Table 1.

Summary of early life fructose exposure and cardiometabolic health in rodents.

Fructose Exposure	Species	Age	Metabolic Disorders	Potential Mechanism	Reference
Maternal iso-caloric 10% fructose rich diet during lactation	Sprague Dawley rats	Between 49–60 days	Increased body weight and food intake, enhanced leptinemia, and impaired insulin sensitivity	Disrupted hypothalamic activity: decreased hypothalamic ob-Rb gene expression and STAT-3 phosphorylation	Alzamendi et al. [23]
Maternal 20% of caloric intake from fructose from day 1 of pregnancy until postnatal day 10	Wistar rats	Embryonic day 21 and postnatal day 10	Elevated circulating plasma fructose, insulin, and leptin levels	Placental fructose sensitivity and transfer: glucose transporter 5 and IGF-1	Vickers et al. [24]
Maternal 100 g/L fructose water during pregnancy	Sprague Dawley rats	Postweaning day 5	Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia	Elevated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase	Rawana et al. [25]
Maternal 60% fructose throughout pregnancy and lactation	Sprague Dawley rats	14–23 weeks old	Increased serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and insulin	Increased expression of ACC2 and CPT1α, and decreased expression of PPARα and PGC1-α	Ching et al. [26]
Maternal 10% fructose during pregnancy	C57BL/6J mouse	1 year old	Hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity	Increased expression of PTP1B and JNK	Saad et al. [27]
Maternal 10% fructose during pregnancy	Sprague Dawley rats	60 days	Hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperleptinemia	Reduced adipocyte precursor cells number	Alzamendi et al. [28]
Maternal 10% fructose during before conception and during the mating period	Sprague Dawley rats	At day 20 gestation	Growth, fertility, sex ratio, and birth order	Glycolyzable monosaccharide on the maternal ovary and/or ovulated oocyte	Gray et al. [29]
Maternal 10% fructose before and during gestation and through lactation	Sprague Dawley rats	9 to 14 weeks of age	Hypertension	Vasoconstrictor, anti-natriuretic, or diminished vasodilatory pathways	Gray et al. [30]
60% fructose throughout pregnancy and lactation	Sprague Dawley rats	12 weeks of age	Hypertension	Nitric oxide and arachidonic acid metabolites	Tain et al. [31]
60% fructose throughout pregnancy and lactation	Sprague Dawley rats	12 weeks of age	Hypertension	ACE and MAS	Hsu et al. [32]

STAT-3: signal transducer and activator of transcription-3; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factors-1; ACC2: acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase beta; CPT1a: carnitine palmitoyltransferase; PPARα: peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-α; PGC1-α: PPAR-gamma coactivator 1-α; PTP1B: protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; JNK: phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; MAS: angiotensin (1–7) receptor.