Abstract
[Purpose] This study aims to verify the effects of visual control whole body vibration exercise on balance and gait function of stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 22 stroke patients were randomly assigned to two groups; 11 to the experimental group and 11 to the control group. Both groups received 30 minutes of Neuro-developmental treatment 5 times per week for 4 weeks. The experimental group additionally performed 10 minutes of visual control whole body vibration exercise 5 times per week during the 4 weeks. Balance was measured using the Functional Reach Test. Gait was measured using the Timed Up and Go Test. [Results] An in-group comparison in the experimental group showed significant differences in the Functional Reach Test and Timed Up and Go Test. In comparing the groups, the Functional Reach Test and Timed Up and Go Test of the experimental group were more significantly different compared to the control group. [Conclusion] These results suggest that visual control whole body vibration exercise has a positive effect on the balance and gait function of stroke patients.
Keywords: Visual control whole body vibration exercise, Balance, Gait
INTRODUCTION
The stroke is infarct and bleeding issue in cerebrevasular terrains and causes reduction of movement and sensational function with neurological problems1). The reduction of movement causes the imbalance on left and right side when stroke happens and serious problem with controlling posture2). Having trouble in balancing and controlling posture gives disability for gait and in daily life3). As gait and balance function is closely related to performance in everyday life, it must be sure that gait and balance function is always improved2, 3). Through training for developing balancing ability of patients with stroke, it can boost physical functions such as by increasing physical ability, preventing falling and improving ability of controlling posture2,3,4). These are really important in rehabilitation of patients with stroke4).
Current methods to improve the balance and gait capability of stroke patients include muscle strengthening exercises, task oriented training, and auditory and visual feedback exercises using unstable surfaces, whole body vibration exercise, and weight movement training5,6,7,8). Recently, visual control whole body vibration exercise has been used as a new form of vestibular sensory stimulation8).
Visual control whole body vibration exercise causes changes in the cerebral hemispheres through stimulating afferent fibers9). While receiving the vibration stimulus, muscles experience small changes in length9). Vibration also excites the spinal reflex through enhancing connections between short spindle-motor neurons and motor nerves10). Activation of muscle spindle receptors by vibration impacts muscles directly receiving the vibration stimulus and adjacent muscles9, 10). Whole body vibration exercise has been reported to improve the balance and gait of the elderly, stroke patients, and patients with Parkinson’s disease8, 11, 12).
We aim to study the effects of visual control whole body vibration exercise on balance and gait function of stroke patients, since there is currently insufficient data on this topic in the literature.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
A total of 22 individuals who were diagnosed with strokes at least 6 months prior to the study based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging results gave informed consent to participate in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups: 11 (8 males and 3 females) to the experimental group and 11 (7 males and 4 females) to the control group. All subjects were able to perform tasks totaling over 24 points on the Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE-K), independently walk over 10 meters, and not have any cognitive or visual impairment or orthopedic disease. All participants were informed about the research purpose and provided informed consent before the experiment. All subjects provided written informed consent prior to participation according to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. Overall conditions of the subjects are as shown in Table 1. For the experimental group, the mean age was 50.9 ± 8.2 years, height was 164.1 ± 5.5 cm, weight was 59.7 ± 7.4 kg, MMSE-K score was 27.7 ± 2.1 points, and onset was 12.3 ± 10.1 years. For the control group, the mean age was 52.2 ± 12.3 years, height was 161.0 ± 8.0 cm, weight was 63.7 ± 9.6 kg, MMSE-K score was 27.5 ± 1.7 points, and onset was 10.6 ± 6.8 years.
Table 1. General characteristics of subjects.
| EG (n=11) | CG (n=11) | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender (male / female) | 8/3 | 7/4 |
| Paretic side (right / left) | 7/4 | 4/7 |
| Age (years) | 50.9 ± 8.2a | 52.2 ± 12.3 |
| Weight (kg) | 59.7 ± 7.4 | 63.7 ± 9.6 |
| Height (cm) | 164.1 ± 5.5 | 161.0 ± 8.0 |
| MMSE-K (score) | 27.7 ± 2.1 | 27.5 ± 1.7 |
| Onset (years) | 12.3 ± 10.1 | 10.6 ± 6.8 |
aMean ± SD, EG: experimental group, CG: control group, MMSE-K: Korean Version of Mini-Mental Status Examination
Both groups received 30 minutes of Neuro-developmental treatment 5 times per week for 4 weeks. In addition, the experimental group performed 10 minutes of visual control whole body vibration exercise wearing an eye patch for visual blockage 5 times per week during the 4 weeks. Visual control whole body vibration was performed using a Galileo tilt table (Novotec Medical, Germany). Subjects maintained a squat posture with a slightly bent hip joint, knee joint, and ankle joint on the footplate of the whole body vibration exercise machine. While standing, the distance between heels was 16.8 cm and the extroversion angle was 9 degrees. The vibrating amplitude was 5 mm and the frequency was set to 25 Hz. For safety, a chest belt was used while performing whole body vibration exercises to prevent falling.
Balance was measured using the Functional Reach Test (FRT) to measure the distance between a start and end point while the subject is raising an arm to a 90 degree angle, stretching to maximum without losing balance. Gait was measured using the Timed up and Go Test (TUGT) to estimate functional motility by measuring time while a subject sitting on an armchair stands up, walks 3 m, and returns to sitting.
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) software. Overall characteristics of the subjects were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The paired t-test was used to compare results before and after the experiment in each group. An independent t-test was conducted to determine differences between the two groups in terms of change before and after the experiment. The significance level was set to α=0.05.
RESULTS
Changes in FRT and TUGT are shown in Table 2. The in-group comparison in the experimental group showed significant differences in FRT and TUGT (p<0.05). In the intergroup comparison, the differences in FRT and TUGT within the experimental group appeared significant relative to the control group (p<0.05).
Table 2. Comparison of the results of the FRT and TUGT between the experimental and control groups.
| Group | Pre | Post | D-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRT | EG | 20.3 ± 5.0 | 26.8 ± 5.1* | 6.4 ± 2.5# |
| (cm) | CG | 18.6 ± 11.1 | 19.4 ± 9.9 | 0.7 ± 4.1 |
| TUGT | EG | 29.9 ± 15.1 | 20.8 ± 13.8* | −9.0 ± 4.0# |
| (sec) | CG | 29.9 ± 17.2 | 28.5 ± 15.9 | −1.4 ± 4.0 |
Mean ± SD, *p<0.05: Significant differences between pre- and post-test, #p<0.05: Significant differences between the EG and the CG groups, D-value: Difference value, EG: experimental group, CG: control group, FRT: Functional Reach Test, TUGT: Timed Up and Go Test
DISCUSSION
This study investigated the effects of visual control whole body vibration exercise on balance and gait of stroke patients. The in-group comparison in the experimental group showed that the balance change was significantly different using the FRT. In comparison between groups, the FRT of the experimental group was significantly improved compared to the control group. Van Nes et al.8) showed that whole body vibration exercise is an effective method to enhance posture control and balance in chronic stroke patients. Han and Shin13) evaluated balance in stroke patients that received balance training with visual blockage and showed that this group experienced significant balance improvement compared to a group allowed vision. These results are consistent with the results of the current study and suggest that visual blockage helps develop other sensory systems that control balance14, 15). It suggests that blocking eyesight could advance the postural control capabilities in stroke patients16). Visual control whole body vibration exercise excites muscle spindles through somatosensory stimulation and activates α-motor neurons, so it is effective in balance improvement17). Accordingly, whole body vibration exercise with visual cue deprivation seemed to enhance the balance of stroke patients.
Gait is one indicator for measuring stroke patients’ capability for daily activities and body function and predicting prognosis18, 19). In this study, gait changes in the in-group comparison in the experimental group showed significant differences using the TUGT. Comparison between groups revealed that the TUGT of the experimental group showed significant improvement compared to the control group. Kim and Kim20) showed that treadmill flank walk training with blocked vision resulted in gait improvement in stroke patients. External signals using vibration also has been reported to enhance the gait of stroke patients21). Performing visual control whole body vibration exercise with blocked vision allowed stimulation of the proprioceptive senses, which is expected to contribute to improve the gait of stroke patients. In conclusion, visual control whole body vibration exercise is effective in improving balance and gait function in stroke patients.
This research has limitations in generalizing the interpretation to all stroke patients since it was conducted within a small pool of subjects. Follow-up studies were not performed, so the after-experiment effects are unknown. Further study is needed with a larger number of patients for a longer time period with follow-up.
REFERENCES
- 1.Camargos AC, Rodrigues-de-Paula-Goulart F, Teixeira-Salmela LF: The effects of foot position on the performance of the sit-to-stand movement with chronic stroke subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2009, 90: 314–319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Ikai T, Kamikubo T, Takehara I, et al. : Dynamic postural control in patients with hemiparesis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2003, 82: 463–469, quiz 470–472, 484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Carr JH, Shepherd RB, Nordholm L, et al. : Investigation of a new motor assessment scale for stroke patients. Phys Ther, 1985, 65: 175–180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Yavuzer G, Eser F, Karakus D, et al. : The effects of balance training on gait late after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 2006, 20: 960–969. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Yoo C, Park J: Impact of task-oriented training on hand function and activities of daily living after stroke. J Phys Ther Sci, 2015, 27: 2529–2531. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Jung JC, Goo BO, Lee DH, et al. : Effects of 3D visual feedback exercise on the balance and walking abilities of hemiplegic patients. J Phys Ther Sci, 2011, 23: 859–862. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Lee JY, Park JS, Lee DH, et al. : The effects of exercising on unstable surfaces on the balance ability of stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci, 2011, 23: 789–792. [Google Scholar]
- 8.van Nes IJ, Geurts AC, Hendricks HT, et al. : Short-term effects of whole-body vibration on postural control in unilateral chronic stroke patients: preliminary evidence. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 2004, 83: 867–873. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Ushiyama J, Masani K, Kouzaki M, et al. : Difference in aftereffects following prolonged Achilles tendon vibration on muscle activity during maximal voluntary contraction among plantar flexor synergists. J Appl Physiol 1985, 2005, 98: 1427–1433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Lebedev MA, Poliakov AV: [Analysis of the interference electromyogram of human soleus muscle after exposure to vibration]. Neirofiziologiia, 1991, 23: 57–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Bautmans I, Van Hees E, Lemper JC, et al. : The feasibility of whole body vibration in institutionalised elderly persons and its influence on muscle performance, balance and mobility: a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN62535013]. BMC Geriatr, 2005, 5: 17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Ebersbach G, Edler D, Kaufhold O, et al. : Whole body vibration versus conventional physiotherapy to improve balance and gait in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2008, 89: 399–403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Han KB, Shin WS: Effects of trunk position sense through visual cue deprivation balance training in subacute stroke. J Korean Soc Phys Med, 2013, 8: 327–335. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Hallemans A, Beccu S, Van Loock K, et al. : Visual deprivation leads to gait adaptations that are age- and context-specific: II. Kinematic parameters. Gait Posture, 2009, 30: 307–311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Frost SB, Barbay S, Friel KM, et al. : Reorganization of remote cortical regions after ischemic brain injury: a potential substrate for stroke recovery. J Neurophysiol, 2003, 89: 3205–3214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Marigold DS, Eng JJ: The relationship of asymmetric weight-bearing with postural sway and visual reliance in stroke. Gait Posture, 2006, 23: 249–255. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Shinohara M: Effects of prolonged vibration on motor unit activity and motor performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2005, 37: 2120–2125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Bohannon RW: Gait performance of hemiparetic stroke patients: selected variables. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1987, 68: 777–781. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Chan KS, Liu CW, Chen TW, et al. : Effects of a single session of whole body vibration on ankle plantarflexion spasticity and gait performance in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 2012, 26: 1087–1095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Kim TW, Kim YW: Effects of visual cue deprivation during sideways treadmill training on balance and walking in stroke patients. Phys Ther Kor, 2014, 21: 20–28. [Google Scholar]
- 21.Park JM, Lim HS, Song CH: The effect of external cues with vibratory stimulation on spatiotemporal gait parameters in chronic stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci, 2015, 27: 377–381. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]