Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of whole-body vibration exercise and plyometric exercise on female volleyball players. [Subjects and Methods] Subjects were randomly allocated to two exercise groups (whole-body vibration exercise group and plyometric exercise group). The exercise was conducted three times each week for 8 weeks. Isokinetic muscular strength, jumping performance, and balance were measured before starting the exercise and after finishing the 8 weeks of exercise. [Results] Measurements of isokinetic muscular strength revealed that the whole-body vibration exercise group showed significant increase after the exercise. However, the plyometric exercise group had no significant increase in lumbar flexion, extension, and knee flexion. Measurements of vertical jumping revealed that, the whole-body vibration exercise group had no significant increase after the exercise. However, the plyometric exercise group showed significant increase. Measurements of balance revealed that, the whole-body vibration exercise group showed significant increase. However, the plyometric exercise group showed no significant increase. [Conclusion] Although both whole-body vibration and plyometric exercises are effective intervention methods, the two methods have different effects on the improvement of isokinetic muscular strength, jumping performance, and balance of female volleyball players.
Keywords: Female volleyball, Whole-body vibration, Plyometric exercise
INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is recognized as one of the most popular sports in the world amongst men and women. It is an increasingly popular team sport1). In recent years, volleyball has witnessed remarkable technical progress, particularly in women’s volleyball, with faster performance and evolving techniques accompanied by changes in the type2).
Most sports require various kinds of high and low muscle strength with fast or slow speed. Plyometric training is widely used as a method to develop explosive power capacity in sports that require jumping ability3). Plyometric training is a type of muscle strength exercise that can improve basic physical strength. It has been extensively studied for its ability of improving exercise performance. It uses muscles’ stretch reflexes and stretch-shortening cycles to develop lower extremity muscles4). Therefore, plyometric training has been used a typical intervention method to enhance muscular function, and power5). However, it might cause musculoskeletal injuries at landing phase6).
Therefore, various kinds of training methods have been implemented in order to improve the muscular power of sports players. Roelants et al. have reported that whole-body vibration exercise is an effective method for improving muscular strength instead of resistance movements. In addition, it is a safe and effective exercise method for improving muscle strength7). Whole-body vibration exercise provides an external stimulus for improving muscular strength, power, and performance in sports players8). Trovinen et al. have reported that whole-body vibration exercise offers a good chance of improving the jumping ability and the muscle strength of lower limbs in 56 healthy adults9). Therefore, it is expected that whole-body vibration exercise can enhance exercise capacity not only in athletes but also in the general population.
However, previous studies have not yet applied whole-body vibration exercises in female volleyball players. Therefore, in the present study, female volleyball players were divided into two groups: the whole-body vibration exercise (WBVE) group and the plyometric exercise (PME) group. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the two exercises on isokinetic muscular strength, jumping performance, and balance ability of female volleyball players.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted among players who were registered and who played for female professional teams that belonged to the Korea Female Volleyball Federation. Study subjects were selected from those who had no orthopedic disease as disease could make it difficult for them to participate in regular games or training for regular games, and those who sufficiently understood the purpose and intent of this study. This study complied with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The subjects agreed to participate in the study after receiving explanations regarding its purpose and procedures. They all signed an informed consent statement before participation. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of Yongin University (2-1040966-AB-N-01-20-1603-HSR-046).
Thirty subjects were initially selected and randomly divided into the whole-body vibration exercise group (WBVE group) or the plyometric exercise group (PME group). A total of 30 study subjects were selected initially. A total of 28 players were considered as final study subjects, after excluding two players who dropped out due to injuries. General characteristics of these subjects are summarized in (Table 1).
Table 1. General characteristics of subjects.
| WBVE group | PME group | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 23.2 ± 2.4 | 23.5 ± 4.2 |
| Height (cm) | 176.7 ± 6.5 | 178.3 ± 6.5 |
| Weight (kg) | 70.3 ± 8.2 | 70.2 ± 8.2 |
| Body fat (%) | 22.9 ± 3.83 | 23.2 ± 4.5 |
WBVE group: whole-body vibration exercise group; PME group: plyometric exercise group. Mean ± SD
In the present study, subjects were divided into the WBVE group and PME group. The exercise was conducted for 50 min, three times per week, for a total of 8 weeks.
The WBVE group performed the exercises utilizing Natural waves. The exercise program consisted of warm-up exercises for 10 minutes, main exercises for 30 minutes, and cool-down exercises for 10 minutes. The 1st and the 2nd weeks were considered as the adaptation period. Three sets of exercises were performed. During the 3rd and the 4th weeks, four sets of exercise were performed. From the 5th week to the 8th week, four sets of exercise were performed with an increasing frequency of vibrations. The vibration frequency was set at 26 Hz during the 1st and 2nd week. From the 3rd week to the 8th week, the vibration frequency was set at 8 Hz. Details of the whole body vibration exercise program is summarized in (Table 2).
Table 2. Whole-body vibration exercise program.
| 1–2 week | 3–4 week | 5–8 week | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Training program position | Stretching | Stretching | Stretching |
| Squat | Squat | Squat | |
| Lunge (front, side) | Lunge (front, side) | Lunge (front, side) | |
| One legged | One legged | One legged | |
| Standing | Standing | Standing | |
| Stretching | Stretching | Stretching | |
| Frequency (Hz) | 26 | 8 | 8 |
| Time (min) | 50 | 50 | 50 |
The plyometric exercise was designed according to the method described by Jastrzebski et al10). Before the intervention, subjects performed warm-up exercises for 20 minutes. After the exercise program began, each motion was limited to 10 times until the 2nd week so that the subjects could adapt to the program. Thereafter, repeat count and sets of exercise were increased. The height of the box was increased from 20 cm to 30 cm after the fifth week. Details of the plyometric exercise program is summarized in (Table 3).
Table 3. Plyometric exercise program.
| Exercise type | 1–2 week | 3–4 week | 5–8 week | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rep. × Series | Sum of jumps | Height (cm) | Rep. × Series | Sum of jumps | Height (cm) | Rep. × Series | Sum of jumps | Height (cm) | |
| Double-legs leap on the spot | 10 × 2 | 20 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Forward single-leg leap | 10 × 4 | 40 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Double-leg vertical jump on the spot | 1 × 4 | 40 | - | 1 × 4 | 48 | - | 12 × 4 | 48 | - |
| Double-leg jump over a hurdle | 1 × 4 | 40 | 20 | 1 × 4 | 48 | 20 | 12 × 4 | 48 | 30 |
| Squat leap (frog leap) | 4 × 4 | 16 | - | 7 × 4 | 28 | - | 7 × 4 | 28 | - |
| Double-leg vertical jump from the squat jumps | - | - | - | 6 × 5 | 30 | - | 6 × 5 | 30 | - |
| Approach run followed by a single-leg and vertical jump | - | - | - | 6 × 4 | 24 | 20 | 6 × 4 | 24 | 30 |
Rep: repetition
To assess muscular strength, isokinetic muscle strengths of the lumbar and knee joints were measured using a Humac (CSMI, USA). Subjects were instructed to perform flexion and extension exercises. Each subject practiced the exercises three times and took rest for three minutes before the measurement. Jumping performance was measured using digital jump meters (Takei, Japan). The vertical jump height with simultaneous explosive power in both legs was measured in units of 0.1 cm using measuring sensors. Jumping was performed a total of three times. The most excellent value was used as the measured value. Romberg’s test was conducted to examine balance ability. Each subject was instructed to stand with the hip joint and knee joint flexed to 90° with eyes closed and both hands placed on the waist. The measurement was conducted three times repeatedly. The average value was used as the measured value.
For data processing, SPSS 20.0 version for Windows software was used. Descriptive statistics were processed using the general characteristics of the subjects. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the changes in muscle strength, jumping ability, and balance. The significance level was set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
Female volleyball players were divided into the WBVE group and the PME group. With respect to measurements of isokinetic muscular strength, the WBVE group showed significant increase in isokinetic muscular strength (p<0.05). The PME group showed no significant increase in the lumbar flexion and extension and knee flexion (p>0.05). However, muscle strength of the knee extension was significantly increased in the PME group (p<0.05) (Table 4).
Table 4. Measurement of isokinetic muscular strength.
| Pre-test | Post-test | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| WBVE group | Lumbar flex (Nm) | 112.0 ± 17.2 | 129.4 ± 15.1* |
| Lumbar ext (Nm) | 197.6 ± 41.8 | 225.1 ± 31.4* | |
| Right knee flex (nm) | 72.3 ± 21.8 | 81.5 ± 17.9* | |
| Right knee ext (nm) | 142.3 ± 32.2 | 184.2 ± 39.7* | |
| Left knee flex (nm) | 73.6 ± 22.5 | 84.7 ± 19.7* | |
| Left knee ext (nm) | 153.1 ± 32.0 | 189.8 ± 36.7* | |
| PME group | Lumbar flex (nm) | 101.9 ± 15.3 | 102.1 ± 18.7 |
| Lumbar ext (nm) | 191.3 ± 38.9 | 185.2 ± 36.8 | |
| Right knee flex (nm) | 64.0 ± 8.7 | 65.6 ± 10.3 | |
| Right knee ext (nm) | 137.0 ± 22.4 | 148.5 ± 16.5* | |
| Left knee flex (nm) | 61.3 ± 8.1 | 62.8 ± 13.4 | |
| Left knee ext (nm) | 134.9 ± 23.0 | 149.1 ± 14.2* | |
Values are mean ± SD. WBVE group: whole-body vibration exercise group; PME group: plyometric exercise group; flex: flexion; ext: extension. *Significant difference between before and after the intervention
With respect to the measurement of vertical jumping, the WBVE group showed no significant increased in vertical jump (p>0.05). However, the PME group showed a significant increase in vertical jump (p<0.05). With respect to the measurement of Romberg’s test, the WBVE group showed a significant increase in the score of the Romberg’s test (p<0.05). However, the PME group showed no significant increase in the score of the Romberg’s test (p>0.05) (Table 5).
Table 5. Measurement of vertical jump and Romberg test.
| Pre-test | Post-test | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| WBVE group | Vertical jump (cm) | 35.0 ± 4.5 | 37.9 ± 6.4 |
| Right Rom test (sec) | 23.8 ± 9.1 | 35.4 ± 18.8* | |
| Left Rom test (sec) | 22.4 ± 15.9 | 38.1 ± 16.7** | |
| PME group | Vertical jump (cm) | 36.0 ± 3.9 | 41.2 ± 43.9* |
| Right Rom test (sec) | 24.5 ± 11.7 | 29.5 ± 18.0 | |
| Left Rom test (sec) | 25.3 ± 15.1 | 31.0 ± 17.8 | |
Values are mean ± SD. WBVE group: whole-body vibration exercise group; PME group: plyometric exercise group. *Significant difference between before and after the intervention
DISCUSSION
The purpose of all sports training is to maximize the physical and mental elements required to perform exercise or play games4). Plyometric exercise has been a typical intervention method for enhancing the muscle power8). However, plyometric training requires careful attention because it requires high level of physical strength. It involves high intensity exercises. Therefore, it is associated with high risk of injuries11). Whole-body vibration exercise is a stable exercise method as it reduces physical stimulation while mechanical stimuli are applied to the muscles12). Therefore, the present study examined the effect of whole-body vibration exercise versus plyometric exercise on female volleyball players.
With respect to the measurement of isokinetic muscular strength, the WBVE group showed significant increase in lumbar flexion and extension, and knee flexion and extension (p<0.05). Rees et al. have reported that vibration training is effective in improving the muscle strength of lower extremities13). Kim et al. have also reported that vibration exercises can stimulate the muscle spindles to recruit more motor units, thereby exerting greater power8). This study also found that whole-body vibration activated proprioceptor (muscle spindle) and positively affected muscle strength ability.
In contrast, the PME group only had significant increase in knee extension (p<0.05), but not in lumbar flexion and extension, or knee flexion (p>0.05). Plyometric exercises are considered to have positive effects on the muscular strength of the extensor muscles of the lower limb rather than on the flexor muscles. Vertical jump was increased in the PME group (p<0.05). The strengthening of the extensor muscles of the lower limb is considered to have positive effect on jumping ability. Park has reported that plyometric exercises can improve jumping ability through instantaneous exertion of elastic energy and stretch reflex of the lower limb with increased muscular strength14). The reason for this occurrence might be due to the fact that plyometric exercise can increase the jumping performance.
The scores of Romberg’s test were significantly increased in the WBVE group (p<0.05). Courtine et al. have reported that vibration exercise can improve the proprioceptive function15). Proprioception maintains the stability and orientation of the body during static and dynamic movements16). Therefore, whole-body vibration in this study appears to have stimulated the proprioceptors, resulting in a positive effect on balance. However, the PME group showed no significant increase in the scores of Romberg’s test (p>0.05), indicating that plyometric exercise alone does not have a positive effect on balance ability.
In the present study, the whole-body vibration exercise had positive effects on isokinetic muscular strength, and balance ability. However, it did not have positive effect on jumping performance. In contrast, the plyometric exercise had positive effects on jumping performance. However, it did not have positive effect on balance. Therefore, we conclude that, although both whole-body vibration exercise and plyometric exercise are effective interventions for female volleyball players, there is a difference in improvement of isokinetic muscular strength, jumping performance, and balance between the two types of exercise.
This study included a limited number of subjects. Therefore, future studies should be performed using a larger number of subjects. Nevertheless, our study demonstrated the importance of whole-body vibration exercise and plyometric exercise in female volleyball players. We hope that diverse training methods will be used to train female volleyball players based on the findings of this study.
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