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. 2016 Nov 14;10(3):685–692. doi: 10.1159/000452654

Possible Noninvasive Biomarker of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Clinical and Experimental Evidence

Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah a, Murli Manohar a, Alok K Verma a, Uwe Blecker b, Anil Mishra a
PMCID: PMC5126594  PMID: 27920662

Abstract

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) diagnosis and follow-up response to therapy is based on repeated endoscopies and histological examination for eosinophils/HPF. The procedure is invasive and risky in particular for the pediatric population. Presently, there is no highly sensitive and specific noninvasive blood test available to monitor the disease pathogenesis. Reports indicate the expression of PDL1 (CD274) on the eosinophils in allergic patients. Herein, we report that CD274-expressing and -nonexpressing eosinophils were detected in both examined pediatric and adult EoE patients. We show that CD274 expression on blood eosinophils and blood mRNA expression levels increase in the blood of EoE patients and decrease following treatment. These observations are consistent with the esophageal eosinophilia of before and after treatment in both examined patients. These two clinical and experimental analysis reports provide the possibility that the CD274 mRNA and CD274-expressing esinophil levels may be novel possible noninvasive biomarkers for EoE.

Keywords: Eosinophilic esophagitis, Noninvasive Biomarker, CD274 (PDL1)

Introduction

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergen-induced T cell-mediated disease and is differentiated from reflux esophagitis (GERD) by the magnitude of mucosal eosinophilia, presence of intraepithelial eosinophils and epithelial cell hyperplasia, and the lack of response to acid suppression [1, 2]. EoE is an emerging entity throughout the world, as documented by recent case series from developed countries [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Despite the increased incidence of EoE, there is no novel noninvasive diagnosis of the disease that differentiates EoE from GERD. The NIH PubMed review indicates that approximately 26 studies are published in between 2006 and 2014 that propose a number of molecules as biomarkers from tissue biopsies and serum samples of EoE and non-EoE patients [13]. These molecules include eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, eotaxin-3, interleukin-5 (IL)-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, eosinophil peroxidase, absolute eosinophil count, mast cells, TSLP, tumor necrosis factor including transcripts of KBP51, and microRNAs 21 and 223 [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21]. Interestingly, no difference in the predicted biomarker levels before and after treatment was validated as reliable noninvasive biomarker for the EoE [21]. Still, after two decades of investigation, EoE diagnostic criteria are based on biopsy eosinophil count (>15 eosinophils/high-power field, HPF), upon at least 6 weeks of adequate dosages of proton pump inhibitors to block gastric acid secretion [22]. An expert panel established as part of the First International Group of EoE Researchers (FIGERS) recommends this criterion of diagnosis [23]. Thus, there is an urgent need to continue with innovative fundamental studies to uncover new possibilities for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. More recently, CD274 expression was implicated on eosinophils and its role in allergic diseases [24, 25, 26] and we recently observed that human blood has both CD274 expressing (CD274+) and not expressing (CD274–) eosinophils in normal individuals and EoE patients. Herein, we present the case reports of one pediatric and one adult EoE patients that show induced PDL1 (CD274)-expressing eosinophils and induced PDL1 mRNA levels, which reduces to the normal level following the treatment. The observation of our current two EoE patients indicates that CD274 may be a novel molecule for monitoring EoE following treatment. These findings have to be established and need attention from health care providers to monitor this preliminary observations in large patient populations.

Methods

Flow Cytometer Analysis

Patients’ blood eosinophils were analyzed as per the approved IRB protocol. The total blood cells were examined after staining with anti-CCR3, anti-Siglec-8, and anti-CD274 antibodies. 2 × 105 events of Siglec-8 and CCR3 double positive eosinophils were gated to identify CD274-expressing or -nonexpressing eosinophil populations in the patient's blood. Data were acquired with a BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and analyzed with FlowJo software version 7.1 (Tree Star).

Real-Time PCR Analysis

The blood RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer's protocol. The precipitated RNA was harvested by centrifugation, washed in 70% ethanol, dried, and suspended in sterile diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water. RNA (2 μg) prepared as described was subjected to DNase I treatment (Invitrogen) and reverse transcribed using a First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit for RT-PCR (avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase; Roche Diagnostics). cDNA (1 μL) was subjected to TaqMan (Q) PCR using a FAM-labeled probe and CD274 primers. No-reverse transcriptase and no-template controls were used and mouse GAPDH was used as the endogenous control. Transcripts at each time point were normalized to GAPDH. Values were expressed in relative expression (fold change). The primers that were used in the study were CD274: F-5′-CAT TTG CTG AAC GCC CCA TA-3′; R-5′-TCT TGG AAT TGG TGG TGG TG-3′, and GAPDH: F-5′-TGC ACC ACC AAC TGC TTA-3′; R-5′-GGA TGC AGG GAT GAT GTT C-3′.

Results

We report clinical histories and blood eosinophil analysis of one pediatric and one adult patient, which indicates CD274 (PDL1)-expressing and -nonexpressing eosinophils with a significant increase in the fraction of CD274-expressing eosinophils. Herein, we present the details of both patients’ clinical characteristic and blood analysis.

Pediatric Patient

An 18-month-old female patient with vomiting and reflux came to the Tulane Hospital Clinic. She had no previous history of any allergic and family histories of atopic diseases. Laboratory testing showed a white blood count of 6.3 × 103/μL with 10% eosinophils (absolute eosinophils 0.63 × 103/μL). The upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy detected abnormal esophageal surface including redness and friability in the distal half of the esophagus. We examined proximal and distal esophagus biopsies for tissue eosinophilia and observed heavy eosinophilic infiltration in the esophageal mucosa. The eosinophil level in the esophageal biopsy was ∼100 eosinophils/HPF. Therefore, based on clinical characteristics and endoscopic and histological biopsy evaluation, the patient was diagnosed as EoE. The 18-month-old female patient was on complete avoidance of milk, egg, and soy with Gastrocrom and Omeprazole for 3 months, which showed significant improvement on clinical symptoms. The clinical improvement was further confirmed by repeat histological esophageal biopsy evaluation. The eosinophil level in the biopsy was found significantly decreased (∼30–32 eosinophils/HPF), which indicated the patient responded to the treatment. Since then, a recent report indicated that the eosinophils of asthma patients express CD274 [24]; therefore, we examined the expression of CD274 in the blood eosinophils of both patients. Herein, we report that our blood eosinophil analysis detected CD274+ and CD274– eosinophils in the blood of the patients (Fig 1D). The CD274-expressing blood eosinophils were 45% before the treatment, which significantly decreased to 20% after the treatment (Fig 1E). Further, we also found that the relative expression of CD274 mRNA level in the blood also decreased ∼3-fold following treatment (Fig 1F).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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CD274 expression in the blood of the pediatric EoE patient. A representative flow cytometer dot blot analysis shows anti-CCR3 and anti-Siglec-8 double positive eosinophils in the blood (A), expression of CD274 on blood eosinophils pre-treatment (B) and post-treatment (C), and anti-CD274 matched IgG isotype on CCR3 and Siglec-8 double positive eosinophils (D). The quantitative absolute number of CD274-expressing eosinophils (E) and PCR analysis of the relative expression of CD274 mRNA levels (F) in the blood of the pediatric EoE patient pre- and post-treatment.

Adult Patient

Second, we report a similar observation in an adult 20-year-old male patient, who came to our faculty with dysphagia, swallowing difficulty, and food impaction. He has no family history of atopic disease like asthma. Laboratory testing showed white blood count 15.8 × 103/μL with 12% eosinophil (absolute eosinophils 1.85 × 103/μL). Upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy detected abnormal esophageal surface including longitudinal furrows. The eosinophil level in the esophageal biopsy was ∼100–130 eosinophils/HPF; therefore, based on clinical characteristics, endoscopic findings, and histological biopsy evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with EoE. Further, we treated the patient on avoidance of beef, pork, egg, peanut, milk, and tomato and Plumicort for 6 months, which showed significant improvement in the patient's clinical symptoms. The improvement of the disease was further confirmed by the evaluation of repeat histological biopsies. The eosinophil levels in the biopsy of this patient showed a significantly decreased level of ∼20–25 eosinophils/HPF. Interestingly, like the pediatric patient, this adult patient also showed CD274 (PDL1)-expressing and -nonexpressing eosinophils in the blood (Fig 2D). The fraction of CD274-expressing blood eosinophils was 75% pre-treatment and this significantly decreases to 23% after the treatment (Fig 2E). Further, we also found that the relative expression of CD274 mRNA in the blood also decreased ∼8-fold following treatment (Fig 2F).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Open in a new tab

CD274 expression in the blood of the adult EoE patient. A representative flow cytometer dot blot analysis shows anti-CCR3 and anti-Siglec-8 double positive eosinophils in the blood (A), expression of CD274 on blood eosinophils pre-treatment (B) and post-treatment (C), and anti-CD274 matched IgG isotype on CCR3 and Siglec-8 double positive eosinophils (D). The quantitative absolute number of CD274-expressing eosinophils (E) and PCR analysis of the relative expression of CD274 mRNA levels (F) in the blood of the adult EoE patient pre- and post-treatment.

Discussion

The programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) is a 40-kDa type 1 transmembrane protein that has been speculated to play a major role in suppressing the immune system during particular events such as pregnancy, tissue allografts, and autoimmune disease as well as allergic diseases [24, 27, 28, 29, 30]. PDL1 is also recognized as an activation and maturation marker of T cells [31, 32]. The increased number of PDL1 (CD274)-expressing blood eosinophils in both reported pediatric and adult EoE patients indicates that CD274+ eosinophils may be more mature, activated eosinophils that following successful treatment decrease in parallel with both patients’ improved EoE. The increase in CD274-expressing eosinophils is consistent with the increased blood mRNA relative expression of CD274 (PDL1) in both patients followed by significant decrease following the treatment. Notably, the increased fraction of CD274 mRNA expression and CD274 eosinophils is consistent in the patients. The adult 20-year-old patient showed a much larger fraction of CD274-expressing eosinophils and higher mRNA levels compared to the 18-month-old pediatric patient, which shows the significance of CD274 expression for the chronic disease pathogenesis. Both EoE patient case studies and their blood eosinophil analysis for the first time show a strong relation between CD274 expression on eosinophils and histological esophageal biopsy findings. EoE is a new entity with no reliable noninvasive diagnostic tools to help clinicians differentiate EoE from other conditions like GERD. Blood tests are not used for EoE diagnosis; however, these two case reports and their blood analysis for the first time indicate that blood test may be useful for the diagnosis of EoE. Taken together, both case reports indicate that pre- and post-treatment analysis of blood CD274 mRNA levels as well as the fraction of CD274+ eosinophils may be a predictive possible noninvasive biomarker for EoE and needs detailed investigation in a large population of established reliable noninvasive biomarker for human EoE.

Authors’ Contributions

Sathisha Upparahalli Venkateshaiah, flow cytometer data acquisition and analysis. Murli Manohar, blood mRNA isolation and PCR analysis. Alok K. Verma, blood ELISA analysis. Uwe Blecker, patients’ characteristics, endoscopic evaluation, tissue provided for analysis. Anil Mishra, study design and draft including manuscript writing and data interpretation.

Statement of Ethics

The patients’ consent was taken to use tissue samples for investigation and report the findings.

Disclosure Statement

No author has any financial interest or conflict of interest.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the grants NIH R01 AI080581 (A.M.). We thank Christine Glynn, RN, and the research coordinators for their efforts in IRB approval and enrolling the patients, collecting the samples, and recording and providing the patients characteristics.

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