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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Appetite. 2016 Jul 31;107:188–195. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.036

Table 2.

Adjusted associations between markers of parental directive and non-directive control and child fruit and vegetable intake, Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) diet quality score, and body mass index (BMI) z-scores

Markers of Directive Control Markers of Non-Directive Control
Pressure-to-Eat
(Range: 4–20)
Food Restriction
(Range: 9–40)
Positive Parental Role
Modeling
(Range: 12–35)
Obesogenic Home
Food Environment
(Range: 5–51)
Mean Score (SD) 8.84 (3.85) 26.97 (6.88) 27.4 (3.43) 22.23 (7.77)
B (SE) P-value B (SE) P-value B (SE) P-value B (SE) P-value
Average daily
servings of
Fruits/Vegetables
−0.04
(0.04)
0.31 −0.02
(0.02)
0.29 Average daily
servings of
Fruits/Vegetables
0.11 (0.04) 0.01 0.04
(0.02)
0.05
Total R2 for
Directive Control
0.06 (−0.02, 0.14) Total R2 for Non-
directive Control
0.11 (0.02, 0.21)
HEI-2010 diet
quality scores
0.03
(0.23)
0.91 −0.11
(0.13)
0.39 HEI-2010 diet
quality scores
0.60 (0.26) 0.02 0.23
(0.11)
0.05
Total R2 for
Directive Control
0.07 (−0.01, 0.15) Total R2 for Non-
directive Control
0.14 (0.04, 0.24)
BMI z-score 0.04
(0.02)
<0.01 0.02
(0.01)
0.01 BMI z-score −0.02
(0.02)
0.15 −0.01
(0.01)
0.10
Total R2 for
Directive Control
0.15 (0.05, 0.25) Total R2 for Non-
directive Control
0.08 (−0.01, 0.17)

Notes: 1) All models (including Total R2) include adjustment for level of parent educational attainment; 2) Bolding indicates significance at p≤0.05.