Abstract
Purpose: Studies examining high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HDC-AHSCT) strategies in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), showed encouraging results in terms of disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). The lack of data regarding HER2 status in all of these studies prevented any prognostic analysis involving breast cancer subtypes.
Methods: All consecutive female patients treated for IBC with HDC and AHSCT at Institut Paoli-Calmettes between 2003 and 2012 were included. Since 2005, trastuzumab was included in initial treatment. Patient, tumor and treatment characteristics were collected. Patients were categorized in three subtypes based on hormonal receptor (HR) and HER2 status of the primary tumor: Luminal, (HR+/HER2-), HER2 (HER2+, any HR), and triple negative (TN) (HER2- and HR-). The main objective was the analysis of OS according to the IHC subtypes.
Results: Sixty-seven patients were included. Eleven patients received trastuzumab. Median follow up was 80.04 months (95% CI 73.2-88.08). Five-year OS and DFS for the whole population patients were 74% (95% CI 61-83) and 65 % (95% CI 52-75), respectively. OS differed across subtypes (p=0.057) : HER2 subgroup appeared to have the best prognosis with a 5-year OS of 89% (95% CI 64-97) compared to 57% (95% CI 33-76) for the TN subgroup (HR 5.38, 95% CI 1.14-25.44; p=0.034).
Conclusions: In IBC patients receiving HDC-AHSCT, OS favorably compares with data available in the literature on similar groups of patients. TN patients carried the least favourable OS and HER2 patients, half of them also receiving trastuzumab, had the best outcome. These findings provide additional information and options for patients with IBC and who could potentially benefit of HDC-AHSCT.
Keywords: Inflammatory breast cancer, High dose chemotherapy, Immunohistochemical subtypes, Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Introduction
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), a very aggressive form of locally advanced breast cancer (BC), represent 1% to 5% of all BC cases and differs from other clinical forms both epidemiologically and histolo-clinically 1,2. Despite dramatic improvement in survival following multimodal treatment including primary chemotherapy (CT) followed by surgery and radiation, IBC prognosis remains poor with 10-year survival ranging from 37 to 55% 3. Amongst the many therapeutic options evaluated in IBC, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HDC-AHSCT) has a special place. Disappointing results of conventional chemotherapy, demonstrated dose response and dose intensity relationships with alkylating agents 4,5 and prognostic impact of initial response to neo adjuvant chemotherapy led to several investigations of HDC strategies in the 90's with encouraging results 6 7 8 9. The main phase 2 study conducted to completion (PEGASE 02) showed 32% of pathological complete responses (pCR) post HDC and a 3-year overall survival (OS) rate of 70% 10. Despite these promising results, further confirmed by the PEGASE 07 phase 3 study 11, highly significant toxicities leading to premature termination of another phase 2 trial (PEGASE 05 study) prevented the integration of HDC-AHSCT as a standard of care 12. Thus, in this setting, HDC-AHCST remains experimental and limited to expert centers. However, AHSCT with reinjection of circulating and not bone marrow stem cells, as well as supportive care has achieved a large reduction in procedure-related toxicity and has become substantially less toxic over time 13. Moreover, in the targeted therapies era, immunohistochemical (IHC) status of IBC is a fundamental data, both for prognosis and treatment. To our knowledge, all studies evaluating HDC-AHSCT for IBC had the common feature of a lack of information about tumor Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2 (HER2) status, which prevented any prognostic analysis involving subtypes. Thus, these findings support the hypothesis that HDC-AHSCT may still have a role in the management of IBC in some selected patients. Hormone receptor and HER 2 status could be potential biomarkers: a meta-analysis of adjuvant studies indicates a possible OS benefit from HDC in patients harboring HER2 negative (HER2-) tumors 14. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate OS according to IHC-defined molecular subtypes in a recent patient population treated with this strategy. Secondary objectives included disease free survival (DFS) and tolerance of the procedure.
Patients and Methods
Patient population
The patient population was identified from our prospectively maintained institutional cell therapy database. Inclusion criteria were as follows: all consecutive female patients treated for IBC with HDC and AHSCT at Institut Paoli-Calmettes between 2003 (the year from which testing for HER2 overexpression was carried out systematically) and 2012. Patient, tumor and treatment characteristics were collected. Minimum criteria required for the diagnosis of IBC included the following: T4d according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (7th edition) breast cancer staging, characterised by diffuse erythema and oedema, PEV2 (inflammation, erythema, and/or edema localized to <50% of the breast surface), or PEV3 (generalized inflammation and edema occupying >50% of the breast surface) according to the Institut Gustave-Roussy classification. Metastatic patients were excluded. A flowchart illustrating consecutive steps in the selection process is provided in figure 1.
Figure 1.
Flow-chart identifying steps for patient selection. HDC: high-dose chemotherapy / ASCT: autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation / OS: overall survival IBC: Inflammatory breast cancer / IHC: Immunohistochemical.
The study was approved by the Institut Paoli-Calmettes (IPC) Institutional Review Board (IRB, Comité d'Orientation Stratégique, COS). All patients undergoing HDC-AHSCT are required to provide signed informed consent, which covers the use and transfer of anonymized data for further clinical research. No further consent was requested by the IRB for the conduct of the present study.
Clinical and biological variables
Details about patient characteristics, tumor and treatments were recorded. Hormonal receptors (HR) were considered as positive when nuclear staining ≥10 % of estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR) was observed on IHC. HER2 positivity (HER2+) was defined as 3+ receptor overexpression on IHC staining or 2+ receptor overexpression on IHC and gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Patients were classified into 3 IHC-defined molecular subtypes according to HR and HER2 status: HER2 (HER2+, any HR), luminal (HR+ and HER2-) and triple negative (TN) (HR- and HER2-). Pathological complete response (pCR) was defined as the absence of residual invasive disease in both breast and lymph nodes. Adverse events were assessed using the CTC AE v4.0 criteria.
Treatment procedures
Patients received HDC-AHSCT in neo adjuvant setting either after conventional therapy or as sequential front line treatment. Conventional chemotherapy comprised four cycles of epirubicin (100 mg/m2) + cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2) + 5 fluorouracil (500 mg/m2) followed by 4 cycles of docetaxel (100 mg/m2) associated with trastuzumab (8 mg/kg loading dose then 6 mg/kg every 21 days) for HER2-positive tumors from since 2005. When it was administered after conventional chemotherapy, HDC was performed after haematological recovery. When administered as sequential front line treatment, HDC comprised 4 cycles of high-dose epirubicine (150 mg/m²)+ cyclophosphamide (4000 mg/m²) each followed by AHSCT and administered after haematological recovery. HDC was followed by surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy in patients with positive hormonal receptors, and adjuvant 1-year trastuzumab for HER2-positive tumors, since 2005. HDC regimens used in this patient population are presented as supplementary material available on line (Supplementary table 1). AHSCT was performed exclusively with peripheral blood cell grafts, as per institutional procedures. As per institutional procedures, CD34+ cells were mobilized using daily administration of rhG-CSF, blood cells were collected using a SPECTRA or OPTIA cell separator, transferred to the cell processing facility onsite, cryopreserved and stored in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen until distribution. Before administration, cryopreserved cell products were thawed and washed in the cell processing facility, pooled into a single product that was quickly transferred to the clinical ward and administered to the patient the day after HDC. A minimal number of 2x106 CD34+ cells, and whenever possible an optimal number of 5x106 CD34+ cells were collection targets for each autologous transplantation. rhG-CSF was administered only to those women who received less than 2x106 CD34+ cells, as measured on the infused pooled, thawed and washed cell product. Since 2005, trastuzumab was included in initial treatment. Endocrine therapy was administered when appropriate as adjuvant treatment either by tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors according to the menopausal status.
Statistics
The main objective was the analysis of OS according to the IHC subtypes. Secondary objectives were DFS analysis and toxicity analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the categorical (counts and frequency) and continuous (median and ranges) variables. We tested the difference using a Fisher's exact whenever the condition for chi-square was not reach (expected frequency for each cell > 5) and conserved the chi-square test in other cases. OS was defined as the time from HDC to death as a result of any cause. DFS was defined as the time from HDC to relapse or death as a result of any cause. Patients who were alive at the time of the analysis were censured on the date of last news. Survival curves were generated using Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the Log-rank test. Prognostic impact of the different clinical and biological factors was tested by a Cox regression model in univariate analyses. The level of statistical significance was set at a P-value of 0.05. Adjusted effect of IHC status on OS according to other prognostic variable(s) which differs between different IHC subgroup (p value below 0.10) was examined by multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazard regression model. Statistical analyses were carried out with the R software version 2.15.2. We followed the “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)” guidelines 15.
Results
Patient characteristics
Sixty-seven patients were included between January 2003 and December 2012. Patient characteristics are summarized in table 1. Patients were equally divided in different subgroups with respectively 26, 21 and 20 patients for Luminal, HER2 and TN subgroups. Median age for all patients was 47 (range 24 -61) and differed between subgroup with respectively 0, 2 (9.5%) and 7 (35%) patients under 35 years for Luminal, HER2 and TN subgroups (p<0.01). IHC status was available for all patients. Eleven HER2 patients received trastuzumab (52%).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients according to IHC subgroup.
| LUMINAL (n=26) | HER2 (n=21) | TN (n=20) | p-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | <35 | 0 | 2 (9.524) | 7 (35.00) | <0.001 |
| >=35 | 26 (100.0) | 19 (90.48) | 13 (65.00) | ||
| Number of missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Menopausal status | Pre | 11 (47.83) | 10 (52.63) | 15 (75.00) | 0.1673 |
| Post | 12 (52.17) | 9 (47.37) | 5 (25.00) | ||
| Number of missing data | 3 | 2 | 0 | ||
| SBR grade | 1 | 1 (4.167) | 3 (15.00) | 0.4876 | |
| 2 | 8 (33.33) | 6 (30.00) | 3 (21.43) | ||
| 3 | 15 (62.50) | 11 (55.00) | 11 (78.57) | ||
| Number of missing data | 2 | 1 | 6 | ||
| HDC regimen | Endoxan/Melphalan | 15 (57.69) | 12 (57.14) | 8 (40.00) | 0.4886 |
| NEM | 0 | 0 | 1 (5.000) | ||
| Epirubicine-Endoxan | 11 (42.31) | 9 (42.86) | 11 (55.00) | ||
| Number of missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| HDCtiming | After conventional therapy | 17 (65.38) | 14 (66.67) | 10 (50.00) | 0.4694 |
| Séquentiel front-line | 9 (34.62) | 7 (33.33) | 10 (50.00) | ||
| Number of missing data | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dermal tumor emboli | Yes | 14 (70.00) | 13 (72.22) | 11 (64.71) | 0.8854 |
| No | 6 (30.00) | 5 (27.78) | 6 (35.29) | ||
| Number of missing data | 6 | 3 | 3 | ||
| pCR | Yes | 3 (15.79) | 9 (47.37) | 5 (27.78) | 0.1021 |
| No | 16 (84.21) | 10 (52.63) | 13 (72.22) | ||
| Number of missing data | 7 | 2 | 2 | ||
| Histological subtype | Ductal | 22 (88.00) | 18 (90.00) | 16 (88.89) | 0.9999 |
| Other | 3 (12.00) | 2 (10.00) | 2 (11.11) | ||
| Number of missing data | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
| N Stage | N0 | 8 (32.00) | 11 (55.00) | 5 (31.25) | 0.5109 |
| N1 | 15 (60.00) | 8 (40.00) | 9 (56.25) | ||
| N2 | 2 (8.000) | 1 (5.000) | 2 (12.50) | ||
| Number of missing data | 1 | 1 | 4 |
IHC: Immuno histo chemical / TN: Triple Negative / HER2: Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 / NEM: Endoxan + Melphalan + Mitoxantrone /HDC: High dose Chemotherapy / pCR Pathological complete response.
*Chi-square or Fisher's exact test according to expected scores (see Patient and Methods part).
OS and DFS according to IHC subtypes
Median follow up was 80.04 months (95% CI 73.2-88.08). Five-year OS and DFS for the whole population patients were 74% (95% CI 61-83) and 65 % (95% CI 52-75), respectively. The OS curves differed across the different IHC subtypes (p=0.057) as shown in figure 2. The HER2 subgroup appeared to have the best prognosis with a 5-year OS of 89% (95% CI 64-97) compared to 57% (95% CI 33-76) for the TN subgroup (HR= 5.38, 95% CI 1.14-25.44, p=0.034), whereas the difference was not significant compared with luminal patients (71%, 95% CI 47-86); (HR= 2.59, 95%CI 0.52-12.83, p =0.244). At the time of analysis, all HER 2 patients who received Trastuzumab and 8 of 10 HER2 patients who did not receive trastuzumab were alive. The DFS curves for the different IHC subtypes are shown on figure 3. Five-year DFS for the HER2, luminal and TN subtypes were respectively 74% (95% CI 48-88), 60% (95% CI 37-77), (HR=1.86, 95% CI 0.63-5.45, p=0.260) and 58% (95% CI 33-76), (HR=2.12, 95% CI 0.69-6.51, p=0.187).
Figure 2.
Overall survival after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a cohort of 67 inflammatory breast cancer. TN: Triple Negative / HER2: Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
Figure 3.
Disease-free survival after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a cohort of 67 inflammatory breast cancer. TN: Triple Negative / HER2: Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
In univariate analyses (Table 2), TN subtype was the only parameter significantly associated with OS (HR: 5.38 (95%CI 1.14-25.44, p=0.034). For overall survival, the absence of HER2 overexpression was associated with less favorable OS, with borderline significance (HR=3.67, 95%CI 0.83-16.16, p=0.066). In multivariate analyses (Table 3) including IHC subtype and age (the only prognostic variable which differs between different IHC subgroup), the TN subtype retained an independent poor prognostic value compared to the HER 2 subtype, with a hazard ratio of 6.07 (95%CI 1.25-29.4, p=0.0251).
Table 2.
Univariate analysis for prognostic factors for overall survival and disease-free survival after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
| Covariates | OS | DFS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio | Wald p value | Hazard ratio | Wald p value | ||
| Age | <35 | 1 | 1 | ||
| >=35 | 1.16 [0.26,5.12] | 0.841 | 1.27 [0.38,4.27] | 0.699 | |
| IHC classification | HER 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Luminal | 2.59 [0.52,12.83] | 0.244 | 1.86 [0.63,5.45] | 0.260 | |
| TN | 5.38 [1.14,25.44] | 0.034 | 2.12 [0.69,6.51] | 0.187 | |
| IHC Classification | HER 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Other | 3.67 [0.83,16.16] | 0.066 | 1.97 [0.73,5.31] | 0.182 | |
| Dermal tumor emboli | No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.48 [0.54,11.35] | 0.240 | 2.99 [0.87,10.21] | 0.081 | |
| Menopausal status | Post | 1 | 1 | ||
| Pre | 1.14 [0.41,3.14] | 0.800 | 1.04 [0.45,2.37] | 0.935 | |
| HDC regimen | Endoxan/Melphalan | 1 | 1 | ||
| NEM | 7.35 [0.85,63.43] | 0.070 | 3.79 [0.48,30.13] | 0.208 | |
| Epirubicine-Endoxan | 1.29 [0.46,3.63] | 0.630 | 1.04 [0.45,2.39] | 0.934 | |
| HDC timing | After conventional therapy | 1 | 1 | ||
| Séquentiel front-line | 1.24 [0.47,3.31] | 0.667 | 1.30 [0.57,2.98] | 0.528 | |
| pCR | Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 1.38 [0.37,5.09] | 0.630 | 1.24 [0.44,3.49] | 0.681 | |
| N Stage | N0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| N1 | 2.42 [0.64,9.15] | 0.192 | 1.37 [0.55,3.43] | 0.500 | |
| N2 | 2.39 [0.25,22.98] | 0.451 | 0.93 [0.12,7.48] | 0.945 | |
OS: overall survival/ DFS: Disease free survival / IHC: Immuno histo chemical / TN: Triple Negative / HER2: Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 / NEM: Endoxan + Melphalan + Mitoxantrone /HDC: High dose Chemotherapy / ACT Autologous stem cell transplantation/pCR Pathological complete response.
Table 3.
Multivariate analysis for prognostic factors for overall survival after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
| Test | Hazard ratio | Wald p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IHC subgroup | Luminal vs. HER 2 | 2.46 [0.49,12.2] | 0.2711 |
| IHC subgroup | TN vs. HER 2 | 6.07 [1.25,29.4] | 0.0251 |
| Age | >=35 vs. <35 | 1.78 [0.37,8.62] | 0.4716 |
TN: Triple Negative / HER2: Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
Toxicity and post-HDC treatments
Since HDC is associated with a severe hematological toxicity, which is well described and effectively counterbalanced by AHSCT procedure, we focused on extra-haematological events (Table 4). During the procedure, 40.58% of patients developed grade 3 or grade 4 non-hematological adverse events, the majority of which being gastrointestinal toxicities (57.14%). No patient died from treatment-related events during the HDC-AHSCT. Since a logical concern about HDC-AHSCT is the ability of treated patients to receive subsequent lines of treatment in case of relapse we examined the number of treatment administered in case of progressive disease following HDC-AHSCT. After progression following HDC-AHSCT, a median of 3 lines of treatment (range 0-8) was given.
Table 4.
Extra hematological grade 3 or 4 adverse events during HDC and AHSCT.
| Toxicity | N (%) |
|---|---|
| No grade 3 or 4 | 41 (59.42) |
| Gastro intestinal: | 16 (23.18) |
| - mucositis | 7 (10.14) |
| - nausea | 7 (10.14) |
| - diarrhea | 2 (2.89) |
| Sepsis | 4 (5.79) |
| Cardiac | 0 (0) |
| Pneumopathy | 2 (2.89) |
| Secondary malignancy | 1 (1.45) |
| Treatment-related mortality | 0 (0) |
HDC and AHSCT: high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Discussion
In this retrospective single-center cohort study, we have examined the outcome of a modern population of IBC receiving HDC-AHSCT. With a median follow-up of more than 80 months, 5 -year OS and DFS were 74% (IC95% 61-83) and 65% (IC95% 52-75), respectively and favorably compared with data available in the literature 16. TN patients carried the least favourable OS and HER2 patients, half of them also receiving trastuzumab, had the best outcome. Finally, although HDC-AHSCT had a significant extra-haematological toxicity, no treatment-related death occurred and administration of post-progression treatments was not compromised.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the results of HDC-AHSCT in the treatment of IBC for which the IHC-defined breast cancer subtype was known. In this series, DFS and OS results were outstanding for the whole population, but intriguingly, HER2 subgroup had a favorable tendency of survival outcomes (with no significant difference). For these patients, 5- year OS and DFS were 89% and 74%, respectively, while only 52% of them received trastuzumab adjuvant treatment. In a recent large retrospective study 17 evaluating 527 IBC patients treated with conventional chemotherapy and for which HER2 and HR status allowed subtyping, 5-year OS ranged from 52.9 to 67.7% and 5-year DFS ranged from 26.4 to 35.3% (depending on HR status) in HER2-positive patients, 55 to 64.5% of them receiving neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant anti-HER2 treatments. However, regarding to the limited sample size, the more favorable outcome observed in our study should be interpreted with caution.
In the prospective NOAH study, which included HER2-positive locally advanced breast cancer and IBC and randomized the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant trastuzumab in combination with sequential anthracyclines and taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 5-year event-free survival was 58% (95% CI 48-66) in patients in the trastuzumab arm 18. In our study, 5-year- DFS and OS are comparable to those reported in the BEVERLY 2 study at 3 years (67.8% and 89.8% respectively), while all of the BEVERLY 2 study patients received bevacizumab and trastuzumab as neoadjuvant/adjuvant treatment 19. These data suggest possible HDC-AHSCT sensitivity and/or complementarity with trastuzumab in HER2-positive IBC patients.
In our series TN subtype carried the least favorable prognosis, even though the difference did not reach statistical significance which is consistent with previously known data in IBC or non-IBC patient population 17, 20, 21. However, results were also outstanding for this subtype. Consistently, several data obtained in high-risk early BC suggests an advantage for HDC in HR-negative patients. A German study showed that BC patients with expression of Y-box-binding protein, which is associated with aggressive tumor phenotype (HR-negative, HER2-positive and p53-postive status, high MIB-1, unfavorable tumor grade) benefited from rapidly cycled tandem high-dose adjuvant chemotherapy 22. Danebrock-Diallo et al analyzed the predictive and prognostic impact of molecular sub-type in locally advanced BC after HDC dose intensity or conventional regimen. Their conclusion was that the basal and HER2 subgroups benefited from the HDC 23. Finally, a meta-analysis evaluating randomized trials of HDC in the adjuvant setting of high risk breast cancer (defined by massive lymph node involvement) indicated a possible OS benefit from HDC in patients harboring hormonal or HER2-negative tumors. This benefit appeared greater in the TN population, with an impressive reduction of risk of death by 33% 24. In our study 5-year OS and DFS in the TN subgroup (65% and 58%, respectively) also appear significantly higher than those reported in the only study analyzing the outcome of IBC according to their IHC subtype 17 (24.3% and 17.5% respectively).
One of the main factors contributing to the near abandonment of the HDC-AHSCT is transplant-related mortality. In this study, no death due to the procedure was noted. Severe non hematologic toxicities were frequent and included mainly mucositis and nausea-vomiting but severe infectious complications also appear limited with 5.79% of grade 3 or 4 sepsis. In the BEVERLY 2 study, combining conventional chemotherapy to targeted therapies, the rate of grade 3-4 febrile neutropenia was 19% 19.
Our study has some limitations. This is a single-center and retrospective study, making it difficult to extrapolate its results. Small sample size limits study power to detect significant difference. As there was no control group, which did not undergo HDC-AHSCT, it was impossible to establish whether the favorable outcome of patients was actually due to the HDC-AHSCT itself or to the fact that patient were selected to be “fit” for HDC. Strength of this study is that HR and HER2 status were available for all patients, allowing us to carry out subgroup studies.
Conclusion
After HDC ACSH for IBC, TN patients carried a tendency for least favourable OS and HER2 patients, the best, with acceptable toxicity. Integration of HDC-AHSCT in the multimodal management of IBC should not be definitively ruled out. In the HER2 subgroup, the potential complementarity of HDC-AHSCT with trastuzumab appears even more promising, with the emergence of HER2 dual inhibition strategies that have shown positive results in BC, including IBC 25.
Finally, a better understanding of the molecular patterns of IBC remains crucial to enable development of personalized treatment strategies in which high-dose alkylating treatments could find a place 26 27.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary table 1.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by SIRIC program (INCa-DGOS-Inserm 6038).
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Supplementary Materials
Supplementary table 1.