In the article titled “Use of Ethnomedicinal Plants by the People Living around Indus River,” [1] Table 2 contained ethnomedicine recipes from previously published articles by Sarfraz Khan Marwat, which were cited in the article as references [4] S. K. Marwat, M. A. Khan, M. Ahmad, M. Zafar, and F. Rehman, “Ethnophytomedicines for treatment of various diseases in D. I. Khan District,” Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol. 24, no. 2, 2008 and [28] S. K. Marwat, F. Fazal-Ur-Rehman, M. A. Khan, M. Ahmad, M. Zafar, and S. Ghulam, “Medicinal folk recipes used as traditional phytotherapies in district Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan,” Pakistan Journal of Botany, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1453–1462, 2011. The authors apologize for not properly quoting the recipes or citing the sources in the table. Table 2 should be corrected as follows.
Table 2.
Ethnomedicines of the study area.
Botanical name/Voucher Specimen number |
Local name | Family | Habit/endemism | Status | Part used | Recipes | Dosage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acacia modesta Wall. KUH-309 |
Kikar | Mimosaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Bark | The barks are water boiled and juice is extracted, which is used then orally in kidney pains | Mostly 2 or 3 times a day |
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Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile. KUH-310 |
Kikar | Mimosaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Wild | Bark and flowers | The barks are water boiled and the decoction is applied dentally. Moreover, the flowers are boiled in mustard oil and apply externally on the head [4] | For dental purposes its used twice a day for 10 days, while for others its used as needed |
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Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. KUH-311 |
Sirsirin | Mimosaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Seeds | The seeds are grinded to fine powder and collected after passing it through from a cloth having very small pores. The collected powder is then mixed with sugar in equal quantity. This mixture is an effective phytotherapy taken orally for asthma [28] | 4 grams of the mixture is taken two times a day for up to 40 days duration [28] |
| |||||||
Allium cepa L. KUH-312 |
Piaz | Liliaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Bulb | Grind the bulb of onion and mix it with water and taken orally for vomiting | One dose is enough for vomiting |
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Allium sativum Linn. KUH-313 |
Garlic | Liliaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Bulb and leaves | Bulb pieces are regularly used for high blood pressure. Bulb and leaves and bulb are chewed for vomiting | As needed |
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Aloe barbadensis Mill. KUH-314 |
Kunwar | Liliaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild/cultivated | Pulp of leaves | Spineless leaves are cut to two to three parts and are given orally to livestock in combination with salts. Moreover, the pulp can be directly applied on burned skin [28] | Usually 3 dos e are given each after 48 hours and also depend on disease severity |
| |||||||
Avena sativa L. KUH-315 |
Jou | Poaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruit | Partly ripen fruit are grinded and mixed with some sugar and cold water to make syrup and taken orally as laxative | As needed |
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Azadirachta indica (L.) A. Juss. KUH-316 |
Neem | Meliaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Wild/cultivated | Leaves | 3 gm of leaves are grinded and poured in water along with common salt to make syrup and used orally for curing jaundice [4] | 2 spoons of syrup each are taken two times immediately after the breakfast and before the dinner [28] |
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Beta vulgaris Linn. KUH-317 |
Chukandar | Chenopodiaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Root | Powder is used orally to treat diabetes | As needed |
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Calotropis procera. Ait. f., Hort. KUH-318 |
Akra | Asclepiadaceae | Shrub/nonendemic | Wild | Latex and flowers | Plant latex is applied topically on the region of snake bite. Flowers are taken with water for intestinal pain at one time | 2-3 times daily for 5 days for intestinal pain |
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Capparis desidua (Forsk.) Edgew. KUH-319 |
Kareeta | Capparidaceae | Shrub/nonendemic | Wild | Fruit, young shoots and bark | Dry fruits and sugar in equal amounts are crushed to powder, which are then used orally for rheumatism. Young shoot are grinded and combined with flour, and given to livestock or other animals. Grinded bark is applied externally on wounded areas for healing purpose [4] | In case of rheumatism, a teaspoon of the powder along with water is taken two times a day for one week duration [4] |
| |||||||
Capsicum annum L. KUH-320 |
Green mirch | Solanaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruit | Fresh and unripe fruit is eaten against cancer | As needed |
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Caralluma tubreculata N Brown. KUH-321 |
Chunga | Apocynaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | Cook it as simple vegetable for diabetics control and also eaten directly for many purposes | As needed |
| |||||||
Chenopodium album L. KUH-322 |
Bathu | Chenopodiaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Leaves and root | Extract the juice from their leaves which take orally as a laxative. Dried leaves paste is used for urinary pain | As needed |
| |||||||
Cicer arietinum Linn. KUH-323 |
Channa | Papilionaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruits and seeds | 25 g of roasted seed coat is soaked in 250 g of water and left for overnight. In the morning, grind the seeds and filter it. The filtrate water is then orally taken for constipation [28] | As needed |
| |||||||
Cichorium intybus L. KUH-324 |
Kasni | Asteraceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | Fresh plants are boiled. After which sugar is poured into the decoction and taken orally for stomach related problems [4] | The syrup is used 2 times a day for the duration as per need [4] |
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Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. KUH-325 |
Leh | Asteraceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Leaves | Extract of leaves used for abdominal pain of cattle | As needed |
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Citrullus colocynthis (L.). KUH-326 |
Karthuma | Cucurbitaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Fruit | Crushed the dried fruit and used orally for constipation | As needed |
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Citrus medica Linn. KUH-327 |
Nimbo | Rutaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruits and leaves | Fruit extract properly mixed to water, sugar and salt and orally taken to control blood pressure and vomiting. Fruit extract is mixed with honey and fresh milk to make its paste and applied on face for pimples | For skin the paste is used at night for one month, for other purposes it's used as needed |
| |||||||
Cleome brachycarpa Vahl. KUH-328 |
Gandi booti | Capparidaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | Dried plants are crushed to powder and then taken orally for abdominal pain [28] | As needed |
| |||||||
Convolvulus arvensis L. KUH-329 |
Wanvehri | Convolvulaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | Five kilograms of dried plants are combined with 12 litters of water and left for overnight for making a sap, which is then taken orally for skin related diseases [4] | 1 cup of the sap taken before breakfast. Also one can use it three times a day till needed [4] |
| |||||||
Cordia dichotoma Forster. f. KUH-330 |
Lasora | Boraginaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Wild | Fruit | Before lunch or dinner, eat fruit as per need. Good for sex related weakness [28] | As needed |
| |||||||
Coriandrum sativum L. KUH-331 |
Dhania | Apiaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Leaves and fruits | Used as decoction, that is, dried fruits of 50 g are water boiled (1 litter) till the water evaporates to half left. This is then used for asthma and cough. Fresh leaves are grind with mint to make powder and used orally for diuretic purposes [28] | Depend upon disease severity |
| |||||||
Cucumis sativus Linn. KUH-332 |
Kheera | Cucurbitaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruits | During severe fever their pieces is rubbed on the sole of the feet and also good for digestion | As required |
| |||||||
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. KUH-333 |
Loot booti | Convolvulaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | Dried plants are burnt and used on the affected areas [4] | As needed |
| |||||||
Cymbopogon jawarancus a (Jones) Schult. KUH-334 |
Khawi | Poaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Root | Roots upper parts being water boiled and filtered. The filtrate water along with sugar is orally given to children for curing dyspepsia and typhoid [4] | 2-3 times daily |
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Daucus carota L. KUH-335 |
Gajar | Apiaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Root | Edible portion increase sight vision | As needed |
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Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. KUH-336 |
Tali | Fabaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Leaves | Young leaves of 70 g are grinded and mixed with water. The filtrate can be used against jaundice, piles and feet soles burning [28] | The filtrate is taken daily for 10 days [28] |
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Datura metel L. KUH-337 |
Datura | Solanaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | Roost their leaves and inhale their smoke for the treatment of asthma. Their seeds are used as expectorant, do not eat it in excess amount otherwise it will be lethal | As needed |
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Eruca sativa Mill. KUH-338 |
Usoo | Brassicaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Aerial parts | A total of five kilogram of young branches and leaves are water boiled (15 kg) till getting a concoction. Afterwards, five kilogram flour is combined to the concoction before giving it to horses [4] | As needed |
| |||||||
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. KUH-339 |
Safeda | Myrtaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Leaf and bark | Tender shoot and young leaves are crushed and smelled give temporary relief in cough | As needed |
| |||||||
Eugenia jambolana Linn. KUH-340 |
Jaman | Myrtaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Bark and fruit | Dry the non edible portion of their fruit and then grind it and take 1-2 spoon daily for 3 days it will stop the severe stomach problems, and also this powder is used for the treatment of diabetics | Twice a day |
| |||||||
Fagonia cretica L. KUH-341 |
Dhaman | Zygophyllaceae | Shrub/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | The plant is grinded to powder and can be taken along with water. Helpful in curing piles and urinary infection [4] | 1 tea spoon powder is taken 3 times a day along with the bread [4] |
| |||||||
Ficus benghalensis L. KUH-342 |
Bohir, bargad | Moraceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruit | The dried fruits are crushed into powder and then orally taken for abdominal pains [28] | Taken with water twice in a day |
| |||||||
Ficus carica L. KUH-343 |
Anjeer | Moraceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruit | The fruits are soaked in milk or water and leave for overnight. Effective in curing piles. Fruits are also used to remove kidney s tone [28] | The decoction can be taken at morning before the breakfast for 10 days [28] |
| |||||||
Ficus religiosa L. KUH-344 |
Peepal | Moraceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruit and bark | Burn the bark and make powder from this coal bark take orally 5 gram of it with water for diarrhoea. Fruit are used for wound healing | As needed |
| |||||||
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. KUH-345 |
Saunf | Apiaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruit | Fruits of fennel and coriander along with sugar are combined in equal amount and crushed to powder. This is recommended as carminative. Fennel fruit, fresh mint leaves and green tea are boiled used for vomiting [28] | The powder is taken two times a day after lunch or dinner as carminative. For vomiting and menses pain the mixture is used twice a day [28] |
| |||||||
Grewia asiatica L. KUH-346 |
Phalsa | Tiliaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Leaves, fruit and bark | One kilogram of fruits is grinded and mix with water and then take the filtrate. Sugar is poured then into the filtrate for making a sap, which is orally taken for blood purifying, fever and gastrointestinal disorders [28] | As needed |
| |||||||
Helianthus annuus L. KUH-347 |
Suraj mukhii | Asteraceae | Shrub/nonendemic | Cultivated | Seeds, leaves and flowers | Leaves and seeds are grinded to powder and orally or dermally taken for fever treatment | For 2 days |
| |||||||
Heliotropium europaeum L. KUH-348 |
Peepat booti | Boraginaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | The plant is grinded to a paste, which is then dermal applied on to the areas affected [28] | Can be used for 3 days |
| |||||||
Jasminum grandiflorum L. KUH-349 |
Chambeli | Oleaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Whole plant | Whole plant juice is orally taken against diabetes and heart related diseases | As needed |
| |||||||
Lawsonia inermis L. KUH-350 |
Mehndi | Lythraceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Leaves | Leaves are grinded to paste, which is then applied on foot soles and hairs | As needed |
| |||||||
Momordica charantia Linn. KUH-351 |
Karela | Cucurbitaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Leaf, flower and fruits | Leaves are crushed and boil and taken as tea, some salt is also mixed and used for s kin diseases and blood purifier. Fruit is used as vegetable and used for diabetics | As needed |
| |||||||
Mentha viridis L. KUH-352 |
Podina | Lamiaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Leaves | Fresh leaves of mint, niazboo, Fennel fruit and green tea are boiled and used orally for multi-purposes vomiting and stomach disorders | As needed |
| |||||||
Moringa oleifera Lam. KUH-353 |
Sohanjna | Moringaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Whole plant | Cut their root and boil in water after these add milk into this water and drink which break the kidney stone | As needed |
| |||||||
Morus alba L. KUH-354 |
Toot | Moraceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruit | Eat their fruits, which provide the energy to the heart | As needed |
| |||||||
Nannorrhops ritchieana Griff. KUH-355 |
Mazri | Palmae | Shrub/nonendemic | Wild/cultivated | Leaves | Mostly their leaves are used to boil and then this juice is used orally for carminative and veterinary treatment | |
| |||||||
Ocimum basilicum L. KUH-356 |
Niazbo | Lamiaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Seeds and leaves | Fresh leaves of mint, niazboo, Fennel fruit, and green tea are boiled and used for gastrointestinal and respiratory infections | As needed |
| |||||||
Oxalis corniculata L. KUH-357 |
Khatti boti | Oxalidaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | Extract of whole plant is used orally for blood purification | As needed |
| |||||||
Peganum harmala L. KUH-358 |
Harmal | Zygophyllaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Leaves and seeds | Little quantity of seeds with table salt is taken along water for expectorant. May be taken up to few days [4] | Dose depends on disease severity |
| |||||||
Phoenix dactylifera L. KUH-359 |
Khajoor | Palmae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Leaflets (spines) | Leaflets are grinded to powder and water boiled. The filtrate is orally taken in case of pain [4] | As needed |
| |||||||
Plantago ovata Forsk. KUH-360 |
Ispaghula | Plantaginaceae | Shrub/nonendemic | Wild | Seeds | At night, seeds (approx 12 g) are orally taken along with milk for constipation. Seeds (approx 12 g) along with sugar and a glass water are thoroughly mixed and is effective for jaundice [4] | Twice a day |
| |||||||
Polygonum barbatum L. KUH-361 |
Karaveera | Polygonaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | The plants are grinded to form a paste, which is then applied on the area affected [28] | Three days |
| |||||||
Portulaca oleracea L. KUH-362 |
Lunrak | Portulacaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Seeds | Seeds of this plant along with Argyreia speciosa and Coriander are taken in equal amount. Further a table spoon sugar is also mixed with it and is crushed to powder, which is effect for night emission [28] | 10 gram of this powder is taken along water two times a day [28] |
| |||||||
Punica granatum L. KUH-363 |
Anar | Punicaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruit | Crushed dried fruits are mixed with water and orally given to children | Two times a days |
| |||||||
Raphanus sativus L. KUH-364 |
Mooli | Brassicaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Roots and edible parts | Paste of root is formed and used for skin infections | Two times a day |
| |||||||
Ricinus communis L. KUH-365 |
Hernoli | Euphorbiaceae | Shrub/nonendemic | Wild | Leaves and fruit | Heat the leaves and fruits and then they release the oil, which is leaped on the desired place or organs where pain is feeling | As needed |
| |||||||
Rosa indica Lindl, Ros. Monogr. KUH-366 |
Gulab | Rosaceae | Shrub/nonendemic | Cultivated | Flower | Fresh petals are mixed with sugar to make gulqand and kept in bottle and used for stomach disorders | As needed |
| |||||||
Saccharum bengalense Retz. KUH-367 |
Kana | Poaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Leaves | Leaves ash is combined with water and left for one hour so as the ash become settle into bottom. The water filtrate is orally given to livestock and animals suffering from the disease of urine retention [28] | As needed |
| |||||||
Salvadora oleoides Decne. KUH-368 |
Jal | Salvadoraceae | Tree/nonendemic | Wild | Fruit | The fruits of this plant are taken before the breakfast. It has been observed that before or after eating of Salvadora, eat water melon as it is useful [4] | For one week |
| |||||||
Salvadora persica L. KUH-369 |
Peelu | Salvadoraceae | Shrub/nonendemic | Wild | Bark | Bark is boiled in water taken as tea commonly used as a purifying agent | As needed |
| |||||||
Solanum surattense Burm. f. KUH-370 |
Kandari | Solanaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | Dried fruits' powder is consumed with water for in treating piles. Moreover, fresh plants are water boiled (3 times more than fresh plant weight). Water filtrate combined with sugar is forming a sap, which is used as blood purifier and for Eczema [4] | Sap is used two times a day for an extended period of two months [28] |
| |||||||
Solanum nigrum L. KUH-371 |
Makko | Solanaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Leaves and fruits | Ripe fruit is orally given particularly if one has constipation. Moreover, past from this plant is used dermally in case of headaches and rheumatism. Juice from this plant is effective in dysentery and fever | As needed |
| |||||||
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. KUH-372 |
Khagal | Tamaricaceae | Shrub/nonendemic | Cultivated | Bark, leaves and twigs | Leaves ashes are water mixed. Soon after some times, a filtrate is taken then and boiled, which after complete evaporation gives salt left. One gram of this salt is consumed along with Shurbat-e-Bazoori. Effective against jaundice. Secondly, leaves are water boiled and the water is thrown away while the hot leaves are applied to the wounded area [28] | Two times a day for a period needed towards recovery of jaundice. For wound healing it used for one week [28] |
| |||||||
Thuja occidentalis L. KUH-373 |
Thuja | Cupressaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Cultivated | Leaves | Boil their leaves in the water and then wash the mouth with this water it provide rapid relief in dental pain. Fresh leaves are burned and their smoke decrease temperature in fever | As needed |
| |||||||
Tribulus terrestris L. KUH-374 |
Bhakra, Gokhru | Zygophyllaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Fruit | The fruits are grounded to powder and then mix sugar as per the need. It is used orally for urinary infection [4] | Four times in a day for 3 months |
| |||||||
Viola stocksii Boiss. KUH-375 |
Makhanr booti | Violaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Whole plant | Whole of this plant along its seeds are crushed to powder and use for sex related issues [4] | 2 g of its powder and butter (one tea spoon) is taken before breakfast till needed [4] |
| |||||||
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal. KUH-376 |
Akri | Solanaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Wild | Fruit | Fruits are soaked in water and left for overnight. The soaked fruits are squeezed in the morning and the water is filtered, which is used for blood purification. One dried fruit is kept in teeth having pain. 5-6 fruit are taken with water like tablet for abdominal pain [4] | A cup of water is taken before breakfast for a duration as per need [4] |
| |||||||
Zea mays Linn. KUH-377 |
Makkai | Poaceae | Herb/nonendemic | Cultivated | Fruit | Dry fruit is crushed and make flour, which is used for digestion | As needed |
| |||||||
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. KUH-378 |
Ber | Rhamnaceae | Tree/nonendemic | Wild/cultivated | Leaves and fruits | Eat their fruit which is helpful in treatment of diarrhoea as well as for blood purification. Paste of leaves is used for hair growth | As needed |
References
- 1.Mussarat S., AbdEl-Salam N. M., Tariq A., Mehmood Wazir S., Ullah R., Adnan M. Use of ethnomedicinal plants by the people living around Indus river. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;2014:14. doi: 10.1155/2014/212634.212634 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]