Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Cerebral Tumors: A Case Report

Abstract

In their daily clinical practice, physicians have to confront diagnostic dilemmas which cannot be resolved by the application of only one imaging technique. In this case report, we present a 66-year-old woman who was admitted to our institution for the surgical resection of a recently diagnosed brain tumor. The patient had a history of epileptic seizures and was hospitalized in the past for anti-phospholipid syndrome related to a non-Hodgkin lymphoma in remission. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination revealed an enhancing right parasagittal lesion with significant edema suggestive of a high grade glioma. Advanced MRI techniques including proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) showed findings compatible of glioma. An additional examination was performed as part of a protocol that we are routinely performing in our institution for all brain tumors including not only the gold standard advanced MRI techniques but also single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with technetium-99m (Tc99m). Brain SPECT indicated the presence of a meningioma which was verified by the histopathology of the resected specimen. In conclusion, a multimodality approach for the pre-surgical assessment of brain tumors has significant advantages not only for the diagnosis but also for the evaluation of intracranial tumors histology.

Introduction

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), firstly introduced for clinical use in 1990, was recognized as one of the most promising tools in detecting metabolic activity profiles that could help in non-invasive histological discrimination of brain tumors [1]. Since then and for the last decades, MRS combined with other magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) advanced techniques such as perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has become a routine pre-surgical evaluation method of intracranial tumors [2-10]. In addition, MRS is popularized among scientists as a valuable diagnostic modality in several other pathological conditions such as hypoxia-ischemia in neonates, head trauma, epilepsy, leukodystrophies and metabolic diseases [11, 12].

The definition of tumor histology and grade is very important for the treatment strategizing. Despite its high performance, MRS solely or in combination with other advanced MRI techniques cannot resolve differential diagnostic dilemmas in some cases. A possible solution to this problem would be the supplemental use of other imaging modalities which could contribute significantly to the recognition of the tumor histopathological profile.

In this case report, we present an interesting case of a 66-year-old woman who had a supratentorial intracranial lesion with MRI characteristics similar to glioma. The combination of MRS and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with technetium-99m (Tc99m) led to the pre-operative diagnosis of a meningioma which was confirmed by the histopathological analysis of the tumor specimen.

Case Report

A 66-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for scheduled resection of a right parasagittal brain lesion. She had a history of epileptic seizures and anti-phospholipid syndrome related to a non-Hodgkin lymphoma in remission. The patient underwent brain MRI, ¹H-MRS and brain SPECT as part of a protocol which was based on the collaboration of the Departments of Medical Physics, Radiology and Neurosurgery aiming to study the combination of brain SPECT and MRI advanced techniques in the amelioration of brain tumor diagnosis. A 3-Tesla MRI scanner (GE, Healthcare, Signa^® HDx) was used. ¹H-MRS study was feasible through two different spectroscopy imaging protocols: proton brain exam (PROBE) single voxel (SV) and two-dimensional multivoxel (2D chemical shift imaging (CSI)) spectroscopy. The used sequence was point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) pulse with phase encoding gradients towards two directions, automatic and manual shimming and Gaussian water suppression. A single voxel with a volume less than 3.4 mL was cautiously obtained from the tumor area away from the tumor margins by applying measurements of 1,500/35 m/s (TR/TE) and using 128 signal acquisitions (Nacq). 2D CSI technique was applied to the measurements of 1,000/144 m/s (TR/TE) by using 16 × 16 phase encoding steps, with a thickness of 10 mm based on the patient’s intracranial topography. The duration of spectroscopy in both imaging protocols did not exceed the 4 - 5 min. Besides the tumor area, spectroscopic images were obtained also from the healthy brain tissue (Table 1). The localization of the desirable voxel area was retrospectively feasible through sagittal, axial and coronal images with T1-weighted FSE, T2-weighted FLAIR and T2-weighted imaging sequences. Contrast agent was used after the completion of the spectroscopy for the optimization of our surgical planning as these images were intergrated to our neuronavigation system.

Table 1. The Ratios of NAA/Cr, Chol/Cr, and Chol/NAA According to the Performed ¹H-MRS Study.

	Lesion site (right hemisphere)	Normal brain tissue (left hemisphere)	Deviation
NAA/Cr	1.56	1.63	(-) 4
Chol/Cr	4.05	1.15	(+) 252
Chol/NAA	2.03	0.709	(+) 186

Chol: choline; Cr: creatinine; NAA: N-acetylaspartate.

The brain SPECT was performed 20 - 30 min after intravenous injection of 925MBq (25mCi) tracer activity. The Myoview^TM (General Electric Healthcare Ltd) was used for the preparation of the radiopharmaceutical which reconstituted with Tc-99m pertechnetate (99mTcO_4-) sterile solution in the Department of Nuclear Medicine. The processing and fusion of the obtained images was performed through the Xeleris Workstation (GE Healthcare).

According to conventional MRI examination, an enhancing right parasagittal brain lesion with significant edema was recognized. MRS examination raised the suspicion of glioma based on the metabolic profile at the center of the tumor which indicated high ratio of choline to N-acetylaspartate (Chol/NAA) (Figs. 1, 2). The SPECT examination indicated intense and homogenous uptake of the radiopharmaceutical, with notably high standardized uptake value (SUV), supporting the diagnosis of meningioma (Fig. 3). The patient underwent a right fronto-parietal craniotomy and her tumor was completely resected. The histopathological analysis of our specimen indicated the diagnosis of a meningioma grade I (Figs. 4, 5). The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and at her last follow-up she is tumor free.

Figure 1.

MRI images in coronal (a), sagittal (b) and axial plane (c) demonstrating the area of the tumor where the voxel of the performed MRS study (d) was obtained.

Figure 2.

¹H-MRS of the tumor area (left) showing the high Chol/NAA ratio in comparison to the normal MRS findings of the opposed normal brain tissue (right).

Figure 3.

Axial images of the performed brain SPECT with technetium-99m (Tc99m) demonstrating high standardized uptake value (SUV).

Figure 4.

The tumor cells form lobules some partly demarcated by thin collagenous septae (hematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification × 10).

Figure 5.

The tumor cells are uniform with oval nuclei with delicate chromatin that on occasion show central clearing or the formation of nuclear inclusions. Psammoma bodies are present (hematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification × 40).

Discussion

In vivo MRS is a well-known imaging MRI technique for the evaluation of tumor histology and grade. The accurate prediction of tumor type based on ¹H-MRS can reach 82.5% and according to the literature, this technique has 100% sensitivity and more that 90% specificity as a diagnostic method [13]. It is based on the detection of specific metabolites such as Chol, NAA, glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), creatinine (Cr), myo-inositol, lactate and lipids [14-18]. NAA is synthesized in the neuronal mitochondria and transported into the cytosol, as well as along the axons of the neurons. It is present primarily in neuronal tissue, thus it is used as a marker of neuronal density and integrity. NAA reduction is observed in neuronal cell death usually seen in gliomas with grade II or more, glioblastomas, lymphomas, metastasis and gliomatosis, whereas in extra-axial tumors, such as meningiomas and schwannomas, NAA is usually absent [14, 16-18]. Chol is involved in cell membrane phospholipids’ synthesis-degradation and its levels are raised in increased cell membrane metabolism or abnormal neuronal cell increase [14, 16-18]. Cr/phosphocreatine is involved in cell energy capacity and decreases in any pathological condition associated with increased metabolic activity [14, 16-18]. Glx is the composite of Glu, Gln and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) peaks. Glu is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and the precursor of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA [14, 16-18]. Myo-inositol is a specific glial marker as it can be found only in glial cells and subsequently in glial tumors where it is increased [14, 16-18]. Lactate is a marker of anaerobic glycolysis and its presence is detected in hypoxic and ischemic conditions, as well as in lesions with high rate of glycolysis and its elevation denotes higher tumor grade [14, 16-18]. At last, free lipids are observed in brain tissue necrosis and their presence is compatible with high grade malignant tumors, metastatic lesions, lymphomas and less with meningiomas [14, 16-18]. The metabolic profile of the brain lesion in our case according to the performed MRS study was characterized by high Chol/NAA ratio, a small increased concentration of lipids and lactate acid, high levels of myo-inositol and finally a small concentration of amino-acids. These findings were suggestive of a glioma.

Brain SPECT with Tc-99m was introduced in 1960s showing markedly the location of the tumor by demonstrating the disruption of the blood barrier in the pathological area [19]. Several radiopharmaceutical agents have been used until today such as Tc-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), Tc-99m glucoheptonate (Tc-99m GHA), thallium-201, Tc-99m tetrofosmin, and Tc-99m sestamibi [19]. The last decades this modality was repeatedly implemented for the detection of tumor recurrence or remnants in high grade gliomas and for brain tumors grading [19-23]. Furthermore, it was proved of significant value in the differentiation between tumor necrosis due to irradiation and recurrence in surgically treated high grade gliomas [24]. In our case, brain SPECT showed intense and homogenous uptake of the radiopharmaceutical with high SUV indicating the presence of a meningioma. According to the reported cases series in the literature, brain SPECT can help in the differentiation between gliomas and benign tumors and between typical and atypical meningiomas [22, 25].

In conclusion, ¹H-MRS with the supplemental information of the brain SPECT provided an accurate pre-surgical diagnosis in our case resolving a significant diagnostic dilemma. It seems that a multi-modality approach in the diagnosis of brain tumors would be of great benefit for the patients and also for the physicians who are involved in patient’s treatment planning.

Conflicts of Interest

None.

Financial Support

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