Table 2.
Adjusted associations between markers of parental directive and non-directive control and child fruit and vegetable intake, Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) diet quality score, and body mass index (BMI) z-scores
| Markers of Directive Control | Markers of Non-Directive Control | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pressure-to-Eat (Range: 4–20) |
Food Restriction (Range: 9–40) |
Positive Parental Role Modeling (Range: 12–35) |
Obesogenic Home Food Environment (Range: 5–51) |
||||||
| Mean Score (SD) | 8.84 (3.85) | 26.97 (6.88) | 27.4 (3.43) | 22.23 (7.77) | |||||
| B (SE) | P-value | B (SE) | P-value | B (SE) | P-value | B (SE) | P-value | ||
| Average daily servings of Fruits/Vegetables |
−0.04 (0.04) |
0.31 | −0.02 (0.02) |
0.29 | Average daily servings of Fruits/Vegetables |
0.11 (0.04) | 0.01 | −0.04 (0.02) |
0.05 |
| Total R2 for Directive Control |
0.06 (−0.02, 0.14) | Total R2 for Non- directive Control |
0.11 (0.02, 0.21) | ||||||
| HEI-2010 diet quality scores |
0.03 (0.23) |
0.91 | −0.11 (0.13) |
0.39 | HEI-2010 diet quality scores |
0.60 (0.26) | 0.02 | −0.23 (0.11) |
0.05 |
| Total R2 for Directive Control |
0.07 (−0.01, 0.15) | Total R2 for Non- directive Control |
0.14 (0.04, 0.24) | ||||||
| BMI z-score | −0.04 (0.02) |
<0.01 |
0.02 (0.01) |
0.01 | BMI z-score | −0.02 (0.02) |
0.15 | −0.01 (0.01) |
0.10 |
| Total R2 for Directive Control |
0.15 (0.05, 0.25) | Total R2 for Non- directive Control |
0.08 (−0.01, 0.17) | ||||||
Notes: 1) All models (including Total R2) include adjustment for level of parent educational attainment; 2) Bolding indicates significance at p≤0.05.