Abstract
Background
Epidemiology of cervical spine fractures (CSfx) in trauma patients of general population is not yet exclusively known.
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of CSfx in trauma patients.
Patients and Methods
Data from trauma patients admitted in the emergency room (ER) of Shiraz Shahid Rajaei hospital during the 3.5 years period from September 22, 2009 to March 21, 2013, were gathered. All trauma patients with CSfx and/or spinal cord injuries were included in the study. The time of the trauma, mechanism of trauma, injury position, and incidence of cervical spine fractures in the patients were recorded.
Results
A total of 469 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients was 34.7 years old, with a minimum age of 16 years old and a maximum age of 89 years old. Young adults were most frequently affected. Out of 469 cases, 368 patients (78.47%) were male and 101 (21.53%) were female. We had a total of 17 SCI cases among our patients (3.62%), out of which 5 (29.41%) were deceased. The total number of deaths in our study was 29 (6.18%); 5 (17.24%) with SCI and 24 (82.76%) without SCI.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that most victims of CSfx in our region are 16 to 40 years of age. A male predominance was observed, and motor vehicle collisions were the most frequent trauma mechanism leading to cervical spine injury (mostly due to car rollover accidents), with falls as the second most frequent. The rate of SCI in our study was 3.62% of all cases and the mortality rate was 6.18%.
Keywords: Cervical Spinal Fractures, Spinal Cord Injury, Trauma, Epidemiology
1. Background
Documentation of trauma injuries plays a great role in the prevention and management of trauma by giving us clues and general overviews of trauma injuries. It helps to expand the initiative of trauma injury control and prevention in our area, build up new protocols of trauma management, facilitate our trauma centers, and utilize our resources more efficiently (1-3).
Speaking of the trauma documentation, epidemiology of traumatic cervical spine fractures (CSfx) is not yet well-known among the general population (4). Searching among published papers and literature, we found a few articles, including a 1996 study performed by Hu et al. in Canada that described the incidence of spine fractures in a general population. They estimated this incidence rate to be 64/100,000 (5, 6). Based on what they promulgated, the incidence rate of cervical spine fractures can be estimated to be 12/100,000.
Timely spinal immobilization and prompt detection of these injuries during primary and secondary survey is important as this can help to avoid additional injury to the spinal cord. Identification and assessment of cervical spine injury during initial trauma evaluation is challenging as patients often present with a decreased level of consciousness because of concurrent head injury, sedative and analgesic medication, or endotracheal intubation. Clinical decision rules in these circumstances are then helpful tools for proper management (7).
CSfx has more male victims than females (8-17). Age-wise, the highest incidence rate is reported to be among patients aged 15 to 45 years, with a second peak in those aged 65 to 80 years (8, 9, 12, 14, 18-20).
Most articles report motor vehicle accidents to be the most common mechanism of injury leading to cervical spine injury (8, 13, 17, 21, 22). Some others report falls as the most frequent (15, 18, 19). Spinal cord injury (SCI) is reported to occur in 10 to 50% of cases of CSfx (5, 6, 8, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23).
However, it must be borne in mind that the abovementioned relationships shown between CSfx and gender, age, trauma mechanism, head injury, and SCI are extracted from studies of subpopulations of trauma patients, hence not attributable to the general population.
2. Objectives
Hereby, we performed a study retrospectively on data collected from the medical records in the data registry of the Shahid Rajaei hospital, Shiraz, Iran, to determine the incidence of CSfx in a general population in all age ranges and both genders, and to show and describe different mechanisms of trauma leading to SCI. Also, as a secondary goal, we would also be able to compare our data with other centers in our country or even with international data available to provide a more helpful outlook of our situation.
3. Patients and Methods
This study was actually a data extraction from classified data of trauma patients admitted in the emergency room (ER) of Shiraz Shahid Rajaei hospital, a level I trauma center in Southwest Iran with an ongoing 24hr accessible ER which with a huge load of trauma patients monthly, during the 3.5 years period from September 22, 2009 to March 21, 2013.
The primary outcome was CSfx and dislocations, or cervical SCI. All trauma patients with CSfx and/or spinal cord injuries were included in the study. Patients with non-traumatic brain injury, minor blunt and penetrating injuries, and single uncomplicated limb injuries were excluded. Also, injuries to the brachial plexus; trauma to other parts of the vertebrae such as disc, spinous, and transverse processes; nerve root; and strains of the spine were all excluded.
All demographic data was gathered from the data bank. The time of the trauma, mechanism of trauma, injury position, and existence of SCI in patients were also recorded. The Statistical Package for Social Science, SPSS for Windows, version 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis.
4. Results
Over a period of 3.5 years, 469 patients, who were admitted in the ER of Shahid Rajaei hospital, met the inclusion criteria by having a cervical spine fracture, which was found in the primary and secondary survey. The mean age of patients was 34.68 years old, with a minimum age of 16 years old and a maximum age of 89 years old.
Data of each year of the study was separately analyzed alongside a total study population survey. Of course, since we gathered only six months of data in 2009, the total number of cases was less than in other years. Therefore, we did not aim to compare all four years’ statistics together.
As it can be seen in the Table 1, young people comprised the largest portion of the cases. Out of 469 cases, 368 patients (78.47%) were male and 101 (21.53%) were female.
Table 1. Number of Cases in Divided Age Ranges in Each Year of Study.
| Age Range | 2009 (2nd Half) | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15 - 25 | 8 | 22 | 56 | 62 |
| 26 - 35 | 13 | 20 | 51 | 40 |
| 36 - 45 | 2 | 13 | 28 | 22 |
| 46 - 55 | 3 | 15 | 25 | 24 |
| 56 - 65 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 17 |
| 66 - 75 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 |
| 76 - 85 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| 86 - 95 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 33 | 80 | 181 | 175 |
We had a total of 17 SCI cases among our patients (3.62%), out of which 5 (29.41%) were deceased. Furthermore, the total number of deaths was 29 in our study (6.18%); 5 (17.24%) with SCI and 24 (82.76%) without SCI. Separate data about SCI and death cases of each year are shown in Figure 1 and Table 2.
Figure 1. Number of Victims of Each Gender Along With the Total Number of SCI in Each Year of Study.
Table 2. Number of Expired Cases in Each Year Along With Number of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Among Them.
| 2009 (2nd Half) | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Deaths | 1 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 29 |
| Number of Deaths having SCI | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
Abbreviation: SCI, spinal cord injury.
As mentioned earlier, we also took record of the victims’ position and situation during motor vehicle accidents so that we would be able to see that most of our victims, as shown in Table 3, were four-wheel vehicle riders (64.9%). We also had 19 cases (4.05%) of CSfx due to fall from a determined or unknown height (Table 3).
Table 3. Number of CSfx Victims of Fall, Motor Vehicle Accident, and Other Causes in Each Year of Study.
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4-wheel vehicle rider | 24 | 40 | 92 | 90 | 246 |
| Motorcyclist | 3 | 18 | 35 | 37 | 93 |
| Pedestrian | 2 | 7 | 8 | 23 | 40 |
| Falls from determined height | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Falls from unknown height | 0 | 5 | 22 | 19 | 46 |
| Stab Wound | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Fight | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Blunt trauma with objects | 0 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 8 |
| Gun Shot Wound | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Other types of trauma leading to CSfx in our study were stab wounds, fights, blunt trauma with objects, and gunshot wounds, among which blunt trauma with solid objects constituted the most cases (50%) (Table 3). In Table 3, the number of patients does not total 469 because we had missing data in 21 patients.
As one of the main purposes of our study, we were able to classify our cases according to their various mechanisms of trauma. The most common mechanisms of trauma was car rollover (182 cases, 46.78%), followed by car-to-car accidents (97 cases, 24.93%) and-car tomotor accidents (57 cases, 14.65%) (Table 4).
Table 4. Distribution of Mechanism of Injury in Vehicle Accidents (only) in Each Year of Study.
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bicycle to pedestrian | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Motorcycle to pedestrian | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
| Car to pedestrian | 1 | 6 | 14 | 22 |
| Heavy vehicle to pedestrian | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Train to pedestrian | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bicycle to Motorcycle | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Car to Bicycle | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Heavy vehicle to Bicycle | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Motor to Motor | 1 | 2 | 5 | 0 |
| Car to Motor | 2 | 8 | 24 | 23 |
| Motor Turnover | 0 | 7 | 6 | 14 |
| Car to Car | 8 | 16 | 37 | 36 |
| Car Turnover | 15 | 22 | 55 | 90 |
| Car to Objects | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bus Turnover | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 29 | 65 | 145 | 150 |
5. Discussion
Assessments of the epidemiology of trauma and the recording and classification of this type of data have been done worldwide in recent decades. It will certainly guide us through a wide variety of choices in trauma care and management. In developing countries, it is critical to know and predict how to use limited facilities to be able to benefit all patients. This sort of data classification may also be useful in helping us make comparisons among statistics from different trauma centers, or even international data presented in other studies.
In our study, we observed a male predominance among our patient population (78.5%). This could mostly be due to the engagement of the male gender in more hazardous vocations; their tendency to do their handwork themselves at home or work, even if they do not have the expertise required; or the fact that males constitute more vehicle riders than females in Iran. Moreover, some other studies in different countries with varying cultures have also shown the same results (8-17).
As one could notice, number of cases has increased in the last years, compared to the first two years. This could be due to either an increase in the number of motor vehicles and cyclists in our city or the progress in our data gathering system, which has covered more cases than the past. The latter could be counted as one of our limitations, since our data gathering protocols have not been perfect in the past.
The age distribution of our cases reveals the highest frequency of cervical spine fracture among those aged 16 - 40 years. We also found a decreasing incidence with increasing age. Other former reports found the third decade of life, or ages of 15 - 45 years, to be more strongly associated with an increased risk of cervical spine injury as well (8, 9, 14, 18, 20). Some authors, however, have also reported a second peak at age 65 - 80 (12, 19, 20), which was not that high among our cases. Some recent reports indicate a trend during recent decades of an increasing median age of spine trauma patients and a shift towards falls as the most frequent mechanism of injury (11, 17).
Our study showed that, in our region, motor vehicle collisions are the most frequent trauma mechanism leading to cervical spine injury, with falls the second most frequent (8, 13, 17, 21, 22). A number of authors report the same findings that we do regarding trauma mechanism (15, 18, 19). Among motor vehicle accidents, the most common mechanisms of trauma was car rollover (182 cases, 46.78%), followed by car-to-car accidents (97 cases, 24.93%) and car-to-motor accidents (57 cases, 14.65%). However, a study performed in Norway showed the contrary, as fall-related injuries were observed in more than half of their patients (24).
The incidence of cervical SCI in the setting of a cervical spine fracture is reported to be 12% - 50% (5, 6, 8, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23). In Hu’s study, this incident accounted for 10% of the patient population. But, surprisingly, the incidence rate of SCI in our cases was just 3.62%.
5.1. Conclusions
Our retrospective study showed numbers of CSfx cases in the period of 3.5 years. This data demonstrated that most victims in our region are 16 to 40 years old and the incidence decreases with rising age. A male predominance was observed, and motor vehicle collisions were the most frequent trauma mechanism leading to cervical spine injury, with falls the second most frequent. The rate of SCI in our study was 3.62% of all cases and the mortality rate was 6.18%. We suggest other prospective studies for assessing and predicting the risk factors for the CSfx.
Acknowledgments
Here, we would like to thank Leyla Shayan, M.S, for helping us analyze our data. We would also like to thank the nurses of the emergency room and the staff of the archives department of Shahid Rajaei Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, who cooperated eagerly with us to perform this study. Hereby, we declare that none of the authors of this paper has any financial or other relationships that may lead to conflict of interest.
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