The Carotid and Middle cerebral artery Occlusion Surgery Study (CMOSS): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Abstract

Background

Patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery (ICA) or middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion with haemodynamic insufficiency are at high risk for recurrent stroke when treated medically.

Methods

The Carotid or Middle cerebral artery Occlusion Surgery Study (CMOSS) trial is an ongoing, government-funded, prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. The CMOSS will recruit 330 patients with symptomatic ICA or MCA occlusion (parallel design, 1:1 allocation ratio) and haemodynamic insufficiency. Participants will be allocated to best medical treatment alone or best medicine plus extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery. The primary outcome events are all strokes or deaths occurring between randomisation and 30 days post operation or post randomisation and ipsilateral ischaemic stroke within 2 years. Recruitment will be finished by December 2016. All the patients will be followed for at least 2 years. The trial is scheduled to complete in 2019.

Discussion

The CMOSS will test the hypothesis that EC-IC bypass surgery plus best medical therapy reduces subsequent ipsilateral ischaemic stroke in patients with symptomatic ICA or MCA occlusion and haemodynamic cerebral ischaemia. This manuscript outlines the rationale and the design of the study. CMOSS will allow for more critical reappraisal of the EC-IC bypass for selected patients in China.

Trial registration

NCT01758614 with ClinicalTrials.gov. Registered on 24 December 2012.

Background

Patients with symptoms of cerebral ischaemia associated with ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion have an annual risk of 5–8% of recurrent ischemic stroke [1, 2]; patients with symptomatic middle cerebral artery (MCA) disease (including severe stenosis and occlusion) have an overall stroke risk of 12.5% per year (ipsilateral: 9.1%) [3]. The annual risks of recurrent ischaemic stroke in patients with symptomatic ICA or MCA occlusion have not obviously improved over recent years [4]. The proportion of recurrence with minor disabling consequences was rather high.

The pathophysiology of carotid and middle cerebral artery occlusion

Collateral circulation

Compensation by a collateral circulation is usually considered important in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular stenosis and occlusion. The Circle of Willis as the primary collaterals provides immediate diversion of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to ischaemic regions. The compensatory capacity of the primary collaterals depends on their vascular calibre and patency. The ophthalmic artery and leptomeningeal vessels constitute secondary collaterals, and also contribute ancillary collateral flow to distal segments of stenotic or occluded major cerebral arteries [5]. In a case of occlusion of the ICA or MCA over a chronic time course, the features of the secondary collaterals are related to the severity of haemodynamic alterations and metabolic and neuroendocrine mechanisms [5].

Patterns of collateral flow in chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disease are different between the ICA and the MCA [6, 7]. In patients with ICA occlusion, possible compensatory blood flow could be from the contralateral ICA via the anterior communicating artery (AComA) or from the vertebrobasilar system via the posterior communicating artery (PcomA). While anatomic studies show that about 1% of subjects have an absent AComA, 10% of subjects have an absent or hypoplastic proximal anterior cerebral artery and 30% of subjects have absence or hypoplasia of one or other PComA [8].

Because the MCA is located in the downstream of the Circle of Willis, the primary collaterals fail to compensate for the loss of blood flow perfusion; only pial or meningeal to pial collaterals are available in patients with MCA occlusion [6, 7]. However, the pial collaterals are not adequate to maintain normal cerebral haemodynamics. Thus, poor collateral development is considered a risk factor for stroke in patients with MCA occlusion [6, 7.]

Additionally, the development of a collateral circulation does not guarantee its function and its function may be related to age, comorbidities and the duration of ischaemia [9]. Haemodynamics is one of the most important factors [7].

Cerebral haemodynamics

The haemodynamic stroke is a kind of stroke subtype caused by local or systemic hypoperfusion. Occlusion of the ICA or MCA is the local factor that contributes to impaired haemodynamics although low blood pressure (BP) or volume might also play a systemic role [10]. According to cerebrovascular autoregulatory mechanisms, CBF could remain static during steady-state changes in cerebral perfusion pressures (CPPs) within a wide range by the occurrence of distal vasodilation. Vasomotor reactivity (VMR) or cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR) is used to describe this capability of cerebral resistance arterioles to change their calibre when CPPs decrease. Decreased VMR indicates preexisting vasodilation induced by ICA or MCA occlusion. When distal vasodilation becomes maximal and CPPs continue to decline, the brain tissue increases the oxygen extraction from the blood in order to maintain normal metabolism and function [11]. That is termed ‘misery perfusion’ or stage II haemodynamic compromise [10]. There is increasing evidence that cerebral haemodynamics play an important role in the long-term prognosis of patients with chronic ICA or MCA occlusion. Some investigators report that the annual risk of ipsilateral stroke is 32.7% in ICA occlusion patients with impaired VMR and poor collateral circulation [4]. Derdeyn et al. also demonstrated that in patients with MCA occlusion, the frequency of impaired haemodynamic compromise was high [12]. So patients in these situations might benefit from revascularisation surgery.

Cerebral haemodynamic evaluation

Cerebral haemodynamic evaluation is the core factor for patients with ICA or MCA occlusion. Quantitative xenon-computed tomography-(CT) can provide exact data of regional CBF and, accompanied with the Diamox challenge test, can determine the VMR/CVR convincingly [13]. Xenon-CT with the Diamox challenge test has been utilised widely in Japan and the USA, while recently the spread of its usage across the world has been slowed down because of the current limitations in access of FDA.

[¹⁵O]H₂O positron emission tomography (PET) not only provides quantitative CBF values, but also cerebral metabolism information. As the basis of the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS) funded by the NIH (National Institutes of Health), the St. Louis Carotid Occlusion Study (STLCOS) was performed in order to evaluate the cerebral haemodynamics of patients with ICA occlusion systematically using PET [11]. Using a semiquantitative, count-based hemispheric oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) ratio method, STLCOS first identified the normal OEF ratio threshold from normal control subjects. The risk of all strokes was then found to be 6.0 times higher in patients with stage II haemodynamic failure (with increasing OEF) compared to normal OEF, and the risk of ipsilateral stroke was 7.3 times higher. Unfortunately, because different countries have different situations, [¹⁵O]H₂O PET is still limited in many countries, especially in developing countries, because access to [¹⁵O] requires an on-site cyclotron.

With the spread of modern computed tomography (CT) scanners, the CT perfusion (CTP) technique is easily available in most institutes. Remarkable developments have been achieved in perfusion techniques even though measurement variability (precision) is in the range of 15–30% when region of interest (ROI)-based techniques are used [14]. According to the perfusion technique mechanism, several investigations have tried to identify the normal thresholds for interpreting measurements made with this technique. Waaijer et al. [15] identified that the least variability is located in the MCA territory. Calculation of CTP ratios of bilateral hemispheres may eliminate the variations caused by the selection of the arterial input function (AIF) and venous output function (VOF). If the ROIs drawn in bilateral hemispheres are symmetrical, CTP ratios will be helpful to eliminate the resulting measurement variability. The COSS investigators [16] also tried to compare CTP with [¹⁵O]H₂O PET in patients with chronic ICA occlusion and found mean transit time (MTT) to be the best parameter, correlating with the count-based PET OEF ratios (slope = 0.124, intercept = 0.676, R ² = 0.590, p < 0.001). CTP relative CBF (rCBF) compares favorably to PET relative CBF when processed using a dedicated AIF for each territory (R ² = 0.796, p < 0.001). According to these results, a combination of decreased CBF ratio (symptomatic side/asymptomatic side) and increasing MTT could help to distinguish stage II haemodynamic failure.

Methods

Trial design

The Carotid or Middle cerebral artery Occlusion Surgery Study (CMOSS) trial in China is designed to compare the safety and efficacy of EC-IC bypass surgery with medical therapy in patients with symptomatic ICA or MCA occlusion (within 120 days). It is the subproject of the ‘Five-twelfth’ National Science and Technology Support Program funded by the Chinese government and is a randomised controlled trial (RCT) that plans to enroll 330 patients with equal randomisation to surgical and nonsurgical groups. The allocation ratio will be 1:1. The CMOSS trial will be conducted in 15 centres in China.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

1. Age ranging between 18 and 65 years

2. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging studies demonstrating occlusion of a unilateral ICA or MCA

3. DSA studies demonstrating less than 50% stenosis of any other vessels especially the contralateral ICA, MCA or basilar artery

4. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score 0–2

5. A qualifying transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or ischaemic stroke in the territory of the occluded ICA or MCA must have occurred within the past 12 months

6. The most recent stoke occurred more than 3 weeks previously

7. The neurological deficit must have been stable for more than 1 month

8. No massive cerebral infarction (more than 50% of the MCA territory) demonstrable in a CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study

9. CTP demonstrates ‘misery perfusion’ (MTT more than 4 s and rCBF (symptomatic side/asymptomatic side) < 0.95)

10. Must be competent to give informed consent

11. Must be legally an adult

12. Must be geographically accessible and reliable for follow-up

Exclusion criteria

1. Other neurovascular disease (such as cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation) conditions likely to cause focal cerebral ischaemia

2. Known unstable angina or myocardial infarction within the last 6 months

3. Pregnant or perinatal stage women

4. Coagulopathy

5. Any diseases likely to lead to death within 2 years

6. Past history of EC-IC bypass surgery

7. Any contraindications or allergy to aspirin or clopidogrel

8. Any heart disease likely to cause cerebral ischaemia including prosthetic valve(s), infective endocarditis, atrial fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome, myxoma, and cardiomyopathy with an ejection fraction of less than 25%

9. Allergy to iodine or radiographic contrast media

10. Serum creatinine level > 3 mg/dl

11. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose level > 16.7 mmol/l)

12. Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP above 180 mmHg, diastolic BP above 110 mmHg)

13. Severe liver dysfunction (alanine transaminase (ALT) and/or aspartate transaminase (AST) more than three times the normal level)

14. Concurrent participation in any other experimental treatment trial

15. Any condition that in the surgeon’s judgment suggests the patient to be an unsuitable surgical candidate

Intervention and follow-up

After an Informed Consent Form (ICF) has been signed, all the patients will be given best medical treatment including management of risk factors (elevated systolic BP, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, diabetes mellitus, smoking, excess weight). Aspirin (100 mg per day) or clopidogrel (75 mg per day) will be prescribed to the patient and they will discontinue the use of any other antithrombotic therapy (specifically, oral anticoagulant agents) until the 30-day follow-up visit. After that, the experienced neurologists caring for the patient will determine the necessity of antithrombotic therapy.

Surgical intervention will be performed within 7 days after randomisation by attending neurosurgeons who have been certified as chief surgeon in at least 15 consecutive previous EC-IC bypass surgeries. Their surgical record of anastomosis graft patency is greater than 95% and the perioperative stroke and death rate is less than 10%. Standard end-to-side anastomosis of the superficial temporal artery (STA) to the M4 segment (MCA) will be utilised. If the STA is unsuitable, the occipital artery may be used.

All the patients will be followed up at the neurological outpatient clinic on four occasions (at 30 days, 6, 12, and 24 months). Scheduled follow-up examinations are summarised in Table 1. If a potential endpoint event occurs, patients will be examined by neurologists within 24 h. If a stroke is suspected, MRI or CT will be performed as soon as possible.

Table 1.

Follow-up schedule

	Baseline	7 days	30 days	6 months	12 months	24 months
Neurological function evaluation
NIHSS	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
mRS	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
BI	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Neuro-imaging evaluation
Brain CT/MRI	✓DWI	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cerebrovascular CTA/MRA					✓
DSA	✓	✓a			✓b	✓
CTP	✓	✓a		✓	✓	✓
Medication
Current medication	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Medication compliance		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Adverse events	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Physical examination	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Vital signs	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Laboratory tests	✓	✓a		✓	✓	✓
Pregnancy test	✓					✓
Electrocardiogram	✓					✓
Chest X-ray	✓					✓

^aBypass surgical group only; ^bIf necessary; CT computed tomography, CTA computed tomography angiography, CTP computed tomography perfusion, DSA digital subtraction angiography, DWI diffusion-weighted imaging, MRA magnetic resonance angiography, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, mRS modified Rankin scale, NIHSS National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale

Outcome events and study measures

The primary outcome events will be defined as all strokes or deaths occurring between randomisation and the 30-day postoperative time point (for the nonsurgical group, this will be defined as all strokes or deaths occurring within 30 days post randomisation) and ipsilateral ischaemic stroke within 2 years post randomisation. A stroke is defined as rapid loss of neurological function due to ischaemia or a haemorrhage. Ipsilateral ischaemic stroke is further defined as the clinical diagnosis of a focal neurological deficit due to cerebral ischaemia that is clinically localisable within the territory of the symptomatic occluded ICA or MCA and that lasts for more than 24 h. CT or MRI scanning is necessary to identify the stroke.

Secondary outcome events include all strokes, disabling or fatal strokes and deaths between 30 days and 2 years post randomisation; severe TIA; complications associated with the surgical procedures; mRS score, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (NIHSS) and Barthel Index assessment within 2 years; and anastomosis patency and haemodynamic changes within 2 years.

Sample size and randomisation

Sample size assumes that the true primary outcome rates will be 28% in the medical treatment group [17–19] and in the surgical group there will be 50% relative risk reduction. This means that the 2-year postoperative ipsilateral stroke or death rate was assumed to be 14% in the surgical group. This would require 264 (132 per group) participants to provide valid data to ascertain this endpoint of the study (power of 80% and two-tailed alpha of 5% significance level). Further anticipation includes as many as 20% loss to follow-up or early withdrawal, which would require that 330 participants enroll in the study (165 per group).

A Central Imaging Evaluation Committee (CMEC) will review all the image data of every candidate before randomisation. Subsequently, when a local investigator receives the permitted information from CMEC, IVRS (Interactive Voice Response System, Clinicalsoft Company Limited) will be used for randomisation. Patients will be randomised (in a 1:1 ratio, with a random permuted block design (block size 2, 4, or 6) stratified by clinical site) to medical treatment alone or medical treatment plus bypass surgery. Patients, clinicians, and investigators are aware of treatment assignment.

Discussion

Review of COSS

The recently published COSS [20] failed to show a benefit of EC-IC bypass surgery over medical therapy in patients with symptomatic haemodynamically significant carotid occlusion. Since then different controversies [21, 22] have been raised regarding several aspects of the study including the study population, the surgeons’ qualifications, and haemodynamic evaluation.

In the COSS protocol [23], the primary inclusion population is a patient demonstrating occlusion of the unilateral ICA with the contralateral ICA demonstrating less than 50% stenosis. While in the final report, only 18% of patients demonstrated a contralateral ICA stenosis of more than 50% because of enrolment problems [20]. As we know, the COSS utilised the OEF ratio by PET as the criterion of haemodynamic evaluation. However, bilateral ICA lesions will disturb this ratio and will even disturb the identification of the subgroup of patients with haemodynamic insufficiency.

As an interventional trial, the COSS should ensure the certification of the experienced surgeons. However, for expanding the number of centres and enhancing recruitment, the COSS made some concessions on the surgeons’ training and certification; the 15% postoperative event rate is not the best that can be achieved. In a recently published article about the analysis of mechanisms of perioperative ischaemic stroke by the COSS investigators [24], they found that the temporary occlusion time of the MCA during the anastomotic procedure (54.3 ± 23.5 min) was no different from the occlusion time in those surgical patients who did not sustain a perioperative stroke (45.4 ± 24.2 min, p = 0.2). Under the strict intraoperative management protocol and within the temporary vessel occlusion time, which ranged from between 25 and 42 min (mean 33.6 ± 7 minutes) as used in the study by Horn et al. [25], the postoperative ischaemic stroke rate should be less than 10%. This discrepancy would suggest that these underlying assumptions warrant further exploration and more rigorous research.

The COSS Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrated a cross-over benefiting surgery along with follow-up continuation. But, in fact the COSS was terminated early for ‘futility’. However, if all the enrolled patients had completed the follow-up interview the study might have had adequate power to show a significant benefit from surgery by 5 years [26].

Rationale of CMOSS

The CMOSS is the first RCT sponsored by a developing country to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EC-IC bypass surgery. It is also the first RCT to evaluate the cerebrovascular haemodynamics by CTP in patients with ICA or MCA occlusion. It is well-known that intracranial arterial stenosis or occlusion in Asia is much more common than in Europe or North America. This could greatly encourage patient enrolment. The CMOSS also selects more experienced neurosurgeons to work in the trial to minimise perioperative complications.

For the sample size calculation, we consulted the figures for stroke risk from MCA occlusion, which is different from ICA occlusion. In 1996, Yamauchi et al. [17] investigated patients with symptomatic ICA or MCA occlusive diseases. They found that the incidence of ipsilateral ischaemic strokes in patients with increased OEF and normal OEF was 57.1% and 6.0%, respectively. (They also suggested that patients with increased OEF had decreased CBF and CBF/CBV values.) Kuroda et al. [19] reported that the annual risks of total and ipsilateral stroke in patients with ICA or MCA occlusion and decreased rCBF and relative cerebral vasoreactivity (rCVR) were 35.6% and 23.7%, respectively. Actually, the total annual risk of ipsilateral stroke in patients with decreased rCBF only was 26.1%. In 2002, Ogasawara et al. [18] presented a study to prospectively evaluate the relationships between cerebral haemodynamics and outcome of patients with symptomatic major cerebral artery occlusion (including ICA and MCA) by quantitative measurement of CBF using ¹³³Xe and single photon emission tomography (SPECT). During the follow-up, the recurrence rate of stroke was 34.7% in patients with reduced rCVR at entry and less than 6% in patients with normal rCVR. All these data indicate that the annual risk of stroke is relatively higher in MCA than in ICA occlusion. Recently, aggressive medical management has been more widely used, and according to the results of a follow-up by our centre over the last 3 years, the risk of stroke in ICA or MCA occlusion is about 28%, which conforms to the data mentioned. Compared with the medical treatment group (28%), a further 50% reduction in the surgical treatment group is considered to be clinically significant; that is 14%. Regarding perioperative morbidity, in the COSS [20] the perioperative rate for ipsilateral ischemic stroke was 14.4%, while the rate for the primary end point was 21.0%. This indicates that the stroke rate between 30 days to 2 years was about 7%. In the CMOSS, we have much stricter licensing of neurosurgeons; attending neurosurgeons are certified by their roles as chief surgeon in at least 15 consecutive previous EC-IC bypass surgeries. Using this level of expertise means that in China we can achieve an anastomosis graft patency rate of greater than 95% and a perioperative stroke and death rate of less than 10%.

In addition, because of the continuity of the ‘Five-twelfth’ National Science and Technology Support Program, the follow-up for these patients could prolonged to more than 2 years. This could reveal more information after analysis of the ‘cross-over curves’ in the COSS.

Trial status

The CMOSS trial is currently recruiting participants.

Abbreviations

AComA

Anterior communicating artery

ALT

Alanine transaminase

AST

Aspartate transaminase

CBF

Cerebral blood flow

CPP

Cerebral perfusion pressure

CTP

Computed tomography perfusion

CVR

Cerebral vasoreactivity

DSA

Digital subtraction angiography

EC-IC

Extracranial-intracranial

ICA

Internal carotid artery

ICF

Informed Consent Forum

MCA

Middle cerebral artery

mRS

Modified Rankin Scale

MTT

Mean transient time

NIHSS

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score

OEF

Oxygen extraction fraction

RCT

Randomised controlled trial

VMR

Vasomotor reactivity