Abstract Abstract
Paraguay, a country whose economy is based mainly on agriculture and livestock for export, has experienced a major expansion in mechanized crops during the last few decades. Despite being heavily dependent on agriculture, Paraguay has very limited research on crop weeds, in spite of these having a high economic impact on production. This work aims to update and enhance the knowledgebase on the most common weeds affecting productive fields throughout the different ecoregions of Paraguay. We present here the first checklist of crop weeds for the country, which includes a total of 256 taxa (189 species, 10 subspecies, 54 varieties and 3 forms), with the most species-rich families being Poaceae and Asteraceae followed by Malvaceae, Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae. The list includes three new records for the country. Synonyms, distribution details within Paraguay, habit and a voucher specimen are provided for each taxon.
Keywords: Weeds, crops, Paraguay, agro-ecosystems, new records
Introduction
Weeds can be defined as plants (not necessarily alien) that grow on sites where they are not wanted and which have a detectable economic and/or environmental impact (Richardson et al. 2000, Pyšek et al. 2004). They overlap partly with invasive plants, which are introduced species that cause problems, either in agriculture or in natural areas. According to Pyšek et al. (2004), there have been terminological misunderstandings in studies dealing with plant invasions, partly caused by different perceptions of plant invasions by particular biological disciplines and viewpoints. As shown by these authors, plants encroaching on habitats in which they were not present before can be assessed from the ecological point of view (and termed colonizers), from the biogeographical point of view (invaders, or alien plants in a more general sense), or from the anthropocentric point of view (termed weeds, harmful species, problem plants, noxious plants, pests, etc.).
Paraguay has a total area of 406,752 km2 and is divided into two regions by the Río Paraguay: the Oriental Region and the Occidental Region. The economy is based mainly on agriculture and livestock for export; between the years 2013–2014, approximately 52,381 km2 were dedicated to temporary and permanent crops (DGEEC 2015), particularly soybean (35,000 km2), corn (8,000 km2) and wheat (5,600 km2). During the second half of the twentieth century, global soy production grew tenfold from 27 million tons to 269 million tons (WWF 2016). This increased production was the result of a major expansion in mechanized crops, including other crops that form part of this complex such as wheat, corn, sorghum, canola, among others. It is expected that production will double by 2050 (Bruinsma 2009, WWF 2014). Indeed, Paraguay plays a strong role in this soybean industry; during the 2012–2013 harvest, Paraguay ranked sixth as a global producer and fourth in exports. Itapúa and Alto Paraná have been the highest producing departments, while expansion currently occurs in the departments of San Pedro, Canindeyú and Alto Paraguay (WWF 2016).
Agriculture in Paraguay is carried out on a variety of very distinct soil types in both natural regions. The soils in the Oriental Region are for the most part reddish in colour, resulting from geological events during the Precambrian era and Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (Bertoni and Gorham 1973). These soils include the leptosols and arenosols, which are generally poor in nutrients, and the loamy sand and sandy loam regosols, which are rich in nutrients and where most of the mechanized crops in the region have been carried out (González Erico 2007). In the Occidental Region, most of the soil types are brackish, with a variable content of clay, including planosols, solonetz, gleysols and regosols, where mechanized crops are carried out (Proyecto Sistema Ambiental del Chaco 1992–1997).
Despite being mainly an agricultural country, Paraguay does not have much in terms of research on crop weeds, even in cases where these have a high economic impact on production. Only two sources can actually be considered as references on the subject: Lurvey (1983), the only weed guide available for the country, and the Flora del Paraguay collection (Spichiger and Bocquet 1983–1985, Spichiger 1987–1989, Spichiger and Ramella 1990–2002, Ramella and Perret 2008–2014) that superficially covers the behavior of some species, in terms of their weediness, within the families included in the collection. Even herbarium data has proved to be of little use to determine the level of weediness of a species, due to the well-known biases in plant collection towards natural areas.
Weeds have a particular set of skills for survival through mechanisms such as high competitive ability, high seed production, seed production for as long as growing conditions permit, rapid growth throughout vegetative phase to flowering, germination requirements fulfilled in many environments, adaptations for short and long dispersal and great longevity of seeds, self-compatible but not completely autogamous or apomictic, and when cross-pollinated, either pollinated by unspecialized visitors or by wind (Baker 1965, Baker 1974, Lorenzi 2000). Their development in productive areas tends to reduce the quality and quantity of the crop yield, making it difficult to harvest, and in some extreme cases even making it unviable (Guglieri-Caporal et al. 2011). According to Pott et al. (2006), success in controlling invasive plants begins with the floristic inventory of the infesting species and knowledge of the biology of those species that are predominant.
Because of their numerous interactions with humans, their biology, ecology, evolution and community dynamics, weeds are an important subject of study (Kuester et al. 2014). In fact, the study of plant species considered to be weeds in agro-ecosystems is a subject of high interest in the area of invasion ecology, not only because of their natural ability to become established in natural and semi-natural environments (Figueroa et al. 2004, Pyšek et al. 2004) with the consequent great ecological harm they can cause to ecosystems, but also because of the special attributes that make these plant species more invasive (Rejmánek and Richardson 1996), and the way they respond to human disturbance (Hill et al. 2002). Other studies have also focused on revealing taxonomic patterns among natural area invaders and agricultural weeds (Daehler 1998, Kuester et al. 2014), while Conservation Agriculture builds upon weed ecology to generate integrated and sustainable weed management strategies (Bajwa 2014).
Regarding the increasing importance of weed science in a country such as Paraguay, which depends heavily on agricultural production, this work aims to update and enhance the knowledgebase of the most common weeds affecting productive fields throughout the different ecoregions of the country, as well as the generation of relevant information to facilitate their identification and management.
Methods
Paraguay is a land-locked country located between 19° and 28° south latitude and 54° and 63° west longitude at the heart of the South American continent, and lies entirely within the Río de la Plata drainage system, second only in size to the Amazon basin. The country is divided into two regions by the Río Paraguay: the Oriental Region, or eastern region, also known as the Paraná region, and the Occidental Region, or western region, also known as the Chaco (part of the Gran Chaco Americano shared by Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay). Paraguay is divided into 17 departments, 14 of which are located to the east of the Río Paraguay (De Egea et al. 2012).
While building the checklist, we included: 1) a survey of all plant species occurring in key sites, mainly in areas of mechanized soybean, sorghum, sugarcane, corn and rice, where weed management and control was being periodically implemented (Figure 1, Table 1). Each site was surveyed once, at a time when crop fields presented a high level of weed infestation and prior to any weed control activities. Sampling was carried out between 1–3 days, depending on the size of the available crop area per site, by surveying a series of random points (up to 8 per day) to collect the weeds occurring within a 50 meter radius. The data collection included the random collection of plant specimens, georeferencing of the records, the identification of specimens and the resolution of taxonomic problems. Where possible, specimens were collected in quadruplicate; the set of originals were stored in FCQ and duplicates were sent to BM, G and CTES; and 2) the systematization of data available in the literature. Three sources were considered as reference: Lurvey (1983), the Flora del Paraguay collection, and the database of The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (Heap 2016), containing a list of the more resistant weed species in the region. Online databases and herbarium resources such as TROPICOS (2016) and the Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur (Zuloaga and Belgrano 2015) were also consulted.
Figure 1.
Location of the crop weed collection sites
Table 1.
Crop weed collection sites.
| Map key | Department | Locality | Type of habitat/crop |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alto Paraná | Colonia Yguazú, Centro de Investigación Agropecuaria del Paraguay | Soybean crops |
| 2 | Alto Paraná | Hernandarias | Soybean crops |
| 3 | Alto Paraná | Minga Guazú, (UNE) experimental plots | Soybean crops |
| 4 | Boquerón | Estancia Toro Mocho | Cattle pastures and forest edges |
| 5 | Boquerón | Mariscal Estigarribia, Estancia Jeroviá | Soybean and sorghum crops |
| 6 | Caaguazú | Juan Eulogio Estigarribia | Soybean crops |
| 7 | Central | Areguá | Strawberry crops |
| 8 | Central | Asunción | Vegetable patch/home garden |
| 9 | Central | Asunción | Disturbed soils |
| 10 | Central | San Lorenzo, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, experimental plot | Potato, tomato and cabbage crops |
| 11 | Guairá | Villarrica | Disturbed soils |
| 12 | Itapúa | Capitán Miranda | Soybean crops |
| 13 | Itapúa | Nueva Alborada District | Soybean crops |
| 14 | Itapúa | Pirapó | Soybean crops |
| 15 | Misiones | San Miguel, Establecimiento La Graciela | Rice crops |
| 16 | Misiones | Villa Florida | Disturbed soils |
| 17 | Paraguarí | Villarrica – Paraguarí road | Sugarcane crops |
| 18 | San Pedro | Barrio San Pedro, Dekalpar crops | Corn crops |
| 19 | San Pedro | Cruce Liberación | Disturbed soils |
| 20 | San Pedro | (IPTA) experimental plots | Fruit crops |
Data was compiled in a MS Access database. Flowering plant family circumscription follows APG III (Stevens 2001 onwards) and pteridophyte classification follows Smith et al. (2006). In the checklist, families are sorted alphabetically and genera are sorted alphabetically within families. For each taxon we present the accepted name, place and date of publication, synonyms, habit, general distribution in Paraguay, residence status (all species are native except where indicated), and one voucher specimen. Relevant bibliographic citacions are included for taxa recorded in literature, but not found during field surveys nor in the consulted herbaria (BM, CTES, FCQ, and PY). Synonymy follows Zuloaga and Belgrano (2015), except for those taxa covered in more recent literature. Herbarium acronyms used in the text follow Index Herbariorum (Thiers, continuously updated). New reports of taxa for Paraguay are marked with an arrowhead (►) and those taxa not cited in Zuloaga and Belgrano (2015) for Paraguay but recorded in other publications or databases are marked with an asterisk (*).
Data resources
All occurrence data underpinning the checklist have been uploaded to the Natural History Museum Data Portal (https://doi.org/10.5519/0060042) and are provided as a data supplement to this paper.
Results and discussion
The list includes a total of 256 taxa (189 species, 10 subspecies, 54 varieties and 3 formas), making up 38 families and 141 genera, of which all except one are angiosperms. There is only one pteridophyte listed, Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon, a very close relative of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, a cosmopolitan species with a vigorous vegetative reproductive system (Baker 1974), which is a very common weed worldwide.
The most species-rich families are Poaceae, Asteraceae and Malvaceae, followed by Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Polygonaceae and Cyperaceae (see Table 2). According to Baker (1974), Malvaceae, Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae are the families which have a higher number of weed species in warm regions, in line with our results.
Table 2.
Number of genera and taxa in the largest families.
| Families | Genera | Taxa |
|---|---|---|
| Poaceae | 22 | 50 |
| Asteraceae | 29 | 41 |
| Malvaceae | 11 | 20 |
| Amaranthaceae | 4 | 13 |
| Fabaceae | 9 | 12 |
| Solanaceae | 3 | 12 |
| Polygonaceae | 2 | 11 |
| Cyperaceae | 4 | 10 |
| Euphorbiaceae | 5 | 10 |
| Other families | 52 | 77 |
Over eighty-three percent (213) of the species in the Checklist are herbs, 14.8% (38) woody species (small trees, shrubs or subshrubs) and only 1.95% (5) are vines (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Life forms of the taxa included. 1 herbs 2 subshrubs 3 shrubs 4 small trees 5 vines.
The majority of the listed taxa are native to Paraguay (209), representing 81.64% of the total, including one endemic species (Turnera grandidentata (Urb.) Arbo), while the remaining 47 taxa are introduced. Families with the highest number of non-native species are Poaceae with 16 taxa followed by Brassicaceae with 4 taxa. Most introduced species remain within the status of established plants, except for some species which also show invasive behaviour. Such is the case of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton, reported for the first time in Paraguay in 1994 (Mereles and Degen 1994), found in cattle pastures in northern Paraguay, and currently quite frequent as a weed of difficult eradication within the dry Chaco. Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D.Webster and Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D.Webster are also two species that were introduced for grazing (Zuloaga et al. 2014), and are now found in both natural and agro-ecosystems. These three species were also identified as invasive species in Brazil (Base de dados nacional de espécies exóticas invasoras I3N Brasil 2016).
The list includes three new records for the country, collected during crop surveys (Avena sativa (J.Presl.) Barkworth subsp. sativa, Cyperus eragrostis Lam. var. eragrostis and Leonurus cardiaca L. It also includes another seven taxa not listed in Zuloaga and Belgrano (2015), as being present in Paraguay, but recorded in TROPICOS (2016) or in recent publications (De Egea et al. 2016): Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell., Avena sativa L. subsp. sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Commelina benghalensis L., Cyperus eragrostis Lam. var. eragrostis, Glandularia cabrerae (Moldenke) Botta, Leonurus cardiaca L., Oldenlandia lancifolia (Schumach.) DC., Tragus australianus and Tridax procumbens L.
Eight taxa mentioned in literature, but not found during field surveys nor in the consulted herbaria, were also included in the checklist: Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Lepidium virginicum L., Raphanus raphanistrum L. (Lurvey 1983), Digitaria aequiglumis (Hack. & Arechav.) Parodi var. aequiglumis, Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch (Zuloaga et al. 1994), Paspalum urvillei Steud., Setaria scandens Schrad. (Zuloaga et al. 2014), and Polygonum aviculare L. (Cialdella and Brandbyge 2001).
Nine species were found to be the most frequent and abundant within all crops surveyed: Amaranthus hybridus L., Bidens pilosa L., Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist, Commelina erecta L., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde, Richardia brasiliensis Gomes, and Solanum americanum Mill. These species were found in both natural regions of Paraguay and on different soil types, showing a greater plasticity/resilience than the other species found. Overall, they are species with high adaptability, fast growth, resistance to drought and high biomass and seed production. It is also likely that the seeds of these weed species accompany the seeds of the harvested grain crops. All these have been listed and highlighted in regional literature on weeds as being problematic species (Ferrari 2012, Guglieri-Caporal 2011, Lorenzi 2000), and with the exception of Commelina erecta and Richardia brasiliensis, are considered among the weeds with greatest herbicide resistance according to The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (Heap 2016).
Checklist
FERNS
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 14: 89. 1924.
Syn.: Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Brade, Pteridium aquilinum ssp. psittacinum (C.Presl) C.Chr, Pteridium aquilinum var. umbrosum H.Christ, nom. illeg., Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon ssp. arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Lellinger, Pteridium esculentum (G.Forst.) Cockayne ssp. arachnoideum (Kaulf.) J.A.Thomson, Pteridium psittacinum (C.Presl) Maxon, Pteris aquilina L. var. arachnoidea (Kaulf.) D.C.Eaton, Pteris aquilina var. psittacina (C.Presl) Baker, Pteris arachnoidea Kaulf., Pteris esculenta G.Forst., Pteris psittacina C.Presl.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1340 (BM, FCQ, G).
SEED PLANTS
ACANTHACEAE
Justicia squarrosa Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 19: 226. 1874.
Syn.: Beloperone ciliata (Nees) Hook.f., Beloperone squarrosa (Griseb.) Lindau, Dianthera ciliata (Nees) Benth. & Hook.f., hom. illeg., Jacobinia ciliata Nees.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9978 (FCQ).
ALISMATACEAE
Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. subsp. montevidensis, Linnaea 2: 156. 1827.
Syn.: Sagittaria andina Phil., Sagittaria montevidensis f. normalis Hauman, nom. inval., Sagittaria multinervia Larrañaga, Sagittaria pugioniformis L. var. montevidensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: G. Céspedes et al. 445 (BM, FCQ).
AMARANTHACEAE
Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) P.Beauv., Fl. Oware 2: 66. 1818.
Syn.: Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R.Br. ex Griseb. var. diffusa (Mart.) Hicken, Alternanthera tenella Colla, Bucholzia ficoidea (L.) Mart., Gomphrena ficoidea L.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1230 (FCQ).
Alternanthera paronichyoides A.St.-Hil. subsp. chacoënsis (Morong ex Morong & Britton) Pedersen, Darwiniana 14: 440. 1967.
Syn.: Alternanthera chacoënsis Morong ex Morong & Britton, Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Sm. ssp. chacoënsis (Morong ex Morong & Britton) Pedersen, Alternanthera morongii Uline, Alternanthera paronychioides var. chacöensis (Morong ex Morong & Britton) Pedersen, Alternanthera paronychioides var. robusta Chodat.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10060 (FCQ).
Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. f. philoxeroides, Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 36. 1879.
Syn.: Achyranthes paludosa Bunbury, Achyranthes philoxeroides (Mart.) Standl., Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. var. acutifolia (Mart.) Hicken, Alternanthera philoxeroides var. obtusifolia (Moq.) Hicken, Bucholzia philoxeroides Mart., Bucholzia philoxeroides var. obtusifolia Mart., Mogiphanes philorexoides D.Parodi, Telanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Moq., Telanthera philoxeroides var. denticulata Seub., Telanthera philoxeroides var. obtusifolia Moq.
Herb aquatic.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: N. Soria 332 (FCQ).
*Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell., Fl. Adv. Montpellier 205. 1912.
Syn.: Amaranthus cruentus L., Amaranthus flavus L., Amaranthus paniculatus L.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Guairá, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10212 (FCQ).
Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. hybridus, Sp. Pl. 2: 990. 1753.
Syn.: Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd., Amaranthus hybridus L. var. hypochondriacus (L.) Rob., Amaranthus hybridus var. quitensis (Kunth) Covas, Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. var. hypochondriacus, Amaranthus quitensis Kunth, Amaranthus quitensis var. stuckertianus Thell.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9946 (FCQ).
Amaranthus muricatus (Moq.) Hieron., Pl. Diaph. Fl. Argent. 227. 1882.
Syn.: Euxolus muricatus Moq.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1243 (BM, FCQ).
Amaranthus standleyanus Parodi ex Covas, Darwiniana 5: 339. 1941.
Syn.: Amaranthus parodii Standl., hom. illeg., Amaranthus vulgatissimus sensu Thell. non Speg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Misiones, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10174 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Amaranthus viridis L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 1405. 1763.
Syn.: Amaranthus gracilis Desf., Chenopodium caudatum Jacq., Euxolus caudatus (Jacq.) Moq., Euxolus viridis (L.) Moq.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10186 (FCQ).
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Ukrayins’k. Bot. Zhurn. 59(4): 382. 2002.
Syn.: Ambrina ambrosioides (L.) Spach, Ambrina anthelmintica Spach, Ambrina parvula Phil., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Chenopodium ambrosioides var. dentata Fenzl, Chenopodium ambrosioides f. dentatum (Fenzl) Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides ssp. euambrosioides Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides var. genuinum Willk., Chenopodium ambrosioides f. genuinum (Willk.) Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides var. integrifolium Fenzl, Chenopodium ambrosioides f. integrifolium (Fenzl) Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides var. pinnatifidum Willk., Chenopodium ambrosioides f. pinnatifidum (Willk.) Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides f. rotundantum Aellen, Chenopodium ambrosioides var. suffruticosum (Willd.) Asch. & Graebn., Chenopodium ambrosioides var. typica Speg., Chenopodium ambrosioides var. typicum (Speg.) Aellen, Chenopodium suffruticosum Willd., Chenopodium suffruticosum ssp. remotum Vorosh., Teloxys ambrosioides (L.) W.A.Weber, Ambrina incisa Phil.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: R. Degen 120 (FCQ).
Gomphrena celosioides Mart. f. aureiflora (Chodat) Pedersen, Darwiniana 20: 272. 1976.
Syn.: Gomphrena celosioides var. aureiflora Stuchlik, Gomphrena celosioides f. grandifolia Stuchlik, Gomphrena celosioides f. parvifolia Stuchlik, Gomphrena decumbens Jacq. f. aureiflora Chodat, Gomphrena decumbens var. aureiflora (Chodat) Stuchlik, Gomphrena hygrophila Mart. f. luteiflora Herzog.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1316 (BM, FCQ).
Gomphrena celosioides Mart. var. celosioides, Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 13: 301. 1826.
Syn.: Gomphrena decumbens Jacq. f. albiflora Chodat & Hassl., Gomphrena decumbens var. albiflora (Chodat & Hassl.) Stuchlik, Gomphrena decumbens var. genuina Stuchlik, nom. inval., Gomphrena perennis L. f. ramosissima Stuchlik, Xeraea celosioides (Mart.) Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9913 (FCQ).
Gomphrena elegans Mart. var. elegans, Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2(1): 17, t. 119. 1826.
Syn.: Gomphrena elegans Mart. var. genuina Stuchlik, nom. inval., Gomphrena elegans f. nigro-virida Stuchlik, Gomphrena hilariana Moq., Gomphrena viridifolia Suess., Xeraea elegans (Mart.) Kuntze, Xeraea hilariana (Moq.) Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Canindeyú, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: E. Zardini & R. Velázquez 11556 (FCQ).
Gomphrena perennis L. var. perennis, Sp. Pl. 1: 224. 1753.
Syn.: Gomphrena perennis L. ssp. genuina Stuchlik, nom. inval., Gomphrena perennis f. parvifolia, Gomphrena perennis f. villosa, Gomphrena villosa Mart., Xeraea perennis (L.) Kuntze, Xeraea villosa (Mart.) Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9940 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
APIACEAE
Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague var. leptophyllum, J. Bot. 61: 131. 1923.
Syn.: Apium ammi Urb., Apium ammi f. filamentosum (Kuntze) H.Wolff, Apium ammi var. filamentosum Kuntze, Apium ammi Urb. var. genuinum H.Wolff, Apium ammi var. leptophyllum (Pers.) Kuntze, Apium ammi f. nanum Kuntze, Apium ammi f. pedunculata Chodat.
Apium laciniatum (DC.) Urb. f. elatius (Hook. & Arn.) H.Wolff, Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F.Muell. ex Benth., Apium ranunculifolium auct. non Kunth, Apium ranunculifolium (DC.) Reiche, comb. illeg., Helosciadium laciniatum DC. var. elatius Hook. & Arn., Helosciadium leptophyllum (Pers.) DC., Helosciadium ranunculifolium DC., Pimpinella leptophylla Pers.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1321 (FCQ).
APOCYNACEAE
Asclepias curassavica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 215. 1753.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10011 (BM, FCQ, G).
Asclepias mellodora A.St.-Hil., Pl. Rem. Bres. 227. 1824.
Syn.: Asclepias campestris Decne., Asclepias campestris var. angustifolia Kuntze, Asclepias campestris var. schlechteri Kuntze, Asclepias curupi E.Fourn., Asclepias jangadensis S.Moore, Asclepias marginata Decne. var. bodenbenderi Kuntze, Asclepias mellodora var. bodenbenderi (Kuntze) Bollwinkel, Asclepias mellodora var. minor A.St.-Hil., Asclepias mellodora var. multinervis (E.Fourn.) Bollwinkel, Asclepias multinervis E.Fourn., Asclepias nervosa Decne., Asclepias papillosa Silveira, Asclepias umbellata Vell.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1329 (FCQ).
Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton, Hort. Kew., ed. 2 2: 78. 1811.
Syn.: Asclepias procera Aiton
Shrub or small tree. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9983 (FCQ, G).
ARALIACEAE
Hydrocotyle bowlesioides Mathias & Constance, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 151. 1942.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10098 (FCQ).
ASTERACEAE
Acanthospermum hispidum DC., Prodr. 5: 522. 1836.
Syn.: Acanthospermum humile DC. var. hispidum (DC.) Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: A. Quarti P050 (FCQ).
Ageratum conyzoides L., Sp. Pl. 2: 839. 1753.
Syn.: Ageratum conyzoides L. var. hirtum (Lam.) DC., Ageratum hirsutum Poir., Ageratum hirtum Lam., Ageratum latifolium Cav., Carelia conyzoides (L.) Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1276 (FCQ).
Ambrosia elatior L., Sp. Pl. 2: 987. 1753.
Syn.: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior (L.) Descourt., Ambrosia chilensis Hook. & Arn., Ambrosia peruviana Cabrera, hom. illeg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10090 (FCQ, G).
Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 3: 851. 1826.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Central, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles 5263 (CTES, FCQ).
Aspilia montevidensis (Spreng.) Kuntze var. montevidensis, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3[3]: 129. 1898.
Syn.: Aspilia arillata (DC.) Griseb., Aspilia buphthalmiflora (DC.) Griseb., Aspilia calendulacea (DC.) Griseb., Aspilia montevidensis (Spreng.) Kuntze var. setosa (Griseb.) Cabrera, Aspilia setosa Griseb., Leighia arillata DC., Leighia buphthalmiflora DC., Leighia calendulacea DC., Verbesina montevidensis Spreng., Wedelia montevidensis (Spreng.) B.L.Turner
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1334 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Aspilia silphioides Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 2(1): 372. 1873.
Syn.: Gymnopsis helianthoides DC., Leighia silphioides Hook. & Arn., Wedelia silphioides (Hook. & Arn.) B.L.Turner
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9953 (BM, FCQ, G).
Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 425. 1807.
Syn.: Baccharis alamanii DC., Baccharis araucana Phil., Baccharis pallida Heering ex Reiche, Baccharis chilquilla DC., nom. superfl., Baccharis coerulescens DC., Baccharis confertifolia Colla var. confertifolia, Baccharis cuervii Phil., Baccharis fevillei DC., Baccharis glutinosa Pers. var. incisa Heering, Baccharis huydobriana J.Rémy, Baccharis iresinoides Kunth, Baccharis kraussei Heering ex Reiche, Baccharis lanceolata Kunth emend. Heering, Baccharis linifolia DC., hom. illeg., Baccharis longifolia DC., Baccharis longipes Kunze ex DC., Baccharis marginalis DC., Baccharis marginalis var. araucana (Phil.) Heering, Baccharis marginalis var. linifolia (Phil.) Heering, Baccharis marginalis var. longipes (Kunze ex DC.) Heering, Baccharis parviflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Baccharis purpurascens Heering, Pingraea salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) F.H.Hellwig, Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. var. longifolia (DC.) Cuatrec., Baccharis sphaerocephala Hook. & Arn. var. krausei (Heering) Malag., comb. illeg., Baccharis viscosa (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze var. nigricans Kuntze, Molina parviflora Ruiz & Pav., Molina salicifolia Ruiz & Pav., Molina striata Ruiz & Pav., Pingraea marginalis (DC.) F.H.Hellwig
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Itapúa, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9917 (BM, FCQ, G).
Bidens pilosa L. var. pilosa, Sp. Pl. 2: 832. 1753.
Syn.: Bidens californica DC., Bidens hispida Kunth, Bidens hirsuta Nutt., hom. illeg., Bidens leucantha Willd. f. discoidea Sch.Bip., Bidens leucantha var. pilosa (L.) Griseb., Bidens leucantha var. sundaica (Blume) Hassk., Bidens montaubanii Phil., Bidens pilosa L. var. brevifoliata Hieron, Bidens pilosa var. discoidea Sch.Bip., Bidens pilosa var. dubia (Cass.) O.E.Schulz, Bidens pilosa var. minor (Blume) Sherff, Bidens reflexa Link, Bidens sundaica Blume, Bidens sundaica var. minor Blume, Kerneria dubia Cass.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1236 (FCQ).
Bidens subalternans DC. var. subalternans, Prodr. 5: 600. 1836.
Syn.: Bidens quadrangularis DC., Bidens platensis Manganaro
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: N. Soria 5736 (FCQ, MO).
Chrysolaena cognata (Less.) Dematteis, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 44(1-2): 157. 2009.
Syn.: Cacalia cognata (Less.) Kuntze, Vernonia cinerascens Sch.Bip. ex Baker, nom. nud., Vernonia cognata Less., Vernonia senecionea Mart. ex DC., Vernonia senecionea var. adenocarpa DC., Vernonia senecionea f. calvata Chodat
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: M. Dematteis et al. 3138 (CTES, FCQ).
Chrysolaena platensis (Spreng.) H.Rob., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 101: 957. 1988.
Syn.: Cacalia platensis (Spreng.) Kuntze, Conyza platensis Spreng., Vernonia platensis (Spreng.) Less., Vernonia virens Sch.Bip. ex Baker f. robustior Chodat
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1335 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist var. angustifolia (Cabrera) Cabrera, Man. Fl. Alrededores Buenos Aires 481. 1953.
Syn.: Conyza linearis DC., Erigeron bonariensis L. var. angustifolius Cabrera
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Central, Misiones.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10176 (FCQ).
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist var. bonariensis, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 70: 632. 1943.
Syn.: Conyza hispida Kunth, Conyza plebeja Phil., Erigeron bonariensis L., Erigeron bonariensis f. grisea Chodat & Hassl., Marsea bonariensis (L.) V.M.Badillo
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles 6450 (FCQ).
Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker var. leiotheca (S.F.Blake) Pruski & G.Sancho, Novon 16(1): 98–99, f. 1. 2006.
Syn.: Conyza bilbaoana J.Remy, Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist var. leiotheca (S.F.Blake) Cuatrec., Conyza elata Kunth & Bouché, Conyza floribunda Kunth, Conyza floribunda var. laciniata Cabrera, Conyza myriocephala J.Remy, Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker var. floribunda (Kunth) J.B.Marshall, Erigeron bilbaoanus (J.Remy) Cabrera, Erigeron bonariensis L. var. floribundum (Kunth) Cuatrec., Erigeron bonariensis f. glabrata Speg., Erigeron bonariensis var. leiothecus S.F.Blake, Erigeron floribundus (Kunth) Sch.Bip., Marsea bonariensis (L.) V.M.Badillo var. leiotheca (S.F.Blake) V.M.Badillo
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí.
Voucher: N. Soria 2684 (FCQ, MO).
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Mant. Pl. Altera 286. 1771.
Syn.: Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., Eclipta erecta L., nom. illeg., Galinsoga oblongifolia (Hook.) DC., Polygyne inconspicua Phil., Verbesina alba L., Verbesina conyzoides Trew, Verbesina prostrata L., Wiborgia oblongifolia Hook.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10129 (FCQ).
Emilia fosbergii Nicolson, Phytologia 32(1): 34. 1975.
Syn.: Emilia javanica auct. non (Burm.) C.B.Rob., Emilia sagittata auct. non (Vahl) DC.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10147 (FCQ).
Erechtites valerianifolius (Link ex Spreng.) DC. f. valerianifolius, Prodr. 6: 295. 1838.
Syn.: Crassocephalum valerianifolium (Link ex Spreng.) Less., Erechtites gardneriana Cabrera, Erechtites valerianifolius (Wolf) DC., nom. inval., Gynura rosea Ridl., Senecio valerianifolius Wolf ex Link, nom. nud., Senecio valerianifolius Desf., hom. illeg., Senecio valerianifolius Gardner, hom. illeg., Senecio valerianifolius Link ex Spreng., Sonchus erythropappus Meyen & Walp. ex Walp.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1237 (FCQ).
Eupatorium inulifolium Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 4(15): 85 (ed. fol.). 1818.
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles 9930 (BM, FCQ, G).
Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 148. 1898.
Syn.: Ethulia bidentis L., Eupatorium chilense Molina, Flaveria bidentis (L.) B.L.Rob., comb. superfl., Flaveria bonariensis DC., Flaveria capitata Juss. ex Sm., Flaveria chilensis (Molina) J.F.Gmel., Flaveria contrayerba (Cav.) Pers., Milleria chiloensis Juss., nom. nud., Milleria contrayerba Cav., Vermifuga corymbosa Ruiz & Pav., nom. illeg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Concepción, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles 5667 (CTES, FCQ).
Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Icon. 3(2): 41–42, pl. 281. 1796.
Syn.: Adventina parviflora Raf., Galinsoga quinqueradiata Ruiz & Pav., nom. superfl., Wiborgia acmella Roth, Wiborgia parviflora (Cav.) Kunth
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Central, Guairá.
Voucher: G. Céspedes 422 (FCQ).
Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd., Chlor. And. 1: 151. 1856.
Syn.: Gamochaeta americana var. alpina Wedd., Gamochaeta guatemalensis (Gand.) Cabrera, Gnaphalium americanum Mill., Gnaphalium consanguineum Gaudich., Gnaphalium guatemalense Gand., Gnaphalium purpureum L. var. americaum (Mill.) Klatt.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: G. Céspedes 432 (FCQ).
Gamochaeta calviceps (Fernald) Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 9: 368. 1961.
Syn.: Gnaphalium calviceps Fernald
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1227 (BM, FCQ).
Gamochaeta coarctata (Willd.) Kerguélen, Lejeunia 120: 104. 1987.
Syn.: Gamochaeta spicata Cabrera, Gnaphalium coarctatum Willd., Gnaphalium purpureum L. var. spicatum Baker, nom. illeg., Gnaphalium spicatum Lam., nom. illeg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1322 (FCQ).
Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 9: 375. 1961.
Syn.: Gamochaeta platensis (Cabrera) Cabrera, Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd., Gnaphalium peregrinum Fernald, Gnaphalium platense Cabrera, Gnaphalium purpureum L. ssp. pensylvanica (Willd.) O.Bolòs & Vigo, Gnaphalium purpureum var. spathulatum Baker, Gnaphalium spathulatum Lam., hom. illeg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: I. Basualdo 395 (FCQ).
Lepidaploa remotiflora (Rich.) H.Rob., Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 103: 491. 1990.
Syn.: Vernonia hirtiflora Sch.Bip. ex Baker, Vernonia lithospermoides Baker, Vernonia remotiflora Rich., Vernonia remotiflora var. tricholepis (DC.) Baker, Vernonia sessiliflora Willd. ex Less., Vernonia tricholepis DC.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1223 (BM, FCQ).
Parthenium hysterophorus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 988. 1753.
Syn.: Argyrochaeta bipinnatifida Cav., Echetrosis pentasperma Phil., Parthenium glomeratum Rollins, Parthenium lobatum Buckley, Parthenium pinnatifidum Stokes, nom. superfl., Villanova bipinnatifida Ortega
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 142 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G, MO).
Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 3: 36. 1949.
Syn.: Conyza sagittalis Lam., Epaltes brasiliensis DC., Gnaphalium suaveolens Vell., Pluchea quitoc DC., Pluchea suaveolens (Vell.) Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10048 (FCQ, G).
Praxelis clematidea (Griseb.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Phytologia 20: 194. 1970.
Syn.: Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp, Eupatorium clematideum Griseb., hom. illeg., Eupatorium pauciflorum auct. non Kunth, Eupatorium urticifolium auct. non L., Eupatorium urticifolium L. f. var. clematideum Hieron. ex Kuntze, Eupatorium urticifolium f. var. nanum Hieron. ex Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: W.J. Hahn 1613 (MO, PY).
Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less var. brasiliensis, Linnaea 6: 249. 1831.
Syn.: Cineraria brasiliensis Spreng.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Itapúa, Misiones.
Voucher: N. Soria 2513 (CTES, MO).
Senecio grisebachii Baker var. grisebachii, Fl. Bras. 6(3): 313. 1884.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10005 (FCQ).
Senecio hieronymi Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 205. 1879.
Syn.: Senecio charaguensis Cuatrec., Senecio tafiensis Cabrera
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1331 (BM, FCQ).
Solidago chilensis Meyen var. chilensis, Reise Erde 1: 311. 1834.
Syn.: Aster sagei Phil., Solidago coquimbana Phil., Solidago floribunda Phil., Solidago laxiflora Phil., Solidago linearifolia DC., Solidago linearifolia var. brachypoda Speg., Solidago microglossa DC. var. linearifolia (DC.) Baker, Solidago parviflora Phil., Solidago recta Phil., Solidago valdiviana Phil.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Cordillera.
Voucher: I. Basualdo 111 (FCQ).
Solidago microglossa DC., Prodr. 5: 332. 1836.
Syn.: Solidago chilensis Meyen var. megapotamica (DC.) Cabrera, Solidago microglossa DC. var. megapotamica DC.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: M. Ortíz 1004 (FCQ).
Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pav., Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. Chil. 1: 215. 1798.
Syn.: Gymnostyles alata Spreng., Gymnostyles barclayana (DC.) Steud., Gymnostyles chilensis Spreng., Gymnostyles pterosperma Juss., Soliva alata (Spreng.) DC., Soliva barclayana DC., Soliva daucifolia Nutt., Soliva microloma Phil., Soliva neglecta Cabrera, Soliva pterosperma (Juss.) Less., Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pav. var. barclayana (DC.) Baker, Soliva valdiviana Phil.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: L. Pérez 448 (FCQ).
Sonchus oleraceus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 794. 1753.
Syn.: Sonchus gracilis Phil., Sonchus rivularis Phil.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1238 (BM, FCQ).
Synedrellopsis grisebachii Hieron. & Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 180. 1898.
Syn.: Synedrella nodiflora Griseb. ex Kuntze, nom. nud.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Itapúa, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea & F. Mereles 1357 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Tagetes minuta L., Sp. Pl. 2: 887. 1753.
Syn.: Tagetes bonariensis Pers., Tagetes glandulifera Schrank, Tagetes glandulosa Link, Tagetes porophyllum Vell.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Central, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: A. Schinini 2401 (FCQ).
Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg., Prim. Fl. Holsat. 56. 1780.
Syn.: Leontodon taraxacum L., Leontodon vulgaris Lam., nom. illeg., Taraxacum dens-leonis Desf., Taraxacum subspathulatum A.J.Richards, Taraxacum vulgare (Lam.) Schrank., nom. illeg.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Guairá.
Voucher: R. Degen 982 (FCQ).
*Tridax procumbens L., Sp. Pl. 2: 900. 1753.
Syn.: Amellus pedunculatus Ortega ex Willd., nom. inval., Balbisia canescens Pers., Balbisia divaricata Cass., Balbisia elongata Willd., Balbisia pedunculata Ortega ex Hoffmans., nom. illeg., Tridax procumbens L. var. canescens (Pers.) DC., Tridax procumbens var. ovatifolia B.L.Rob. ex Greenm.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Central, Concepción, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9944 (BM, FCQ, G).
Vernonanthura tweedieana (Baker) H.Rob., Phytologia 73: 74. 1992.
Syn.: Chrysocoma arborea Vell., Vernonia tweedieana Baker
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9907 (FCQ, G).
Vernonia incana Less., Linnaea 4: 277. 1829.
Syn.: Cacalia incana (Less.) Kuntze, Vernonia inmunis Griseb.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: M. Ortíz 551 (FCQ).
BORAGINACEAE
Heliotropium leiocarpum Morong, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 168. 1893.
Syn.: Heliotropium leiocarpum Morong f. albiflora Chodat, Heliotropium leiocarpum f. minor Chodat
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: A. Krapovickas & C.L. Cristóbal 44544 (FCQ).
BRASSICACEAE
Brassica rapa L., Sp. Pl. 2: 666. 1753.
Syn.: Brassica campestris L.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central.
Voucher: M. Ortíz 283 (FCQ).
*Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Pfl.-Gatt. 85. 1792.
Syn.: Thlaspi bursa-pastoris L.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Itapúa.
Voucher: E. Lurvey 181 (Lurvey 1983).
Lepidium didymum L., Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 2: 433. 1767.
Syn.: Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm., Coronopus didymus var. macrocarpus Muschl., Coronopus didymus var. procumbens Muschl., Coronopus leptocarpus Boelcke, Coronopus leptocarpus var. microcarpus Boelcke, Lepicochlea americana Rojas Acosta, Senebiera didyma (L.) Pers., Senebiera pinnatifica DC.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera.
Voucher: I. Basualdo 5223 (FCQ).
Lepidium virginicum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 645. 1753.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa.
Voucher: E. Lurvey 359 (Lurvey 1983).
Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 669. 1753.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Cordillera, Itapúa.
Voucher: E. Lurvey 374 (Lurvey 1983).
Raphanus sativus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 669. 1753.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Central, Cordillera, Misiones, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1268 (FCQ).
CAMPANULACEAE
Lobelia xalapensis Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 3: 315. 1819.
Syn.: Dortmannia cliffortiana Kuntze var. xalapensis (Kunth) Kuntze, Dortmannia mollis (Graham) Kuntze, Dortmannia monticola (Kunth) Kuntze, Dortmannia ocimoides (Kunze) Kuntze, Lobelia cliffortiana L., Lobelia cliffortiana var. xalapensis (Kunth) A.Gray, Lobelia mollis Graham, Lobelia monticola Kunth, Lobelia ocimoides Kunze, Lobelia palmaris Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Rapuntium monticulum (Kunth) C.Presl, Rapuntium xalapense (Kunth) C.Presl
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1317 (BM, FCQ).
Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. subsp. biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Lammers, Novon 16(1): 72. 2006.
Syn.: Campanula biflora Ruiz & Pav., Campanula ludoviciana Torr. ex A.Gray, nom. nud., Campanula montevidensis Spreng., Dysmicodon californicum Nutt., Dysmicodon ovatum Nutt., Legouzia biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Britton, Pentagonia biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze, Specularia biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Fisch. & A.Gray, Specularia californica (Nutt.) Vatke, Specularia ovata (Nutt.) Vatke, Specularia perfoliata (L.) A.DC., Specularia perfoliata f. ramosa Arechav., Specularia perfoliata f. rigida Arechav., Triodanis biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Greene, Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. var. biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) T.R.Bradley
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1313 (FCQ).
Wahlenbergia linarioides (Lam.) A.DC., Monogr. Campan. 158. 1830.
Syn.: Campanula arida Kunth, Campanula chilensis Molina, Campanula linarioides Lam., Wahlenbergia arida (Kunth) Griseb., Wahlenbergia linarioides (Lam.) A.DC. var. arida (Kunth) A.DC., Wahlenbergia linarioides var. micrantha Phil.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10088 (FCQ, G).
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Cerastium rivulariastrum Möschl & Pedersen, Darwiniana 16(1-2): 118. 1970.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí.
Voucher: G. Céspedes 435 (FCQ).
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. (ed. 15 bis) 5: 406. 1819.
Syn.: Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. var. pacifica Mizush., Holosteum cordatum L.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: E. Zardini & R. Velázquez 27329 (FCQ, MO).
Paronychia communis Cambess. var. communis, Fl. Bras. Merid. (quarto ed.) 2(15): 186. 1829.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Canindeyú, Cordillera, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10073 (FCQ, G).
Stellaria media (L.) Cirillo var. gymnocalyx Trautv., Acta Horti Petrop. 1: 33. 1881.
Syn.: Stellaria glabra Raunk.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Itapúa.
Voucher: E. Lurvey 205 (CTES).
CLEOMACEAE
Cleome aculeata L. var. aculeata, Syst. Nat., ed. 12. 3: 232. 1768.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: M. Ortíz 317 (FCQ).
Cleome tucumanensis Iltis, Brittonia 12: 284. 1960.
Syn.: Cleome flexuosa Griseb., nom. illeg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9941 (FCQ, G).
COMMELINACEAE
*Commelina benghalensis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 41. 1753.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1273 (FCQ).
Commelina diffusa Burm.f. var. diffusa, Fl. Indica 18, pl. 7, f. 2. 1768.
Syn.: Commelina cayennensis Rich., Commelina cayennensis var. pubescens Griseb., Commelina longicaulis Jacq., Commelina nudiflora auct. non L.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Concepción, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10149 (FCQ, G).
Commelina diffusa Burm.f. var. gigas (Small) Faden, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 213. 1993.
Syn.: Commelina gigas Small
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9919 (FCQ, G).
Commelina erecta L. var. angustifolia (Michx.) Fernald, Rhodora 42: 439. 1940.
Syn.: Commelina angustifolia Michx., Commelina virginica L. var. angustifolia (Michx.) C.B.Clarke
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Cordillera.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9964 (FCQ, G).
Commelina erecta L. var. erecta, Sp. Pl. 1: 41. 1753.
Syn.: Commelina elegans Kunth, Commelina pohliana Seub., Commelina sulcata Willd., Commelina virginica auct. non L., Commelina virginica L. var. australis C.B.Clarke
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles 9936 (BM, FCQ, G).
Commelina platyphylla Klotzsch, Reis. Br.-Guiana 3: 897. 1849.
Syn.: Commelina balansae (C.B.Clarke) Herter, Commelina platyphylla var. balansae C.B.Clarke
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10127 (FCQ).
CONVOLVULACEAE
Ipomoea cordatotriloba Dennst. var. australis (O’Donell) D.F.Austin, Taxon 37(1): 185. 1988.
Syn.: Ipomoea trichocarpa Elliot, nom. illeg., Ipomoea trichocarpa Elliott var. australis O’Donell,
Vine.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: E. Zardini 9984 (FCQ, MO).
Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O’Donell, Arq. Mus. Paraense 9: 222. 1952.
Syn.: Ipomoea triloba auct. non L., Jacquemontia grandifolia Dammer
Vine.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10140 (FCQ, G).
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth, Catal. Bot. 1: 36. 1797.
Syn.: Convolvulus nil L., Convolvulus tomentosus Vell., Ipomoea cuspidata Ruiz & Pav., Ipomoea longicuspis Meisn., nom. illeg., Ipomoea scabra Forssk., Pharbitis cuspidata (Ruiz & Pav.) G.Don
Vine.
Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1318 (BM, FCQ, G).
CUCURBITACEAE
Cucurbitella asperata (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 6: 50. 1846.
Syn.: Cucurbita asperata Gillies ex Hook. & Arn., Cucurbita urkupinana Cárdenas, Cucurbitella cucumifolia (Griseb.) Cogn., Cucurbitella duriaei (Naudin) Cogn., Cucurbitella integrifolia Cogn., Cucurbitella integrifolia Cogn. var. glabrior Cogn, Cucurbitella urkupinana (Cárdenas) C.Jeffrey, Prasopepon cucumifolius Griseb., Prasopepon durieui Naudin, Schizostigma asperatum (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Arn., comb. illeg.
Vine.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1226 (BM, FCQ).
CYPERACEAE
Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B.Clarke var. capillaris, Fl. Brit. India 6(19): 652. 1893.
Syn.: Abildgaardia capillaris (L.) Lye, Fimbristylis capillaris (L.) A.Gray, Isolepis capillaris (L.) Roem. & Schult., Scirpus capillaris L., Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1327 (FCQ).
Cyperus aggregatus Endl., Cat. Horti Vindob. 1: 93. 1842.
Syn.: Cyperus aggregatus (Willd.) Endl. var. gigas (Lindm.) Guagl., Cyperus argentinus Boeck., Cyperus cayennensis (Lam.) Britton, nom. illeg., Cyperus cayennensis var. gigas (Lindm.) Barros, Cyperus cayennensis var. umbellato-flavus (C.B.Clarke) Barros, Cyperus flavomariscus Griseb., Cyperus flavus (Vahl) Nees, nom. illeg., Cyperus flavus var. aggregatus (Willd.) Kük., Cyperus flavus var. angustatus Kük., Cyperus flavus var. argentinus (Boeck.) Kük. ex Osten, Cyperus flavus var. gigas (Lindm.) Kük., Cyperus retrorsus Chapm. var. australis (Lindm.) Kük., Didymia cyperomorpha Phil., Kyllinga cayennensis Lam., Mariscus aggregatus Willd., Mariscus cayennensis (Lam.) Urb., Mariscus cylindricus Elliot var. australis Lindm., Mariscus flavus Vahl, Mariscus flavus var. gigas Lindm., Cyperus flavus var. laevis (Kunth) Kük., Mariscus flavus f. umbellato-flava C.B.Clarke
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1289 (BM, FCQ).
►Cyperus eragrostis Lam. var. eragrostis, Tabl. Encycl. i. 196. 1791.
Syn.: Cyperus compressus Jacq., Cyperus declinatus Moench, Cyperus eragrostis Lam. f. latifrons Kük., Cyperus eragrostis f. tener Kük., Cyperus monandrus Roth, Cyperus vegetus Willd., Cyperus vegetus var. obtusangulus Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Guairá.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9949 (FCQ, G).
Cyperus esculentus L. var. leptostachyus Boeck., Linnaea 36: 290. 1870.
Syn.: Chlorocyperus phymatodes (Muhl.) Palla, Cyperus esculentus L. var. phymatodes (Muhl.) Kük., Cyperus phymatodes Muhl.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Itapúa.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 325 (BM, MO).
Cyperus haspan L. var. haspan, Sp. Pl. 1: 45. 1753.
Syn.: Cyperus adenophorus Schrad., Cyperus americanus (Boeck.) Palla, Cyperus autummalis (Rottb.) Vahl, Cyperus cayennensis Willd. ex Link, Cyperus efoliatus Boeck., Cyperus haspan L. var. adenophorus (Schrad.) Kük., Cyperus haspan var. americanus Boeck., Cyperus haspan ssp. juncoides (Lam.) Kük., Cyperus haspan var. riparius (Schrad. ex Nees) Kük., Cyperus juncoides Lam., Cyperus riparius Schrad. ex Nees, Scirpus autumnalis Rottb., hom. illeg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10201 (FCQ).
Cyperus odoratus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 46. 1753.
Syn.: Cyperus acicularis (Nees) Steud., Cyperus cephalophorus J.Presl & C.Presl, Cyperus conglobatus Link, Cyperus densiflorus G.Mey., Cyperus engelmannii Steud., Cyperus ferax Rich., Cyperus ferax var. acicularis (Nees) Kük., Cyperus ferax var. bulbiferus Barros, Cyperus ferax var. conglobatus (Link) Kük., Cyperus ferax ssp. engelmanni (Steud.) Kük., Cyperus ferax var. maximilianii (Schrad. ex Nees) Boeck., Cyperus ferax ssp. speciosus (Vahl) Kük., Cyperus ferox Vahl, Cyperus flexuosus Vahl, Cyperus hamiltonii Kunth, Cyperus huarmensis (Kunth) M.C.Johnst., Cyperus jubaeflorus Rudge, Cyperus maximilianii (Schrad. ex Nees) Griseb., Cyperus pohlianus (Nees) Kuntze, Cyperus speciosus Vahl, Diclidium lenticulare Schrad. ex Nees, Diclidium lomentaceum Nees, Diclidium maximilianii Schrad. ex Nees, Diclidium odoratum Schrad. ex Nees, Diclidium uliginosum Schrad. ex Nees, Mariscus ferax (Rich.) C.B.Clarke, Mariscus pohlianus Nees, Torulinium confertum Desv. ex Ham., Torulinium ferax (Rich.) Urb., Torulinium odoratum (L.) S.S.Hooper
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9965 (FCQ, G).
Cyperus rotundus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 45. 1753.
Syn.: Chlorocyperus rotundus (L.) Palla
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Caazapá, Cordillera, Itapúa.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9920 (FCQ).
Cyperus tenuis Sw., Prodr. 20. 1788.
Syn.: Cyperus caracasanus Kunth
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Misiones, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10136 (FCQ).
Eleocharis montana (Kunth) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 153. 1817.
Syn.: Eleocharis consanguinea Kunth, Eleocharis montana var. nodulosa (Roth) Svenson, Eleocharis nodulosa (Roth) Schult., Eleocharis nodulosa f. trigyna Barros, Eleogenus nodulosus (Roth) Nees, Scirpus montanus Kunth, Scirpus nodulosus Roth
Herb aquatic.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: G. Céspedes & al 443 (BM, FCQ).
Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton var. corymbosa, Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 11: 84. 1892.
Syn.: Calyptrostylis fascicularis Nees, Calyptrostylis florida (Rudge) Nees, Dichromena corymbosa (L.) J.F.Macbr., Rhynchospora aurea Vahl, Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton var. florida (Rudge) Kük., Rhynchospora florida (Rudge) Schult., Rhynchospora surinamensis (Rottb.) Nees, Schoenus floridus Rudge, Schoenus surinamensis Rottb., Scirpus corymbosus L.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: G. Céspedes et al. 444 (FCQ).
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha communis Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34: 23. 1865.
Syn.: Acalypha agrestis Morong ex Britton, Acalypha apicalis N.E.Br., Acalypha communis Müll.Arg. var. agrestis (Morong ex Britton) Chodat, Acalypha communis f. grandifolia Chodat & Hassl., Acalypha communis var. guaranitica Chodat & Hassl., Acalypha communis var. hirta (Spreng.) Müll.Arg., comb. illeg., Acalypha communis var. salicifolia Pax & K.Hoffm., Acalypha communis var. saltensis Pax & K.Hoffm., Acalypha communis var. tomentella Müll.Arg., Acalypha communis var. tomentosa Müll.Arg., Acalypha cordobensis Müll.Arg., Acalypha cordobensis var. rotundata Griseb., Acalypha gracilis Griseb., hom. illeg., Acalypha hirta Spreng., hom. illeg., Acalypha montevidensis Klotzsch ex Pax & K.Hoffm., nom. nud., Acalypha paraguariensis Chodat & Hassl., Acalypha variabilis Klotzsch ex Baill. var. angustifolia Baill., Ricinocarpus cordobensis (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles 9929 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Cnidoscolus albomaculatus (Pax) I.M.Johnst., Contr. Gray Herb. 68: 86. 1923.
Syn.: Jatropha albomaculata Pax, Jatropha albomaculata var. nana (Chodat & Hassl.) Pax, Jatropha albomaculata var. stimulosissima (Chodat & Hassl.) Pax, Jatropha albomaculata var. subcuneata Pax, Jatropha vitifolia Mill. f. nana Chodat & Hassl., Jatropha vitifolia f. stimulosissima Chodat & Hassl.
Herb or shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10181 (FCQ).
Croton glandulosus L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1275. 1759.
Syn.: Croton divaricatus Sw., Croton glandulosus L. var. scordioides (Lam.) Müll.Arg., Croton scordioides Lam.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1372 (FCQ).
Euphorbia heterophylla L., Sp. Pl. 1: 453. 1753.
Syn.: Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9921 (BM, FCQ, G).
Euphorbia hirta L. var. hirta, Sp. Pl. 1: 454. 1753.
Syn.: Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp., Euphorbia pilulifera auct. non L., Euphorbia pilulifera L. var. guaranitica Chodat & Hassl.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Central, Itapúa, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10096 (FCQ).
Euphorbia hypericifolia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 454. 1753.
Syn.: Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp., Euphorbia boliviana Rusby
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Itapúa.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9923 (FCQ, G).
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2: 139. 1789.
Syn.: Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Central, Guairá.
Voucher: F. Mereles 10123 (FCQ).
Euphorbia selloi (Klotzsch & Garcke) Boiss., Prodr. 15(2.1): 50. 1862.
Syn.: Anisophyllum selloi Klotzsch & Garcke, Chamaesyce selloi (Klotzsch & Garcke) Croizat, Chamaesyce selloi var. brevisemina Croizat, Euphorbia hassleriana Chodat, Euphorbia hebegyne Pax & K.Hoffm. ex Emrich, Euphorbia selloi var. setosa auct. non Boiss., Euphorbia setosa (Boiss.) Müll.Arg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Central, Guairá.
Voucher: F. Mereles 9938 (FCQ).
Euphorbia serpens Kunth var. serpens, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 52. 1817.
Syn.: Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9986 (BM, FCQ, G).
Jatropha hieronymi Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 287. 1898.
Shrub or small tree.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón.
Voucher: F. Mereles 10192 (FCQ).
FABACEAE
Aeschynomene falcata (Poir.) DC. var. falcata, Prodr. 2: 322. 1825.
Syn.: Aeschynomene apoloana Rusby, Aeschynomene falcata (Poir.) DC. var. paucijuga Benth., Hedysarum diffusum Vell., Hedysarum falcatum Poir.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles 1883 (FCQ).
Bauhinia forficata Link subsp. pruinosa (Vogel) Fortunato & Wunderlin, Darwiniana 27: 550. 1986.
Syn.: Bauhinia candicans Benth., Bauhinia forficata auct. non Link, Bauhinia forficata auct. non Hook. & Arn., Bauhinia forficata var. candicans (Benth.) Hassl. ex Latzina, Bauhinia forficata Link var. pruinosa (Vogel) Hassl., Bauhinia pruinosa Vogel, Pauletia candicans (Benth.) A.Schmitz, Pauletia pruinosa (Vogel) A.Schmitz
Shrub or tree.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Itapúa.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9905 (FCQ, G).
Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene var. rotundifolia, Pittonia 4(20): 31. 1899.
Syn.: Cassia bifoliolata DC. ex Collad., Cassia bifoliolata var. pentandra (Raddi) Desv., Cassia bifoliolata var. rotundifolia (Pers.) Desv., comb. illeg., Cassia fabaginifolia Kunth, Cassia monophylla Vell., Cassia pentandra Raddi, Cassia pentandria Larrañaga, hom. illeg., Cassia rotundifolia Pers., Cassia tenuivenosa A.P.D.Jones., Chamaecrista bifoliolata (DC. ex Collad.) Greene.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1337 (BM, FCQ).
Crotalaria incana L., Sp. Pl. 2: 716. 1753.
Syn.: Chrysocalyx schimperi Hochst. ex A.Rich., Crotalaria affinis DC., Crotalaria criocaula S.Schauer, Crotalaria cubensis DC., Crotalaria diffusa Vell., hom. illeg., Crotalaria eriocaula S.Schauer, Crotalaria glabrescens Andersson, hom. illeg., Crotalaria herbacea Schweig. ex Schrank, Crotalaria hirta Lag., hom. illeg., Crotalaria incana L. f. microphylla Chodat & Hassl., Crotalaria megapotamica Burkart, Crotalaria montana A.Rich., Crotalaria picensis Phil., Crotalaria pubescens Moench, Crotalaria purpurascens Lam., Crotalaria radiata Merr., Crotalaria setifera DC., Lupinus rotundifolius Sessé & Moç.
Herb or shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1240 (FCQ).
Desmodium cuneatum Hook. & Arn., Bot. Misc. 3: 195. 1832.
Syn.: Desmodium brevipes Vogel, Meibomia brevipes (Vogel) Kuntze, Meibomia cuneata (Hook. & Arn.) Kuntze
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1338 (BM, FCQ).
Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 2: 332. 1825.
Syn.: Desmodium purpureum (Mill.) Fawc. & Rendle, hom. illeg., Hedysarum purpureum Mill., Hedysarum tortuosum Sw., Meibomia purpurea (Mill.) Vail, Meibomia tortuosa (Sw.) Kuntze.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Concepción, Itapúa, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles & F. González Parini 7837 (FCQ).
Indigofera bongardiana (Kuntze) Burkart var. bongardiana, Darwiniana 4: 171. 1942.
Syn.: Anila bongardiana Kuntze, Indigofera gracilis Bong. ex Benth.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Itapúa, Misiones, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10132 (FCQ, G).
Lupinus gibertianus C.P.Sm. var. gibertianus, Spec. Lupinorum 206. 1940.
Syn.: Cytisus heptaphyllus Vell., Lupinus aspersus C.P.Sm., Lupinus bonplandianus C.P.Sm., Lupinus hassleranus C.P.Sm., Lupinus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Hassl., Lupinus heptaphyllus f. hilarianus Benth., Lupinus heptaphyllus f. typicus Hassl., nom. inval., Lupinus hilarianus Benth., nom. superfl., Lupinus propedubius C.P.Sm., Lupinus sanctae-anae C.P.Sm., Lupinus subumbellatus C.P.Sm.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Itapúa, Ñeembucú, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1283 (FCQ).
Senna morongii (Britton) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 364. 1982.
Syn.: Cassia acinacicarapa Rusby, Cassia cochabambae Herzog, Cassia morongii Britton, Cassia rojasiana Hassl., Cassia tomentosa L. f. var. paucijuga Kuntze
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Concepción, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9958 (BM, FCQ, G).
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 252. 1982.
Syn.: Cassia humilis Collad., Cassia obtusifolia L., Cassia tora L. var. humilis Collad., Cassia toroides Raf., Cassia toroides Roxb., nom. nud., Diallobus falcatus Raf., nom. illeg., Diallobus uniflorus Raf., Emelista tora (L.) Britton & Rose, Senna toroides Roxb.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1312 (FCQ).
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link., Handbuch 2: 140. 1831.
Syn.: Cassia caroliniana Walter, Cassia ciliata Raf., Cassia falcata L., Cassia foetida Pers., nom. illeg., Cassia macradena Collad., Cassia obliquifolia Schrank, Cassia occidentalis L., Cassia occidentalis var. aristata Collad., Cassia planisiliqua L., Cassia planisiliqua Lam., hom. illeg., Cassia plumieri DC., Ditremexa occidentalis (L.) Britton & Rose ex Britton & Wilson, Senna occidentalis (L.) Roxb., comb. superfl.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1262 (FCQ).
Vicia epetiolaris Burkart var. epetiolaris, Darwiniana 14: 182. 1966.
Vine.
Departmental distribution: Central, Misiones, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: G. Céspedes 439 (FCQ).
LAMIACEAE
Hyptis lappacea Benth., Labiat. Gen. Sp. 103. 1833.
Syn.: Hyptis cinerea Morong, Hyptis cinerea var. genuina Briq., nom. inval., Hyptis cinerea var. stenophylla Briq., Hyptis globifera auct. non G.Mey., Hyptis michelii Briq. ex Micheli, Hyptis trichoneura Briq. ex Micheli, Mesosphaerum cinereum (Morong) Briq., Mesosphaerum lappaceum (Benth.) Kuntze, Mesosphaerum trichoneurum (Briq. ex Micheli) Briq.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: R. Degen 1434 (FCQ).
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br., Hortus Kew. (2nd ed.) 3: 409. 1811.
Syn.: Phlomis nepetaefolia L.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: E. Zardini 8223 (FCQ, MO).
►Leonurus cardiaca L., Sp. Pl. 2: 584. 1753.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Guairá.
Voucher: R. Degen et al. 3811 (FCQ).
Leonurus japonicus Houtt., Nat. Hist. 2(9): 366, t. 57, f. 1. 1778.
Syn.: Leonurus sibiricus auct. non L.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí.
Voucher: R. Degen 1516 (FCQ).
Scutellaria racemosa Pers., Syn. Pl. 2(1): 136. 1806.
Syn.: Scutellaria bonariensis Willd. ex Benth., Scutellaria hastata Larrañaga, Scutellaria heterophylla Willd. ex Benth., Scutellaria rumicifolia Kunth, Scutellaria rojasii Briq.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea 1299 (BM, FCQ).
LYTHRACEAE
Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F.Macbr., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 124. 1930.
Syn.: Cuphea balsamona Cham. & Schltdl., Lythrum carthagenense Jacq.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: N. Soria 3111a (FCQ).
Cuphea racemosa (L.f.) Spreng. subsp. racemosa, Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 2: 455. 1825.
Syn.: Cuphea obtusifolia Koehne ex Bacig., Cuphea origanifolia Cham. & Schltdl., Cuphea racemosa var. discolor Lourteig, Lythrum racemosum L.f.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: G. Céspedes 428 (FCQ).
Heimia salicifolia Link., Icon. Pl. Select. 63, t. 28. 1822.
Syn.: Nesaea salicifolia Kunth
Shrub or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10012 (BM, FCQ, G).
Pleurophora saccocarpa Koehne, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 2(5): 426. 1882.
Syn.: Pleurophora annulosa Koehne, Pleurophora saccocarpa Koehne var. fiebrigii Koehne, Pleurophora saccocarpa var. glabrescens Koehne, Pleurophora saccocarpa var. hirtella Koehne, Pleurophora saccocarpa var. velutina Koehne
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10137 (BM, FCQ, G).
MALVACEAE
Abutilon pauciflorum A.St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 206. 1827.
Syn.: Abutilon melanocarpum A.St.-Hil. & Naudin, Abutilon mollissimum auct. non (Cav.) Sweet, Abutilon pauciflorum A.St.-Hil. var. cano-tomentosum Hassl., Abutilon pauciflorum f. longe-corniculatum Hassl., Abutilon pedunculare auct. non Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Abutilon rugosulum Hochr. ex Chodat & Hassl.
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: I. Basualdo 17 (FCQ).
Corchorus hirtus L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 747. 1762.
Syn.: Corchorus hirtus L. var. cuyabensis K.Schum, Corchorus hirtus var. orinocensis (Kunth) K.Schum., Corchorus orinocensis Kunth, Corchorus pilolobus Link
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: M. Dematteis et al. 2927 (FCQ).
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Gracke subsp. coromandelianum, Bonplandia 5(18): 295. 1857.
Syn.: Malva coromandeliana L., Malva tricuspidata Aiton, Malvastrum carpinifolium A.Gray, Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke f. breviaristata Hassl., Malvastrum tricuspidatum (Aiton) A.Gray, Malveopsis coromandeliana (L.) Morong
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9926 (FCQ).
Melochia canescens Cristóbal, Bonplandia 9(1–2): 43. 1996.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9947 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Melochia hermannioides A.St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1(4): 163. 1825.
Syn.: Melochia hermannioides f. heterophylla Hassl., Melochia hermannioides var. lacinulata (K.Schum. & Hassl.) Hassl., Melochia hermannioides var. lanceolata Hassl., Melochia hermannioides f. typica Hassl., nom. inval., Melochia lacinulata K.Schum. & Hassl., Melochia parvifolia Kunth f. roseiflora K.Schum. & Hassl.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10141 (FCQ, G).
Melochia ministella Cristóbal, Bonplandia 9(1–2): 46. 1996.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Concepción, Itapúa, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9925 (BM, FCQ, G).
Melochia pyramidata L. var. hieronymi K.Schum., Fl. Bras. 12(3): 35. 1886.
Syn.: Melochia pyramidata L. f. intermedia Hassl., Melochia pyramidata var. pseudotomentosa Hassl., Melochia pyramidata f. transitoria K.Schum. & Hassl., Melochia tomentosa L. var. mattogrossensis R.E.Fr.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: C.L. Cristóbal & A. Krapovickas 2293 (FCQ).
Melochia pyramidata L. var. pyramidata, Sp. Pl. 2: 674. 1753.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: R. Spichiger et al. RS2621 (FCQ).
Pavonia sidifolia Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: 283. 1822.
Syn.: Asterochlaena sidifolia (Kunth) Hassl., Asterochlaena sidifolia ssp. diuretica (A.St.-Hil.) Hassl., Asterochlaena sidifolia var. paraguayensis Hassl., Pavonia diuretica A.St.-Hil.
Shrub or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: A. Schinini 23872 (FCQ).
Pseudabutilon callimorphum (Hochr.) R.E.Fr. var. callimorphum, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 43(4): 105. 1908.
Syn.: Sida callimorpha Hochr., Wissadula callimorpha (Hochr.) Hassl.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Concepción, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9939 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Sida cordifolia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 684. 1753.
Syn.: Malvastrum cordifolium Rojas Acosta, Sida altheifolia Sw., Sida cordifolia L. var. breviaristata Monteiro, Sida rotundifolia Lam.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1264 (FCQ).
Sida linifolia Cav., Diss. 1, Diss. Bot. 14 (t. 2, f. 1). 1785.
Syn.: Sida fiebrigii Ulbr., Sida linifolia Juss. ex Cav. f. flaviflora Chodat & Hassl.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles 3983 (FCQ).
Sida rhombifolia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 684. 1753.
Syn.: Sida rhombifolia L. var. canariensis (Willd.) Griseb., Sida rhombifolia var. rhomboidea (Roxb.) Mast., Sida rhomboidea Roxb., Sida subrhombiformis Larrañaga
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1231 (FCQ).
Sida santaremensis Monteiro, Monogr. Malv. Brasil. Fasc. I. 44. 1936.
Syn.: Sida glaziovii auct. non K.Schum., Sida rhombifolia L. var. subtomentosa K.Schum., Sida santaremensis Monteiro var. krapovickasiana Monteiro
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: N. Soria 1234 (FCQ).
Sida spinosa L., Sp. Pl. 2: 683. 1753.
Syn.: Sida angustifolia Lam., Sida escobilla Larrañaga, Sida spinosa L. var. angustifolia (Lam.) Griseb.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: E. Bordas 4198 (FCQ).
Sidastrum paniculatum (L.) Fryxell, Brittonia 30(4): 453. 1978.
Syn.: Sida paniculata L.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: G. Schmeda 314 (FCQ).
Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 22. 1760.
Syn.: Triumfetta abutiloides A.St.-Hil., Triumfetta tricuspis A.St.-Hil.
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: I. Basualdo 818 (FCQ).
Waltheria indica L., Sp. Pl. 2: 673. 1753.
Syn.: Waltheria americana L., Waltheria americana var. indica (L.) K.Schum.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: I. Basualdo 179 (FCQ).
Wissadula densiflora R.E.Fr. var. densiflora, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 43(4): 64, pl. 4, 6. 1908.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9948 (BM, FCQ, G).
Wissadula subpeltata (Kuntze) R.E.Fr., Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 43(4): 56, pl. 5, 6, 7. 1908.
Syn.: Abutilon amplissimum (L.) Kuntze var. subpeltatum Kuntze, Wissadula amplissima auct. non (L.) R.E.Fr.
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: M. Dematteis et al. 2788 (FCQ).
MOLLUGINACEAE
Mollugo verticillata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 89. 1753.
Syn.: Mollugo arenaria Kunth
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: G. Céspedes 424 (FCQ).
MORACEAE
Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam., Encycl. 2(1): 317. 1786.
Syn.: Dorstenia brasiliensis Lam. f. balansae Chodat, Dorstenia brasiliensis var. guaranitica Chodat, hom. illeg., Dorstenia brasiliensis var. major Chodat & Hassl., Dorstenia brasiliensis var. palustris Hassl., Dorstenia brasiliensis var. tomentosa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Hassl., Dorstenia brasiliensis var. tubicina (Ruiz & Pav.) Chodat & Vischer Dorstenia brasiliensis var. typica Hassl., nom. inval., Dorstenia montevidensis Field & Gardner, Dorstenia schulzii Carauta, C.Valente & Dunn de Araujo, Dorstenia tomentosa Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Dorstenia tubicina Ruiz & Pav., Dorstenia tubicina var. genuina Hassl., nom. inval., Dorstenia tubicina f. major Hassl., Dorstenia tubicina var. opifera (Mart.) Hassl. Dorstenia tubicina f. subexcentrica Hassl., Dorstenia tubicina f. typica Hassl., nom. inval.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1255 (FCQ).
NYCTAGINACEAE
Boerhavia diffusa L. var. diffusa, Sp. Pl. 1: 3. 1753.
Syn.: Boerhavia coccinea Mill. var. paniculata (Rich.) Moscoso, Boerhavia paniculata Rich.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9985 (BM, FCQ, G).
Boerhavia diffusa L. var. leiocarpha (Heimer) C.D.Adams, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 8: 115. 1970.
Syn.: Boerhavia ciliato-bracteata Heimerl, Boerhavia coccinea Mill. var. leiocarpa (Heimerl) Standl., Boerhavia diffusa L. var. paniculata D.Parodi, nom. nud., Boerhavia friesii Heimerl, Boerhavia paniculata Rich. var. guaranitica Heimerl, Boerhavia paniculata var. leiocarpa Heimerl, Boerhavia paniculata f. leiocarpa Heimerl
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10184 (FCQ).
ONAGRACEAE
Ludwigia lagunae (Morong) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 28: 292. 1953.
Syn.: Jussiaea brachycarpa Lam. ssp. epilobioides (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl., Jussiaea brachycarpa var. genuina Hassl., nom. inval., Jussiaea brachycarpa var. grandiflora Hassl., Jussiaea brachycarpa var. paraguayensis (Chodat) Hassl., Jussiaea brachycarpa var. parviflora (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl., Jussiaea brachycarpa var. puberula Hassl., Jussiaea brachycarpa Micheli, hom. illeg., Jussiaea epilobioides Chodat & Hassl., Jussiaea epilobioides var. parviflora Chodat & Hassl., Jussiaea lagunae Morong, Jussiaea lagunae var. paraguayensis (Chodat) Munz, Jussiaea lagunae var. typica Munz, nom. inval., Jussiaea leveilleana Bertoni, Jussiaea paraguayensis Chodat, Jussiaea suffruticosa L. var. epilobioides (Chodat & Hassl.) Bertoni, Jussiaea suffruticosa var. paraguayensis (Chodat) Bertoni, Jussiaea suffruticosa var. parviflora (Chodat & Hassl.) Bertoni
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10151 (FCQ, G).
OXALIDACEAE
Oxalis conorrhiza Jacq., Monographia, Iconibus Illustrata 26. 1794.
Syn.: Acetosella caespitosa (A.St.-Hil.) Kuntze, Acetosella chrysantha (Progel) Kuntze, Acetosella cineracea (A.St.-Hil.) Kuntze, Acetosella commersonii (Pers.) Kuntze, Acetosella conorrhiza (Jacq.) Kuntze, Acetosella megapotamica (Spreng.) Kuntze, Oxalis andicola Gillies ex Hook. & Arn., Oxalis andicola var. wallichiana Gillies ex Hook. & Arn., Oxalis brevipes Fredr., Oxalis caespitosa A.St.-Hil., Oxalis chrysantha Progel, Oxalis chrysantha var. pusilla Progel, Oxalis cineracea A.St.-Hil., Oxalis commersonii Pers., Oxalis conorhixa Larrañaga, Oxalis cordobensis R.Knuth, Oxalis cordobensis var. humilior R.Knuth, Oxalis corniculata L. var. serpens R.Knuth, Oxalis hassleriana Chodat, Oxalis linneaformis R. Knuth, Oxalis megapotamica Spreng., Oxalis repens Thunb. f. uniflora Hieron. & Lorentz ex R.Knuth, nom. nud., Oxalis sexenata Savigny, Oxalis sternbergii auct. non Zucc., Xanthoxalis chrysantha (Progel) Holub, Xanthoxalis commersonii (Pers.) Holub, Xanthoxalis cordobensis (R.Knuth) Holub
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Misiones, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 8100 (FCQ).
Oxalis corniculata L. var. corniculata., Sp. Pl. 1: 435. 1753.
Syn.: Acetosella corniculata (L.) Kuntze, Acetosella corniculata var. repens (Thunb.) Kuntze, Oxalis steudeliana R.Knuth, Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Guairá.
Voucher: E. Zardini 23445 (AS, MO).
Oxalis paludosa A.St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 121. 1825.
Syn.: Acetosella montevidensis (Progel) Kuntze, Acetosella paludosa (A.St.-Hil.) Kuntze, Oxalis corrientesensis R.Knuth, Oxalis duricaulis R.Knuth, Oxalis montevidensis Progel
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Central, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: G. Céspedes 438 (FCQ).
PASSIFLORACEAE
Turnera grandidentata (Urb.) Arbo, Candollea 40(1): 176. 1985.
Syn.: Turnera ulmifolia L. var. elegans auct. non (Otto) Urb.,Turnera ulmifolia L. var. grandidentata Urb.
Herb. Endemic.
Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. González & M. J. López 554 (FCQ).
PHYLLANTHACEAE
Phyllanthus niruri L., Sp. Pl. 2: 981. 1753.
Syn.: Phyllanthus lathyroides Kunth, Phyllanthus lathyroides f. rosellus Müll.Arg., Phyllanthus niruri L. ssp. lathyroides (Kunth) G.L.Webster, Phyllanthus microphyllus Mart., Phyllanthus niruri f. microphyllus (Müll.Arg.) G.L.Webster, Phyllanthus rosellus (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí.
Voucher: E. Zardini et al. 2421 (FCQ, MO).
Phyllanthus orbiculatus Rich., Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1:113. 1792.
Syn.: Orbicularia orbiculata (Rich.) Moldenke
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: E. Zardini & R. Degen 3767 (FCQ, MO).
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago tomentosa Lam. ssp. tomentosa, Tabl. Encycl. 1(2): 340. 1792.
Syn.: Plantago achalensis Pilg., Plantago achalensis var. hirtula Pilg., Plantago achalensis f. minor Pilg., Plantago affinis Decne., Plantago arechavaletai Pilg., Plantago bicallosa Decne. var. hirsutior Pilg., Plantago grisebachii Hieron., Plantago hypolasia Pilg., Plantago hypoleuca Pilg., Plantago oreades Decne. var. lanuginosa Griseb, Plantago paralias Decne., Plantago paralias var. achalensis (Pilg.) Pilg., Plantago paralias ssp. affinis (Decne.) Pilg., Plantago paralias var. brevifolia Pilg., Plantago paralias var. cordobensis (Pilg.) Pilg., Plantago paralias ssp. dasystachys (Pilg.) Pilg., Plantago paralias ssp. euparalias Pilg., nom. inval., Plantago paralias var. glabrescens (Pilg.) Pilg, Plantago paralias ssp. grisebachii (Hieron.) Pilg., Plantago paralias ssp. hypolasia (Pilg.) Pilg., Plantago paralias var. lasiophylla (Pilg.) Pilg, Plantago paralias ssp. leiocalyx (Pilg.) Pilg., Plantago paralias var. mollior (Pilg.) Pilg, Plantago paralias ssp. petiolata (Pilg.) Pilg., Plantago paralias var. saxicola (Pilg.) Pilg, Plantago paralias ssp. schlechtendaliana (Pilg.) Pilg., Plantago paralias ssp. selloana (Pilg.) Pilg., Plantago tomentosa var. achalensis Pilg., Plantago tomentosa ssp. balansai Pilg., Plantago tomentosa var. brevifolia Pilg., Plantago tomentosa var. cordobensis Pilg., Plantago tomentosa ssp. dasystachys Pilg., Plantago tomentosa var. glabrescens Schmidt, Plantago tomentosa Lam. ssp. grisebachii (Hieron.) Pilg., Plantago tomentosa ssp. hypolasia (Pilg.) Pilg., Plantago tomentosa var. lasiophylla Pilg., Plantago tomentosa ssp. leiocalyx Pilg., Plantago tomentosa var. mollior Pilg., Plantago tomentosa ssp. paralias (Decne.) Pilg., Plantago tomentosa ssp. petiolata Pilg., Plantago tomentosa var. saxicola Pilg, Plantago tomentosa ssp. schlechtendaliana Pilg., Plantago tomentosa ssp. selloana Pilg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, SanPedro
Voucher: R. Degen et al. 4348 (FCQ).
Scoparia dulcis L., Sp. Pl. 1: 116. 1753.
Syn.: Capraria dulcis (L.) Kuntze, Scoparia dulcis L. var. tenuifolia Griseb., Scoparia nudicaulis Chodat & Hassl., Scoparia procumbens Jacq., Scoparia purpurea Ridl.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10072 (FCQ).
Scoparia ericacea Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 2: 604. 1827.
Syn.: Capraria ericacea (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze, Scoparia divaricata R.E.Fr., Scoparia plebeja Cham. & Schltdl.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10071 (FCQ).
Stemodia verticillata (Mill.) Hassl., Trab. Mus. Farmacol. 21: 110. 1909.
Syn.: Capraria humilis Sol., Erinus verticillatus Mill., Lendneria humilis (Sol.) Minod, Lendneria verticillata (Mill.) Britton, Stemodia arenaria Kunth, Stemodia humilis (Sol.) G.Dawson, Stemodia macrotricha Colla, Stemodia parviflora W.T.Aiton, Stemodiacra verticillata (Mill.) Kuntze
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Caazapá, Canindeyú, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1220 (BM, FCQ).
POACEAE
Andropogon bicornis L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1046. 1753.
Syn.: Andropogon bicornis L. var. absconditus Hack., Andropogon bicornis var. burchellii Hack., Andropogon bicornis var. gracillimus Hack., Andropogon bicornis var. virginicoides Hack.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10179 (FCQ, G).
►Avena sativa L. subsp. sativa, Sp.Pl. 1: 79. 1753.
Syn.: Avena fatua L. f. glaberrima Thell., Avena fatua ssp. sativa (L.) Thell., Avena sativa L. var. glaberrima (Thell.) Parodi
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10074 (FCQ).
Cenchrus ciliaris L., Mant. Pl. 2: 302. 1771.
Syn.: Pennisetum cenchroides Rich. ex Pers., nom. illeg., Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Guairá, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9969 (FCQ, G).
Cenchrus echinatus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1050. 1753.
Syn.: Cenchrus crinitus Mez, Cenchrus echinatus Cav., nom. inval.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1293 (FCQ).
Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 106(1): 129. 2010.
Syn.: Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.
Herb. Intruduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Canindeyú, Central, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10083 (BM, FCQ, G).
Chloris virgata Sw., Fl. Ind. Occid. 1: 203. 1797.
Syn.: Chloris compressa DC., Chloris elegans Kunth
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10195 (FCQ).
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon, Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805.
Syn.: Capriola dactylon (L.) Kuntze, Cynodon aristiglumis Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Cynodon aristulatus Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Cynodon erectus J.Presl., Cynodon pascurus Nees, Panicum dactyon L.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1304 (FCQ).
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. longiglumis Caro & E.A.Sánchez, Kurtziana 5: 210, f. 2G. 1969.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Itapúa, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1282 (FCQ).
Digitaria aequiglumis (Hack. & Arechav.) Parodi var. aequiglumis, Revista Fac. Agron. Veterin. 4: 47. 1922.
Syn.: Digitaria campestris Henrard, Digitaria chillanensis Phil. ex Henrard, nom. nud., Panicum aequiglume Hack. & Arechav., Panicum debile Phil., nom. illeg., Panicum debile Desf. var. aequiglume (Hack. & Arechav.) Hack., Panicum ramosum Arechav., Panicum tridactylum Phil., hom. illeg., Syntherisma aequiglumis (Hack. & Arechav.) Hitchc.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Itapúa, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: C.V.M. Pavetti 10974 (Zuloaga et al. 1994).
Digitaria balansae Henrard, Meded. Rijks-Herb. 61: 2. 1930.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: T. Rojas 11188 (AS, MO).
Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. (ed. 15 bis) 2: 470. 1817.
Syn.: Paspalum bicorne Lam., Panicum bicorne (Lam.) Kunth, Panicum glaucescens Nees, hom. illeg.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Itapúa, Misiones, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 9918 (FCQ).
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Descr. Gram. 27. 1802.
Syn.: Digitaria abortiva Reeder, Digitaria adscendens (Kunth) Henrard, Digitaria marginata Link, Digitaria tarapacana Phil., Panicum adscendes Kunth, Panicum ciliare Retz., Panicum sanguinale L. var. ciliare (Retz.) Vasey
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10069 (FCQ).
Digitaria horizontalis Willd., Enum. Pl. 92. 1809.
Syn.: Panicum horizontale (Willd.) G.Mey., Panicum oxyanthum Steud., Panicum sanguinale L. var. horizontale (Willd.) Schweinf.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: W.J. Hahn 2076 (MO, PY).
Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde, Bot. Jahresber. 31(1): 778. 1904.
Syn.: Acicarpa sacchariflora Raddi, nom. illeg., Andropogon insulare L., Digitaria insularis (L.) Mez ex Ekman, comb. superfl., Panicum insulare (L.) G.Mey., Panicum insulare var. typicum Hack., nom. inval., Panicum lanatum Rottb., nom. superfl., Panicum leucophaeum Kunth, Milium villosum Sw., nom. superfl., Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees, Tricholaena insularis (L.) Griseb., Syntherisma insularis (L.) Millsp., Valota insularis (L.) Chase.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9989 (BM, FCQ, G).
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link., Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833.
Syn.: Echinochloa colona (L.) Link f. zonalis (Guss.) Wiegand, Panicum colonum L., Panicum colonum f. maculatum Arechav., Oplismenus colonus (L.) Kunth, Oplismenus muticus Phil.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10165 (BM, FCQ, G).
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. var. crus, Ess. Agrostogr. 161 (53, 169). 1812.
Syn.: Panicum crus-galli L.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & L. Ramella 2925 (FCQ).
Echinochloa crus-pavonis (Kunth) Schult., Mant. 2: 269. 1824.
Syn.: Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. var. crus-pavonis (Kunth) Hitchc., Oplismenus crus-pavonis Kunth, Panicum crus-galli L. var. sabulicola (Nees) Trin.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10135 (BM, FCQ, G).
Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch, Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 41: 742. 1891.
Syn.: Panicum crus-galli L. var. grandiflorum Döll, Panicum oryzoides Ard.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Cordillera.
Voucher: E. Lurvey 60 (Zuloaga et al. 1994).
Echinochloa polystachya (Kunth) Hitchc. var. spectabilis (Nees) Mart.Crov., Revista Argent. Agron. 9: 318. 1942.
Syn.: Echinochloa spectabilis (Nees ex Trin.) Link, Panicum spectabile Nees ex Trin., Pseudoechinolaena spectabilis (Nees ex Trin.) Herter
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1311 (FCQ).
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 8. 1788.
Syn.: Cynosurus indicus L.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10162 (FCQ, G).
Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1(2): 203. 1792.
Syn.: Cynosurus tristachyos Lam., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. var. condensata Döll, Eleusine oligostachya Link, Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Kunth, comb. superfl.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1292 (FCQ).
Eragrostis airoides Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 509. 1829.
Syn.: Agrosticula brasiliensis (Raddi) Herter, Aira brasiliensis Raddi, Airopsis millegrana Griseb., Eragrostis triflora Ekman, Poa airoides (Nees) Kunth, hom. illeg., Sporobolus brasiliensis (Raddi) Hack.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: G. Céspedes et al. 440 (FCQ).
Eragrostis bahiensis Schrad., Mant. 2: 318. 1824.
Syn.: Eragrostis atrovirens auct. non (Desf.) Trin., Eragrostis bahiensis Schrad. ex Schult. var. contracta Döll, Eragrostis bahiensis var. laxiuscula Döll, Eragrostis bahiensis f. riparia Burkart, Eragrostis blepharophylla Jedwabn., Eragrostis expansa Link, Eragrostis firma Trin., Eragrostis macra Jedwabn., Eragrostis microstachya (Link) Link, Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. var. bahiensis (Schrad. ex Schult.) Kuntze, Eragrostis psammodes Trin., Eragrostis psammodes var. microstachya (Link) Döll, Eragrostis squamata auct. non (Lam.) Steud., Poa expansa (Link) Kunth, Poa microstachya Link, Poa psammodes (Trin.) Kunth.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: G. Céspedes et al. 448 (FCQ).
Eragrostis lugens Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 507. 1829.
Syn.: Eragrostis flaccida Lindm., Eragrostis lugens Nees ssp. flaccida (Lindm.) Hack., Eragrostis lugens var. glabrata Döll, Eragrostis lugens f. pallida Hack., Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. var. lugens (Nees) Griseb., Poa lugens (Nees) Kunth
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: G. Céspedes 437 (FCQ).
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 71 (162, 175). 1812.
Syn.: Eragrostis damiensiana (Bonnet) Thell., Eragrostis damiensiana var. condensata (Hack.) Thell., Eragrostis gracilis Schrad., Eragrostis multicaulis Steud., Eragrostis peregrina Wiegand, Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. var. condensata Hack., Eragrostis pilosa ssp. damiensiana (Bonnet) Thell., Eragrostis pilosa var. damiensiana Bonnet, Eragrostis verticillata (Cav.) P.Beauv., Poa pilosa L.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera.
Voucher: M. Ortíz 2 (FCQ).
Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, Fl. Bras. Enum. Pl. 2(1): 276. 1829.
Syn.: Agrostis monostachya Poir., Panicum amplexicaule Rudge
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10180 (FCQ).
Leptochloa virgata (L.) P.Beauv., Ess. Agrostogr. 71 (161, 166). 1812.
Syn.: Cynodon domingense (Jacq.) Raspail, Cynodon virgatus (L.) Raspail, Cynosurus dominguensis Jacq., Cynosurus virgatus L., Eleusine barbata Desv., Eleusine domingensis (Jacq.) Pers., Eleusine unioloides Willd. ex Steud., nom. inval., Eleusine virgata (L.) Pers., Diplachne domingensis (Jacq.) Chapm., Festuca domingensis (Jacq.) Lam., Festuca virgata (L.) Lam., Leptochloa barbata (Desv.) Parodi ex Nicora, Leptochloa domingensis (Jacq.) Trin., Leptochloa mutica Steud., Leptochloa procera Nees, Leptochloa virgata (Jacq.) Chapm. var. domingensis (Jacq.) Link ex Griseb., Leptochloa virgata (L.) P.Beauv. var. mutica (Steud.) Döll, Leptochloa virgata (L.) P.Beauv. var. puberula Hack, Leptostachys domingensis (Jacq.) G.Mey.Rabdochloa domingensis (Jacq.) P.Beauv.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: D.R. Brunner 1219 (MO, PY).
Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon & S.W.L.Jacob var. maximus, Austrobaileya 6(3): 572. 2003.
Syn.: Panicum maximum Jacq., Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.Webster
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: R. Degen 1518 (FCQ).
Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka, Biblioth. Bot. 138: 55. 1988.
Syn.: Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E.Hubb., Rhynchelytrum roseum (Nees) Stapf & C.E.Hubb., Saccharum repens Willd., Tricholaena repens (Willd.) Hitchc.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1271 (FCQ).
Panicum bergii Arechav. var. bergii, Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 147. 1894.
Syn.: Panicum bergii Arechav. f. convoluta R.A.Palacios, Panicum burkartii Zuloaga, Panicum pilcomayense Hack.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10085 (FCQ, G).
Paspalum acuminatum Raddi, Agrostogr. Bras. 25. 1823.
Syn.: Paspalum serratum Hitchc. & Chase
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Itapúa.
Voucher: A.Schinini 6282 (CTES,G).
Paspalum almum Chase, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23(3): 137, f. 1. 1933.
Syn.: Paspalum hexastachyum Parodi, Paspalum ovale Nees ex Steud. var. apiculatum Hack.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: M. Peña-Chocarro et al. 1669 (FCQ).
Paspalum chaseanum Parodi, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 23: 137. 1933.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón.
Voucher: F. Mereles & R. Degen 5885 (FCQ).
Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Bergius, Acta Helv. Phys.-Math. 7: 129 (130; t. 8). 1772.
Syn.: Paspalum renggeri Steud.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: O. Morrone & J. Pensiero 133 (FCQ).
Paspalum plicatulum Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 45. 1803.
Syn.: Panicum plicatulum (Michx.) Kuntze, Paspalum lenticulare Kunth f. intumescens (Döll) Killeen, Paspalum montevidense Spreng., Paspalum plicatulum Michx. var. genuinum Parodi, nom. inval., Paspalum plicatulum var. glabrum Arechav., Paspalum plicatulum var. intumescens Döll, Paspalum plicatulum var. longipilum Hack., Paspalum plicatulum ssp. montevidense (Spreng.) Roseng., B.R.Arrill. & Izag., Paspalum plicatulum var. villosissimum Pilg., Paspalum ramosum Swallen
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1308 (FCQ).
Paspalum umbrosum Trin., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math. 1: 153. 1834.
Syn.: Paspalum densiflorum Döll, Paspalum maritimum auct. non Trin., Paspalum paniculatum L. ssp. umbrosum (Trin.) Roseng., B.R.Arrill. & Izag.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10093 (FCQ).
Paspalum urvillei Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1(1): 24. 1853.
Syn.: Paspalum larrañagai Arechav.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: E. Lurvey 72 (Zuloaga et al. 2014).
Paspalum wrightii Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 310. 1917.
Syn.: Paspalum hydrophilum Henrard, Paspalum plicatulum Michx. var. multinode Hack, Paspalum virgatum L. var. subplicatum Hack
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: J.R. Ramírez 132 (CTES).
Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen var. parviflora, Lejeunia 120: 161. 1987.
Syn.: For full list of synonyms see Pensiero (2003).
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10100 (FCQ).
Setaria scandens Schrad., Mant. 2: 279. 1824.
Syn.: Chaetochloa scandens (Schrad.) Scribn., Panicum scandens (Schrad.) Trin., Panicum scandens var. grandiflorum Döll, Panicum scandens var. longiseta Döll, Panicum scandens var. vulgare Döll, Setaria scandens Schrad. ex Schult. var. sphacelata Hack., Setaria trinii Kunth.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Amambay, Guairá.
Voucher: E. Hassler & T. Rojas 10141 (Zuloaga et al. 2014).
Setaria tenax (Rich.) Desv., Opusc. Sci. Phys. Nat. 78. 1831.
Syn.: Panicum tenax A.Rich., Setaria sphaerocarpa (Salzm.) C.E.Hubb.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí.
Voucher: E.M. Zardini & C. Velázquez 26273 (FCQ, MO).
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. var. halepense, Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805.
Syn.: Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot., Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. var. halepensis (L.) Hack., Holcus halepensis L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. var. genuinum Hack., nom. inval.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Central, Itapúa.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10084 (FCQ).
Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc., Man. Grasses W. Ind. 84. 1936.
Syn.: Agrostis pyramidata Lam., Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth, Sporobolus argutus f. purpurascens Hack., Sporobolus argutus var. tuberculatus (Hack.) Hack., Sporobolus tuberculatus Hack., Vilfa arguta Nees
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9970 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Stapfochloa elata (Desv.) P.M.Peterson, Taxon 64: 460. 2015.
Syn.: Andropogon barbatus L., A polydactylon L., nom. illeg., Chloris barbata (L.) Nash, hom. illeg., Chloris dandyana C.D.Adams, Chloris elata Desv.,Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw., Chloris polydactyla f. pauciradiata Kurtz
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9973 (BM, FCQ, G).
*Tragus australianus S.T.Blake, Univ. Queensl. Papers, Dept. Biol. 1 (18): 12. 1941.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Boquerón.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9942 (FCQ, G).
Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi, Revista Argent. Agron. 14: 63. 1947.
Syn.: Chloris crinita Lag., Chloris mendocina Phil., Chloropsis blanchardiana (E.Fourn. ex Scribn.) Kuntze, Chloropsis crinita (Lag.) Kuntze, Chloropsis mendocina (Phil.) Kuntze, Trichloris blanchardiana E.Fourn. ex Scribn., Trichloris crinita (Lag.) Parodi var. triflora Parodi, Trichloris crinita var. typica Parodi, nom. inval., Trichloris mendocina (Phil.) Kurtz, Trichloris mendocina f. blanchardiana (E.Fourn. ex Scribn.) Kurtz, Trichloris mendocina (Phil.) Kurtz ex Seckt, hom. illeg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9976 (FCQ).
Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) R.D.Webster, Austral. Paniceae (Poaceae) 233. 1987.
Syn.: Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Stapf, Panicum brizanthum Hochst. ex A.Rich.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Canindeyú, Central, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10075 (FCQ).
Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D.Webster, Austral. Paniceae (Poaceae) 234. 1987.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Cordillera, San Pedro.
Voucher: O. Morrone & J. Pensiero 371 (FCQ).
Urochloa paucispicata (Morong) Morrone & Zuloaga, Darwiniana 31: 95. 1992.
Syn.: Acroceras paucispicata (Morong) Henrard, Brachiaria paucispicata (Morong) Clayton, Panicum paucispicatum Morong
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9943 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Urochloa plantaginea (Link.) R.D.Webster, Syst. Bot. 13(4): 607. 1988.
Syn.: Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc., Panicum plantagineum Link
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1291 (FCQ).
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum acuminatum Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 178. 1817.
Syn.: Persicaria acuminata (Kunth) M.Gómez, Polygonum acuminatum Kunth var. glabrescens Meisn., Polygonum acuminatum var. microstemom Mart. ex Meisn., Polygonum acuminatum var. setigerum (Wedd.) Meisn., Polygonum alfredi Pilg., Polygonum bettfreundianum Lindau, Polygonum floribundum Wedd., Polygonum setigerum Wedd.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: A. Schinini & R. Palacios 25915 (FCQ).
Polygonum aviculare L., Sp. Pl. 1: 362 (-363). 1753.
Syn.: Polygonum arenastrum Boreau, Polygonum berteroi Phil., Polygonum striatum K.Koch, Polygonum uruguense H.Gross
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: T. Rojas 409 (Cialdella and Brandbyge 2001).
Polygonum convolvulus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 364. 1753.
Syn.: Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dumort., Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A.Löve, Tiniaria convolvulus (L.) Webb & Moq.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa.
Voucher: E. Lurvey 17 (CTES).
Polygonum hispidum Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (quarto ed.) 2: 178. 1817.
Syn.: Persicaria hispida (Kunth) M.Gómez
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10117 (FCQ, G).
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. var. setaceum (Baldwin) Gleason, Phytologia 4(1): 23. 1952.
Syn.: Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. var. virgatum (Cham. & Schltdl.) Meisn., Polygonum setaceum Baldwin, Polygonum virgatum Cham. & Schltdl.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 691 (BM, FCQ).
Polygonum lapathifolium L., Sp. Pl. 1: 360. 1753.
Syn.: Persicaria laphatifolia (L.) Delarbre, Polygonum ferrugineum Wedd. var. patagonicum (Speg.) Macloskie, Polygonum lanigerum R.Br., Polygonum persicaria L. var. vernicosum Cham. & Schltdl., Polygonum spectabile Mart. ex Meisn. var. patagonica Speg., Polygonum utriculatum J.Remy
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Concepción, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles 1387 (FCQ).
Polygonum meisnerianum Cham. & Schltdl., Linnaea 3(1): 40–42. 1828.
Syn.: Persicaria meisneriana (Cham. & Schltdl.) M.Gómez, Polygonum beyrichianum Cham. & Schltdl., Polygonum chamissoeanum Wedd., Polygonum meisnerianum Cham. & Schltdl. var. beyrichianum (Cham. & Schltdl.) Meisn., Polygonum meisnerianum var. setosum Chodat & Hassl.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: R. Degen 9 (FCQ).
Polygonum punctatum Elliot, Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1(5): 455–456. 1821.
Syn.: Persicaria punctata (Elliot) Small, Polygonum acre Kunth, hom. illeg., Polygonum epilobioides Wedd., Polygonum hydropiperoides Pursh, hom. illeg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10019 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Rumex obovatus Danser, Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1920: 241. 1921.
Syn.: Rumex paraguayensis auct. non D.Parodi
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Guairá, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10092 (FCQ, G).
Rumex paraguayensis D.Parodi, Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 5: 160. 1878.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Misiones, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: R. Spichiger et al. RS2209 (FCQ).
Rumex pulcher L., Sp. Pl. 1: 336. 1753.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Central, Cordillera, Misiones.
Voucher: I. Basualdo 1164 (FCQ).
PORTULACACEAE
Portulaca cryptopetala Speg., Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 82: 217. 1916.
Syn.: Portulaca cryptopetala Speg. var. diversifolia (Poelln.) D.Legrand, Portulaca cryptopetala var. legrandii (Poelln.) D.Legrand, Portulaca cryptopetala f. phenopetala Speg., Portulaca diversifolia D.Legrand, nom. illeg., Portulaca diversifolia Poelln. var. legrandii (Poelln.) D.Legrand Portulaca legrandii Poelln.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Central, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles 10125 (FCQ).
Portulaca oleracea L., Sp. Pl. 1: 445. 1753.
Syn.: Portulaca cryptopetala Speg. var. poellnitziana (D.Legrand) D.Legrand, Portulaca marginata Kunth, Portulaca neglecta Mack. & Bush, Portulaca oleracea L. var. granulato-stellulata Poelln., Portulaca oleracea var. macrantha Eggers, Portulaca oleracea var. micrantha Eggers, Portulaca oleracea var. parviflora (Haw.) Griseb., Portulaca oleracea var. silvestris (Montandon) Thell., Portulaca poellnitziana D.Legrand, Portulaca retusa Engelm.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9994 (FCQ).
RUBIACEAE
Borreria eryngioides Cham. & Schltdl. var. affinis (DC.) K.Schum., Fl. Bras. 6(6): 48. 1888.
Syn.: Borreria affinis DC., Borreria assurgens (Ruiz & Pav.) Griseb., Borreria assurgens Hassl. var. longisepala Hassl., Borreria chacoensis Hassl., Borreria chacoensis var. glabrata Hassl., Borreria eryngioides Cham. & Schltdl. var. latifolia Hassl., Borreria parviflora G.Mey. var. scabra Griseb.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Caazapá, Central, Guairá, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 10204 (FCQ, G).
Borreria verticillata (L.) G.Mey., Prim. Fl. Esseq. 83. 1818.
Syn.: Borreria capitata (Ruiz & Pav.) DC. f. ferruginea auct. non (A.St.-Hil.) Steyerm., Spermacoce verticillata L.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1242 (BM, FCQ).
Mitracarpus megapotamicus (Spreng.) Kuntze, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 7: 331. 1931.
Syn.: Mitracarpium cuspidatum DC., Mitracarpus megapotamicus (Spreng.) Standl., comb. superfl., Mitracarpium peladilla Griseb., Mitracarpus sellowianum Cham. & Schltdl., Spermacoce megapotamica Spreng.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Guairá, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10021 (FCQ).
Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC., Prodr. 4: 572. 1830.
Syn.: Mitracarpus hirtus auct. non (L.) DC., Spermacoce hirta auct. non L., Spermacoce villosa Sw.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10103 (FCQ).
*Oldenlandia lancifolia (Schumach.) DC., Prodr. 4: 425. 1830.
Syn.: Hedyotis lancifolia Schumach.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Central, Cordillera.
Voucher: F. Mereles 10120 (FCQ).
Richardia brasiliensis Gomes, Mem. sobre Ipecac. 31. 1801.
Syn.: Richardsonia brasiliensis (Gomes) Hayne, Richardia pilosa auct. non Ruiz & Pav., Richardsonia rosea A.St.-Hil., Richardia rosea (A.St.-Hil.) Schult.f., Richardia scabra auct. non L., Richardsonia brasiliensis (Gomes) Hayne var. dubia Beauverd & Felipp., Richardsonia scabra auct. non (L.) A.St.-Hil.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1234 (FCQ).
Staelia virgata (Link ex Roem. & Schult.) K.Schum. var. virgata, Fl. Bras. 6(6): 76. 1888.
Syn.: Borreria finitima S.Moore, Mitracarpus virgatus (Link ex Roem. & Schult.) Cham. & Schltdl., Spermacoce virgata Link ex Roem. & Schult., Staelia caespitosa Griseb.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Concepción, Cordillera, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & J. De Egea 10152 (FCQ, G).
SOLANACEAE
Nicotiana glauca Graham, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 5: 175. 1828.
Syn.: Acnistus virgatus Griseb., Nicotiana glauca Graham var. angustifolia Comes, Nicotiana glauca var. decurrens Comes, Nicotiana glauca var. grandiflora Comes, Nicotiana glauca f. lateritia Lillo, Nicotiana glauca var. typica Millán, nom. inval., Nicotidendron glauca (Graham) Griseb., Siphaulax glabra Raf.
Shrub or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Central, Cordillera, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10156 (BM, FCQ, G).
Nicotiana longiflora Cav., Descr. Pl. 106. 1802.
Syn.: Nicotiana acuta Griseb., Nicotiana acutiflora A.St.-Hil., Nicotiana longiflora Cav. var. acutiflora (A.St.-Hil.) Comes, Nicotiana longiflora var. breviflora Comes, nom. inval., Nicotiana longiflora var. grandifolia Morong
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10055 (FCQ).
Physalis angulata L., Sp. Pl. 1: 183. 1753.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Guairá, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1319 (BM, FCQ).
Solanum americanum Mill., Gard. Dict. (ed. 8) no. 5. 1768.
Syn.: Solanum adventitium Polg., Solanum americanum Mill. var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Edmonds, Solanum sciaphilum Bitter, Solanum curtipes Bitter, Solanum nigrum L. var. americanum (Mill.) O.E.Schulz, Solanum nigrum var. virginicum L., Solanum nodiflorum Jacq., Solanum nodiflorum var. acuminatum Chodat, Solanum nodiflorum var. micropyllum Hassl., Solanum nodiflorum var. petiolastrum Dunal, Solanum nodiflorum var. sapucayense Chodat, Solanum oleraceum Dunal, Solanum tenellum Bitter.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1320 (BM, FCQ).
Solanum chacoense Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 18. 1912.
Syn.: Solanum arnezii Cárdenas, Solanum bitteri Hassl., Solanum boergeri Bukasov, Solanum caipipendense Cárdenas, Solanum calvescens Bitter, Solanum chacoense var. angustisectum (Hassl.) Hassl., Solanum chacoense f. caipipendense (Cárdenas) Correll, Solanum chacoense f. gibberulosum (Juz. & Bukasov) Correll, Solanum chacoense f. glabrescens (Hassl.) Hassl., Solanum chacoense var. latisectum (Hassl.) Hassl., Solanum chacoense subsp. muelleri (Bitter) Hawkes, Solanum chacoense f. plurijugum Hassl., Solanum chacoense f. puberulum Hassl., Solanum chacoense subsp. subtilius (Bitter) Hawkes, Solanum commersonii var. glabriusculum J.Rémy, Solanum cuevoanum Cárdenas, Solanum dolichostigma Buk. ex Lechn., Solanum emmeae Juz. & Bukasov, Solanum garciae Juz. & Bukasov, Solanum gibberulosum Juz. & Bukasov, Solanum guaraniticum Hassl., Solanum guaraniticum var. angustisectum Hassl., Solanum guaraniticum f. glabrescens Hassl., Solanum guaraniticum var. latisectum Hassl., Solanum horovitzii Bukasov, Solanum horovitzii var. glabristylum Hawkes, Solanum horovitzii var. multijugum Hawkes, Solanum jamesii var. grandifrons Bitter, Solanum jujuyense Hawkes, Solanum knappei Juz. & Bukasov, Solanum laplaticum Bukasov, Solanum limense Correll, Solanum muelleri Bitter, Solanum muelleri f. densipilosum Correll, Solanum parodii Juz. & Bukasov, Solanum pseudomaglia L.Planch., Solanum saltense Hawkes, Solanum schickii Juz. & Bukasov, Solanum subtilius Bitter, Solanum tuberosum subsp. yanacochense Ochoa, Solanum yanacochense (Ochoa) Gorbat., Solanum yungasense Hawkes.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Boquerón, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: I. Basualdo 270 (FCQ).
Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dunal, Prodr. 13(1): 115. 1852.
Syn.: Solanum auriculatum auct. non Aiton, Solanum verbascifolium f. eupulverulentum Hassl., Solanum verbascifolium L. f. granuloso-leprosum (Dunal) Hassl.
Shrub or tree.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1310 (FCQ).
Solanum guaraniticum A.St.-Hil., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 321. 1825.
Syn.: Solanum bonariense L. f. intermedium Hassl., Solanum bonariense f. leptophyllum Chodat, Solanum bonariense f. lobatum (Chodat) Hassl., Solanum bonariense var. paraguariense (Chodat) Chodat, Solanum bonariense f. subintegrum (Hassl.) Chodat, nom. illeg., Solanum bonariense f. typicum Hassl., nom. inval., Solanum bonariense var. villaricense (Morong) Chodat, Solanum fastigiatum Willd. var. acicularium Dunal, Solanum paraguariense Chodat, Solanum villaricense Morong, Solanum villaricense f. lobatum Hassl., Solanum villaricense var. paraguariense (Chodat) Hassl., Solanum villaricense f. subintegrum Hassl., Solanum villaricense Hassl., nom. inval. var. typicum.
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10024 (BM, FCQ, G).
Solanum palinacanthum Dunal, Prodr. 13(1): 245. 1852.
Syn.: Solanum claviceps Griseb., Solanum palinacanthum Dunal var. acutilobum Dunal, Solanum palinacanthum f. velutinum Chodat, Solanum vexans S.Moore
Shrub or small tree.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10014 (BM, FCQ, G).
Solanum pseudocapsicum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 184. 1753.
Syn.: Solanum capsicastrum Link ex Schauer, Solanum capsicastrum var. caaguazuense Chodat, Solanum diflorum Vell., Solanum diflorum var. angustifolium Kuntze, Solanum ipecacuanha Chodat var. calvescens Chodat, Solanum pavimenti L.B.Sm. & Downs, Solanum pseudocapsicum var. ambiguum Hassl., Solanum pseudocapsicum L. f. calvescens (Chodat) Hassl., Solanum pseudocapsicum ssp. diflorum (Vell.) Hassl., Solanum pseudocapsicum var. hygrophilum (Schltdl.) Hassl., Solanum pseudocapsicum var. normale Kuntze, Solanum pseudocapsicum var. parvifolium Kuntze, Solanum pseudocapsicum f. pilosum Kuntze, Solanum pseudocapsicum f. pilosulum Hassl., Solanum pseudocapsicum var. sendtnerianum Hassl., Solanum pseudocapsicum var. typicum Hassl., nom. inval.
Subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1263 (FCQ).
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 25. 1794.
Syn.: Solanum balbisii Dunal, Solanum balbisii var. bipinnata Hook., Solanum balbisii var. oligospermum Sendtn., Solanum balbisii var. purpureum Hook., Solanum bipinnatifidum Larrañaga, Solanum decurrens Balb., Solanum sisymbriifolium f. albiflorum Kuntze, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. var. brevilobum Dunal, Solanum sisymbriifolium var. heracleifolium Sendtn., nom. inval., Solanum sisymbriifolium f. lilacinum Kuntze, Solanum sisymbriifolium var. macrocarpum Kuntze, Solanum sisymbriifolium var. oligospermum (Sendtn.) Dunal, Solanum sisymbriifolium var. purpureiflorum Dunal, Solanum subviscidum Schrank
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10015 (FCQ, G).
Solanum tweedieanum Hook., Bot. Mag. 62: t.3385. 1835.
Syn.: Solanum atriplicoides Herter, Solanum meizonanthum Bitter, Solanum physalidicalyx Bitter, Solanum physalidicalyx var. integrescens Bitter, Solanum physalidicalyx var. plurilobulatum Bitter, Solanum sidifolium Speg.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9992 (FCQ, G, BM, CTES).
Solanum viarum Dunal, Prodr. 13(1): 240. 1852.
Syn.: Solanum chloranthum DC., hom. illeg., Solanum reflexum auct. non Schrank, Solanum viridiflorum Schltdl.
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9974 (FCQ).
TALINACEAE
Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss., Gen. Pl. 312. 1789.
Syn.: Portulaca fruticosa L., Portulaca racemosa L., Portulaca triangularis Jacq., Talinum racemosum (L.) Rohrb., Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.
Subshrub. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, Cordillera, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles & S. Soria 9963 (BM, CTES, FCQ, G).
Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 219. 1791.
Syn.: Portulaca paniculata Jacq., Portulaca patens L., Talinum patens (L.) Willd.
Herb. Introduced.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Amambay, Boquerón, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: M. Peña-Chocarro & J. De Egea 2453 (BM, CTES, FCQ, MO).
URTICACEAE
Parietaria debilis G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. 73. 1786.
Syn.: Freirea erecta Phil., Freirea humifusa Gay, Parietaria debilis G.Forst. var. diffusa Wedd., Parietaria debilis var. gracilis (Lowe) Wedd., Parietaria debilis var. micrantha (Ledeb.) Wedd., Parietaria fernandeziana (Steud.) L.E.Navas, Parietaria gracilis Lowe, Parietaria humifusa (Gay) Blume, Parietaria micrantha Ledeb., Urtica fernandeziana Steud., Urtica parietariaefolia Bertero ex Steud.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caazapá, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Paraguarí.
Voucher: J. De Egea 1295 (BM, FCQ, G).
VERBENACEAE
Aloysia virgata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. var. platyphylla (Briq.) Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 310. 1947.
Syn.: Aloysia naviculata Ravenna, Aloysia virgata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. var. elliptica (Briq.) Moldenke, Lippia virgata (Ruiz & Pav.) Steud. var. elliptica Briq., Lippia virgata var. platyphylla Briq.
Shrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles 9928 (BM, FCQ, G).
*Glandularia cabrerae (Moldenke) Botta, Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 26: 243. 1990.
Syn.: Verbena cabrerae Moldenke, Verbena dissecta Willd. ex Spreng. f. alba Moldenke
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10067 (FCQ).
Glandularia tomophylla (Briq.) P.Peralta, Darwiniana 45: 241. 2007.
Syn.: Glandularia spectabilis (Moldenke) Botta, Verbena calliantha Briq., Verbena calliantha var. microsoma Briq., Verbena megapotamica Spreng. var. pinnatiloba Kuntze, Verbena pinnatiloba (Kuntze) Moldenke, Verbena ramboi Moldenke, Verbena spectabilis Moldenke, Verbena storeoclada Briq., Verbena tomophylla Briq.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Central, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1136 (BM, FCQ, G).
Glandularia tweediana (Niven ex Hook.) P.Peralta, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 98(3): 400. 2011.
Syn.: Glandularia incisa (Hook.) Tronc., Verbena incisa Hook., Verbena megapotamica Spreng. var. truncatula Briq., Verbena megapotamica var. tweediana (Niven ex Hook.) Kuntze, Verbena tweediana Niven ex Hook., Verbena tweedieana var. arriana Niven ex Maund.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1274 (BM, FCQ).
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 208. 1804.
Syn.: Stachytarpheta australis Moldenke, Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl f. alba Moldenke ex Tronc. & Botta, Stachytarpheta cayennensis f. albiflora Moldenke, Stachytarpheta cayennensis var. candicans Briq., Stachytarpheta cayennensis var. virescens Briq., Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.) Vahl, Stachytarpheta maximiliani Schauer var. ciliaris Moldenke, Stachytarpheta patens Moldenke, Verbena cayennensis Rich., Verbena dichotoma Ruiz & Pav.
Herb or subshrub.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: J. De Egea et al. 1221 (BM, FCQ).
Verbena litoralis Kunth var. litoralis, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 276, t. 137. 1818.
Syn.: Verbena affinis M.Martens & Galeotti, Verbena approximata Briq., Verbena bonariensis L. var. litoralis (Kunth) Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.,Verbena caracasana Kunth, Verbena cordobensis Briq., Verbena integrifolia Sessé & Moç., Verbena integrifolia f. albiflora Chodat, Verbena litoralis Kunth var. albiflora Moldenke, Verbena litoralis f. albiflora (Moldenke) Moldenke Verbena litoralis f. angustifolia Chodat,Verbena litoralis var. caracasana (Kunth) Briq., Verbena litoralisvar. glabrior Benth., Verbena litoralis var. leptostyachya Schauer, Verbena litoralis var. pycnostachya Schauer, nom. inval., Verbena nudiflora Nutt. ex Turcz.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraná, Amambay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, San Pedro.
Voucher: F. Mereles et al. 10091 (FCQ, G).
Verbena montevidensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. (ed. 16) 2:747. 1825.
Syn.: Verbena isabellei Briq., Verbena minutiflora Briq. ex Moldenke, Verbena minutiflora var. peruviana Moldenke.
Herb.
Departmental distribution: Alto Paraguay, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Central, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes.
Voucher: R. Degen et al. 1729 (FCQ).
Acknowledgments
We thank Monsanto Paraguay, the Instituto de Biotecnología Agrícola (INBIO) and the company Dekalpar S.A. for financing the fieldwork and facilitating access to crop trials. We also thank Silvina Soria and Gerardo Berton for joining fieldtrips and sharing their expertise on crop and weed management. We are especially grateful to the curators of FCQ, BM and CTES for their assistance with specimen identification, and to Mariana Martinez for her kind support.
Citation
De Egea J, Mereles F, Peña-Chocarro MC, Céspedes G (2016) Checklist for the crop weeds of Paraguay. PhytoKeys 73: 13–92. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.73.10135
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