Abstract
Objective:
To investigate the clinical and epidemiologic features of pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) of the CNS in Japan.
Methods:
We conducted a nationwide survey and collected clinical data on children with ADS aged 15 years or younger, who visited hospitals between 2005 and 2007.
Results:
Among 977 hospitals enrolled, 723 (74.0%) responded to our inquiries and reported a total of 439 patients as follows: 244 with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), 117 with multiple sclerosis (MS), 14 with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and 64 with other ADS. We collected and analyzed detailed data from 204 cases, including those with ADEM (66), MS (58), and NMO (10). We observed the following: (1) the estimated annual incidence rate of pediatric ADEM in Japan was 0.40 per 100,000 children (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34–0.46), with the lowest prevalence in the north; (2) the estimated prevalence rate of MS was 0.69 per 100,000 children (95% CI, 0.58–0.80), with the lowest prevalence in the south; (3) NMO in Japan was rare, with an estimated prevalence of 0.06 per 100,000 children (95% CI, 0.04–0.08); and (4) the sex ratio and mean age at onset varied by ADS type, and (5) male/female ratios correlated with ages at onset in each ADS group.
Conclusions:
Our results clarify the characteristic clinical features of pediatric ADS in the Japanese population.
Acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADS) are clinical CNS events with presumed immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating causes. They are classified into several clinical entities based on lesion location and disease time course, including multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), variants of ADEM associated with repeat episodes, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) including optic neuritis and myelitis.1 Variable signs of onset and time courses of ADS may hamper early diagnosis and identification of the specific ADS category at the first demyelination episode. Thus, a number of studies have been conducted to identify ADS subgroups based on their initial symptoms and clinical profiles.2–7 Diagnosing ADS in childhood is more difficult than in adulthood.8 Recent studies have described the epidemiologic and clinical features of child-onset ADS in Europe and the United States; however, such findings are not always consistent across studies with different populations.4,6,7,9–12 Considering that few cases of Asian patients with pediatric ADS have been reported,13–19 we conducted the first nationwide survey for pediatric ADS in Japan. Our results clarify the demographic features of pediatric ADS in an Asian population and highlight the differences among regions and ethnic groups.
METHODS
Survey procedure.
A nationwide survey for pediatric ADS was conducted from 2008 to 2009 in Japan (figure e-1 at Neurology.org). The data were collected according to the previously described methods.20,21 Pediatric patients in Japan with ADS or suspected ADS seen in clinics are usually referred to tertiary hospitals that they visit on a regular basis. The target patients were those who visited the pediatric departments of hospitals in Japan between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2007, for pediatric ADS: ADEM, recurrent disseminated encephalomyelitis (RDEM), multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis (MDEM), CIS, NMO, and MS. The hospitals were selected from among all registered hospitals with pediatric departments in Japan according to the Nationwide Epidemiological Survey Manual of Patients with Intractable Diseases (2nd edition 2006, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan). The 977 hospitals considered for the current study included 551 tertiary hospitals and 426 randomly selected hospitals according to stratification based on the number of beds (table e-1). We sent all the selected hospitals questionnaires requesting the numbers of target patients who met the diagnostic criteria of the above-mentioned diseases. A second questionnaire concerning the detailed clinical features of each patient was sent to all hospitals that responded and had treated one or more patients with ADS. We requested whether the pediatricians in the facilities could provide detailed clinical information on individual patients based on their medical records (appendix e-1). The clinical data for all patients were reviewed based on diagnostic criteria established by board-certified pediatric neurologists (Y.Y., H. Torisu, and R.K.). We excluded patients who did not meet any diagnostic standard and who had the first demyelinating episode after 15 years of age. We also excluded duplicate cases. Based on the selection rate, the survey response rate, and the result of the secondary survey, we estimated the number of patients with each pediatric ADS according to previously described methods20,21 and the 2005 national census in which the total population in Japan was a reported 128 million with 17.5 million younger than 16 years.
Pediatric ADS diagnosis.
We followed definitions proposed by the International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group (IPMSSG), including diagnostic criteria for ADEM, RDEM, MDEM, and CIS.1 For MS, we applied the standard criterion, 2 discrete demyelinating clinical events, used for diagnosis of clinically definite MS. Finally, we used the 2006 NMO criteria to diagnose NMO.22
Statistical analysis.
Statistical analyses were performed using JMP 6.0.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Descriptive data were compared using χ2 or Fisher exact tests for ratios and Mann–Whitney U tests for numerical variables.
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents.
This study was performed as a project study in the Research Committee of Neuroimmunologic Diseases, under the auspices of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. This study was approved by the institutional review board at Kyushu University (#20–64) and stringently performed according to their guidelines.
RESULTS
We received responses from 723 of the 977 hospitals (74.0%) initially nominated. Among them, 183 treated one or more patients with pediatric ADS during the 3-year surveillance period. The total number of reported patients during the surveillance period was 439 (61 suspected cases), including 244 patients with ADEM (28), 9 with RDEM (2), 12 with MDEM (4), 43 with CIS (5), 117 with MS (16), and 14 with NMO (6) (table e-1).
In the second survey, 134 of the 178 hospitals (74.9%) provided detailed information regarding the clinical profiles of 250 patients, including suspected cases. The response bias was limited because the response rates did not differ according to hospital size or location. After extensive review by certified pediatric neurologists, we excluded patients who did not meet the diagnostic criteria or who were duplicates. Thus, we analyzed data for 66 patients with ADEM, 2 with RDEM, 7 with MDEM, 61 with CIS (39 with multifocal CIS, 11 with myelitis, and 11 with optic neuritis), 58 with MS, and 10 patients with NMO.
Epidemiologic features.
The results of the first survey showed that ADEM was the most common clinical entity among pediatric ADS, whereas NMO and ADEM variants were less prevalent. After adjustment based on the results of the secondary survey, there were an estimated 226 (95% confidence interval [CI], 191–260) pediatric patients with ADEM during the 3-year surveillance period, with an annual estimated incidence based on the national census of 0.40 per 100,000 children (95% CI, 0.34–0.46) (table 1). The incidence of ADEM in northern Japan tended to be lower than that in the central and southern regions (p = 0.09) (figure 1). There were an estimated 129 (95% CI, 108–150) pediatric patients with MS, with an estimated prevalence of 0.69 per 100,000 children (95% CI, 0.58–0.80). The prevalence rate of MS in southern Japan tended to be lower than that in the central and northern areas of Japan (p = 0.14). NMO was rarely diagnosed: there were an estimated 11 patients (95% CI, 7–14), with an estimated prevalence of 0.06 per 100,000 children (95% CI, 0.04–0.08).
Table 1.
Estimated incidence and prevalence of ADS in Japan, 2005–2007
Figure 1. Japanese regions investigated in the survey.
Japan is divided into 3 areas by the 37th parallel north and the 135th meridian east. (A) ADEM, (B) MS. ADEM = acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; MS = multiple sclerosis.
Demographic features.
The results of the second survey showed that the sex ratio and mean age at onset varied among pediatric patients with ADS. Specifically, diseases with younger mean ages at onset tended to have higher male/female ratios (figure 2). Patients with ADEM had the youngest mean age at onset (5.5 years) and the lowest female/male ratio (33.3%). In contrast, patients with NMO had the oldest mean age at onset (10.3 years) and the highest female/male ratio (80.0%).
Figure 2. Demographics of pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes in Japan.
Age at onset (mean ± 1 SD) and female/male ratios are shown for each disease. Diseases with younger mean ages at onset tended to have lower female/male ratios. ADEM = acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; CIS = clinically isolated syndrome; MS = multiple sclerosis; NMO = neuromyelitis optica.
Signs and symptoms.
As shown in table 2, there was no apparent difference in the ratio of patients with ADEM and multifocal CIS who had experienced preceding infection (62% vs 59%). Furthermore, 18% of patients with ADEM and 10% of those with CIS received vaccinations in the month before the disease onset. The prevalence of pyrexia preceding neurologic symptoms was similar in patients with ADEM and multifocal CIS (68% vs 77%).
Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of pediatric acquired demyelinating syndromes in Japan
No significant differences in the incidence of seizures at the time of onset were observed between patients with ADEM and those with MS (32% vs 29%), but gait and urinary disturbances occurred more frequently in patients with ADEM than in patients with MS (first event) (59% vs 26% and 24% vs 5%; p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). In addition, visual loss occurred less frequently in patients with ADEM than in patients with MS (first event) (11% vs 52%: p < 0.001).
Laboratory findings.
A high percentage of patients with pediatric ADS also demonstrated pleocytosis: 85% of patients with ADEM, 82% with multifocal CIS, 71% with MS, and 100% with NMO (table 2). A low percentage of patients exhibited increasing immunoglobulin G (IgG) indexes: 36% of those with ADEM, 27% with multifocal CIS, 29% with MS, and none of the patients with NMO. Intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal bands was detected in small numbers of patients (table 2). NMO-IgG was detected in 1 of the 12 patients with MS and 3 of the 6 patients with NMO.
MRI findings.
The mean numbers of cerebral lesions did not differ significantly among patients with ADEM (6.3), multifocal CIS (4.8), and MS (5.7) (table 2). Optic nerve lesions were less frequent in patients with ADEM (6.5%) than in those with multifocal CIS (15%) and MS (35%). Brainstem lesions were observed in 29% of patients with ADEM, 44% with multifocal CIS, and 36% with MS. Among cases of NMO, 9 of 10 patients had cerebral lesions (mean number of lesions: 3.0). The lesions were widely scattered in the CNS, similar to the distribution in the other diseases (table 2).
Treatments and outcomes.
In the acute phase, most patients with pediatric ADS were treated with immunosuppressive therapy, including IV high-dose methylprednisolone, oral steroids, and IV immunoglobulin. In the remission phase, 19 patients with MS (33%) were treated with interferon-beta (table 2). Three patients experienced disease exacerbation after interferon beta treatment. Twenty-two patients (38%) with MS were treated; 5 patients (50%) with NMO were treated with oral steroids, one (10%) with IV immunoglobulin and 4 (40%) with immunosuppressants. Five patients (50%) were treated with interferon beta: 4 with Ib and one with both Ia and Ib. One patient experienced disease exacerbation after interferon beta treatment.
The mean Expanded Disability Status Scale scores of patients with all the diseases were low: 0.29 for ADEM, 0.4 for multifocal CIS, 1.1 for MS, and 1.6 for NMO. The annualized relapse rates were 0.82 and 0.70 times per year for MS and NMO, respectively.
DISCUSSION
This nationwide survey elucidated the current status of pediatric ADS in Japan. ADEM, the most common pediatric ADS in Japan, was mostly diagnosed in preschool-age children, without a sex predilection. In contrast, MS and NMO occurred more commonly in female patients and older children. Multifocal CIS had distinct features from ADEM and MS in most aspects. These demographic features of pediatric ADS in Japan were largely similar to those reported in previous studies in other countries, but there were some unique differences.
Pediatric ADEM in Japan.
We estimated the crude annual incidence of pediatric ADEM in Japan as 0.40 per 100,000 children, which is similar to the 0.60 per 100,000 children reported for Fukuoka, Japan.17 Four epidemiologic studies reported the following incidences of pediatric ADEM: 0.07 per 100,000 children in Germany,10 0.2 in Canada,4 0.4 in San Diego in the United States,9 and 0.4 in southern California in the United States.7 In the present study, the estimated ADEM incidence was lower in northern Japan compared to central and southern areas of the country, suggesting that regional and ethnic backgrounds may affect the incidence of pediatric ADEM.
We also found that patients with ADEM exhibited gait and urinary disturbances more frequently and visual loss less frequently than patients with MS at the first demyelinating event. This result is consistent with the result from a French study, which reported that children with only one demyelinating event had a higher rate of myelitis than those with 2 or more events.2 Moreover, the result regarding visual disturbances was consistent with that of a previous study, which reported that visual disturbances are a prognostic factor for future MS diagnosis in children presenting with CNS demyelination, and could be considered a risk for a second demyelinating event.23
Laboratory and MRI findings of pediatric Japanese patients with ADEM were similar to those of patients with MS at the first event, except for the presence of oligoclonal bands and optic nerve involvement. Other studies have reported that young children with MS show, at the first demyelinating event, inflammatory CSF profiles and brain MRIs similar to those of children with ADEM.3,24 Distinguishing between young children with ADEM and those with MS at the first demyelinating event is also challenging in Japan.
Pediatric MS in Japan.
The estimated crude prevalence of pediatric MS in Japan was 0.69 per 100,000 children in the current study, similar to the prevalence reported in Canada and Italy (0.56 and 0.82, respectively).25 This finding suggests a limited influence of ethnicity on the prevalence of pediatric MS. However, the reported prevalence of pediatric MS is highly variable.25 We found that the prevalence of pediatric MS in southern Japan tended to be lower than that in the other areas, which was also reported for adult MS in Japan.26 This suggests that where children live early in development might influence the prevalence of pediatric MS.
We compared the clinical characteristics of Japanese pediatric patients with MS to those of pediatric patients with MS from other countries (table e-2).3,5,6,27,28 The mean age at onset in Japanese pediatric patients with MS was lower than that of pediatric patients with MS from other countries. These data suggest that genetic or environmental factors might differentially affect the pathogenic processes associated with the onset of ADS according to ethnicity. In addition, we observed that the distribution of the onset age was almost even and that the sex ratio did not differ significantly between those of the early-onset (<11 years, 1:2.0 male/female ratio) and late-onset groups (1:1.7). These findings may be unique characteristics of pediatric MS in Japan.
The prevalence of seizures among patients with pediatric MS in Japan (45%) was higher than that reported in other studies (3% in the Netherlands and 0% in the United States).3,28 This feature was not strongly associated with age at MS onset because the prevalence of seizures in patients with MS in Japan did not differ according to age at onset (data not shown). This may be attributable to racial or regional differences in seizure susceptibility. Visual disturbances were more frequent in Japanese pediatric patients with MS at the first demyelinating event compared to those reported in other countries. This finding is similar to the results of a previous report on adult MS in Japan.26,29 Japanese pediatric patients with MS less frequently showed elevated IgG index and oligoclonal bands in the CSF compared to patients with MS in other countries. Finally, Japanese pediatric patients with MS appeared to meet Barkhof MRI criteria less frequently than those with MS in other countries. These findings are also true for adult patients with MS in Japan.26,29
Pediatric NMO in Japan.
We estimated the crude prevalence of pediatric NMO in Japan to be 0.06 per 100,000 children, which may be lower than the true prevalence because of the low testing rate for aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies. In the present study, we identified 27 patients with both myelitis and optic neuritis, including 16 who were not tested for the AQP4 antibody. Future studies should estimate the prevalence of pediatric NMO with full examination of AQP4 antibodies.
Table 3 presents a comparison of Japanese pediatric patients with NMO to those reported in other studies.30–34 All but 2 of these previous reports30,32 used the 2006 NMO diagnostic criteria.22 The median follow-up period varied from 1.0 to 19.3 years. The mean age at onset of pediatric patients with NMO in Japan appeared to be lower than that of pediatric patients with NMO in other countries. However, this result might have been influenced by differences in the target age of patients with NMO included in each study. There were no apparent differences in NMO-IgG prevalence rates, but the mean CSF cell count and percentage of patients with pleocytosis were higher in pediatric patients with NMO in Japan than that in other countries. These findings may suggest differences in CNS inflammation between Japanese patients and those of other ethnicities. Finally, there were no significant differences in MRI characteristics among previous studies, including the present survey, compared to findings in other countries and adult patients with NMO.35 This finding may support the pathogenic role of NMO-IgG because lesion distribution was closely associated with expression of AQP4, the target of NMO-IgG.36
Table 3.
Characteristics of pediatric NMO in Japan and other countries
Limitations.
The present study had several limitations. First, not all medical facilities responded to our survey; thus, our dataset does not include all patients with pediatric ADS in Japan. However, the response rate was relatively high, and response biases were limited because the response rates did not vary according to hospital size and location. In addition, the results of our complete preliminary survey conducted in a limited area of Japan were compatible with those of the present study.17
The collected patient data in the present study were based on questionnaire responses, so the reliability could be uneven. However, these data were mostly collected by professional hospitals, which may enhance the reliability.
We did not investigate pediatric patients with solitary optic neuritis who visited only ophthalmologists. Hence, neither the epidemiologic nor demographic features of total CIS or NMO spectrum disorder could be analyzed. Nonetheless, patients with multifocal CIS as well as those with myelitis were included in the survey.
The results of this nationwide survey were based on the 2007 IPMSSG definitions. Therefore, the results might change based on the 2012 IPMSSG definitions. In particular, the number of patients with MS may increase. The revised definitions allow for a diagnosis of MS in patients with one demyelinating event, including those who had ever had a diagnosis of ADEM.
Supplementary Material
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank the Japanese Pediatric Autoimmune Encephalitis research group for their advice on translating the 2007 IPMSSG definitions.
GLOSSARY:
- ADEM
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
- ADS
acquired demyelinating syndrome
- AQP4
aquaporin-4
- CI
confidence interval
- CIS
clinically isolated syndrome
- IgG
immunoglobulin G
- IPMSSG
International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group
- MDEM
multiphasic disseminated encephalomyelitis
- MS
multiple sclerosis
- NMO
neuromyelitis optica
- RDEM
recurrent disseminated encephalomyelitis
Footnotes
Supplemental data at Neurology.org
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Y. Yamaguchi: study design and conceptualization, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, and manuscript drafting. H. Torisu: statistical analysis, data interpretation, and manuscript drafting. R. Kira: study design and conceptualization and data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. Y. Ishizaki: data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. Y. Sakai: manuscript drafting. M. Sanefuji: data analysis and interpretation. T. Ichiyama: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. A. Oka: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. T. Kishi: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. S. Kimura: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. M. Kubota: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. J. Takanashi: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. Y. Takahashi: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. H. Tamai: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. J. Natsume: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. S. Hamano: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. S. Hirabayashi: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. Y. Maegaki: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. M. Mizuguchi: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. K. Minagawa: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. H. Yoshikawa: study design and conceptualization as well as data acquisition. J. Kira: study design and conceptualization as well as critical manuscript revision. S. Kusunoki: study design and conceptualization as well as critical manuscript revision. T. Hara: study design and conceptualization as well as critical manuscript revision.
STUDY FUNDING
This work was supported in part by a Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant on Intractable Diseases (Neuroimmunological Diseases) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan as well as a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
DISCLOSURE
Y. Yamaguchi reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. H. Torisu received speaker honoraria from Astellas Pharma Inc., the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grant 23591503 and grants of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for research on rare and intractable diseases. R. Kira reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Y. Ishizaki received the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grants 23591502 and 26461547. M. Sanefuji received the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grants 24791068 and 26893189. Y. Sakai, M. Sanefuji, and T. Ichiyama report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. A. Oka serves on an editorial board for Pediatrics International, is funded by Japanese Health Labour Sciences Research grants and grant-in-aid for scientific research (23591515), and received research support from Maruho Inc. and Japan Blood Products Organization. T. Kishi is funded by a grant from the Morinaga Houshi-Kai Foundation. S. Kimura and M. Kubota report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. J. Takanashi received a grant-in-aid for scientific research (B24390258, C-24591790) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and a grant-in-aid for the research on measures for intractable diseases (H23-Nanchi-Ippan-078, H24-Nanchi-Ippan-072, and H25-Nanchi-Ippan-009) and research grant for nervous and mental disorders (24-7), both from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Y. Takahashi was supported by grants-in-aid for scientific research I 21591342, 23591238, and 24591537; grants from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for comprehensive research on disability health and welfare; grants from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for research on rare and intractable diseases; grants from the National Hospital Organization, and grants from the Japan Epilepsy Research Foundation. H. Tamai received research support from Nobel Pharma. J. Natsume reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. S. Hamano received research support from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Japan, and Alfresa Pharma Corporation. S. Hirabayashi and Y. Maegaki report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. M. Mizuguchi received honoraria for serving on the scientific advisory board of Novartis Pharmaceuticals, and is funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science grants 24390258 and 24659490, and by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare grants H25-Nanji-Ippan-009 and H25-Jisedai-Ippan-004. K. Minagawa and H. Yoshikawa report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. J. Kira is an advisory board member for Merck Serono and a consultant for Biogen Idec, Japan. He has received payment for lectures from Bayer Schering Pharma, Cosmic Corporation, and Biogen Idec, Japan. S. Kusunoki serves as an editorial board member of Experimental Neurology, Journal of Neuroimmunology, and Neurology & Clinical Neuroscience (associate editor). He received honoraria from Teijin Pharma, Nihon Pharmaceuticals, Japan Blood Products Organization, Novartis, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Kyowa Kirin, Asahi Kasei, Bayer, Sanofi, and GlaxoSmithKline. He is funded by research grants from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, and grants from the Japan Science and Technology Agency and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. He received research support from GlaxoSmithKline, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Teijin Pharma, Astellas, Novartis, Sanofi, Japan Blood Products Organization, and Nihon Pharmaceuticals. T. Hara reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures.
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