphocyte activity. Tα1 also promotes the chemotaxis of NK precursor cells, thereby increasing cytotoxicity. Previous studies have shown Tα1 to be useful in the treatment of HCC (11,12), and the present study complements that literature by demonstrating significant survival benefits for HCC patients following radical hepatectomy.
In addition to survival rates, postoperative Tα1 therapy significantly improved liver function indices, such as total bilirubin, albumin and ALT and prothrombin time, in the present patients. It was hypothesized that in the current patients, Tα1 enhanced lymphocyte activity and thereby suppressed viral replication, leading to improved liver function. The Tα1-mediated increase in overall survival was possibly due to the combination of improved liver function and reduction in recurrence.
Strengths of the present study include that it involved larger patient samples than previous studies on this area of research (11,12), and that propensity score matching was used to balance baseline differences between patients who received postoperative Tα1 therapy and those who did not. At the same time, the study has several weaknesses. No data on changes in immune function indices prior and subsequent to hepatectomy were included; these indices should be included in future studies. Similarly, data on HBV replication in the present patients was not used, although the observed significant improvement in liver function suggests that Tα1 therapy exerted a strong antiviral effect in the present patients.
The present data provide evidence that Tα1 therapy may improve overall and recurrence-free survival as well as liver function in HCC patients following radical hepatectomy. The survival benefits of Tα1 therapy may be greater than those of other adjuvant therapies, and the therapy may be compatible with a wider range of HCC patients. For example, TACE is effective only in HCC patients at high risk of recurrence (19), while adoptive immunotherapy appears to have little effect on the overall survival rate (6). Interferons may cause adverse reactions such as fever, cold-like symptoms, myelosuppression and hair loss, as well as complications such as hepatic decompensation (20). Lamivudine is indicated only for patients with high serum titers of HBV DNA (21). Future studies should not only verify our findings in patients with HBV-associated HCC, but also examine whether the treatment may benefit other subpopulations of HCC patients.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. Armando Chapin Rodríguez for his language editing, which substantially improved the quality of the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81160262 and 81260331), and National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant no. 2012ZX10002010001009).
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