Abstract
This article series provides a literature review of the disease-specific probiotic strains studied in published clinical trials in humans and animals. The goal of the series is to provide clinically useful tools. The table designs allow for quick access to supportive data related to disease states and will be helpful as a guide for both researchers and clinicians. This first article (part 1) focuses on mental health and neurological conditions. Future articles in this series will review conditions related to cardiometabolic and fatigue syndromes; ear, nose, throat, respiratory, and infectious diseases; immune and dermatological conditions; cancer, gastrointestinal and genitourinary; followed by an article focused on food-based probiotic strains and nutritional supplements. This literature review is specific to condition, probiotic, and strain and also lists currently available products and foods in which these probiotics can be found. In part 1, we explore the role of probiotics in balancing mental health and neurological issues. Conditions in mental health include anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism. Neurological conditions include age-related cognitive decline, hepatic encephalopathy, cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis.
There is considerable research on the gut microbiome and role of probiotics; however, this research has not been clearly connected with clinical practice. Clinicians recommend probiotics to their patients. Our group undertook a review of current literature to explore which specific probiotics and probiotic strains have been used in clinical studies in humans and animals. To make this clinically valuable, product names of probiotics and fermented foods have been included. Finished products vary between manufacturers and listing brands provide transparency and a useful guide to clinicians when choosing specific probiotic and fermented food products. Exclusions of products meeting our criteria do not mean that these products are not effective—we simply were not aware of them.
Methodology
This literature review originated from a group class project that was part of the requirements for a course in the doctoral program in functional and clinical nutrition at the Maryland University of Integrative Health (Laurel, MD, USA), and the researchers researched as much as they could in the time allotted. The authors discussed the format, a template was created, and work began. Each author researched and wrote sections reviewing probiotics in relation to various health conditions with literature searches conducted in PubMed, Biomed Central, EBSCO Research Premier, PloS One, Cochrane reviews, and topic-specific open-source journals.
The review of specific probiotic products in the professional marketplace and specific probiotics products was done using Internet searches, primarily Shop Google, in addition to topic specific databases to search for specific probiotic species including the strains listed in the research. Novel strains were cross-referenced to determine whether the strain was available only for research purposes. If a probiotic combination was used in the research, formulas that closely matched the combination were included. Formulas that contain all or most of the specific probiotics and strains were also included.
The food survey focused on probiotic strains and species in food lists foods that are commercially produced and commonly available in the refrigerated sections of grocery stores in the United States. Information was gleaned from commercial Web sites and by visiting grocery stores (primarily in California).
Research Overview: Mental Health/Neurotransmitters/Stress
Probiotics are live bacteria that provide many benefits, including alteration of the enteric nervous system, housed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The brain and the GI system are connected via the vagus nerve and the gut sends far more information to the brain than the brain sends to the gut. Problems in the gut may directly lead to issues such as anxiety, depression, and autism. Whereas probiotics nourish the gut, prebiotics are the carbohydrates that nourish these bacteria, making them equally as important. A variety of research studies provide efficacy for the use of various probiotic strains to combat mood and neurotransmitter disorders.
Ingestion of “psychobiotics” produces psychotropic effects on behavior, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and neurochemicals in the brain.1 A study by Liu et al1 found that mice subjected to early life stress treated with Lactobacillus plantarum strain PS128 responded with less anxiety-like behaviors than the control mice while also reducing inflammatory levels. Other studies elucidate the efficacy of Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum by decreasing GI discomfort produced by stress.2 In infants, researchers found that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces the risk of neuropsychiatric disorder development later in childhood. They further extrapolated that the mechanisms may not be limited to gut microbiota composition.3 Anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and memory abilities were improved in several studies where Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were used. When healthy women were provided with fermented milk for 4 weeks, brain regions that control the central processing of emotion and sensation were affected.4 Because these areas play a role in processing emotion and interoceptive information, this study shows that manipulations of the gut microbiota can result in measurable changes in emotional processing in the healthy brain. Addressing more directly the neuroendocrine imbalances in chronic fatigue syndrome are 2 studies that show that supplementation with certain Lactobacillus species can reduce symptoms of anxiety as well as increase Bifidobacterium levels.5,6 Galland7 showed that supplementation with Bacteroides fragilis also decreased anxiety levels while improving excessive gut permeability.
Several studies have evaluated the effect of probiotics in children with autism. In a study conducted by Russo et al,8 researchers found that probiotic supplementation reduced myeloperoxidase levels in individuals with autism. Probiotic therapy was also associated with lower copper levels in these patients.8 In another study, researchers evaluated the fecal microbiota of children with autism. The children with autism showed a decrease of the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and elevation of Lactobacillus species. When probiotic therapy was introduced, the microbiome ratios were balanced.9 It is becoming more evident that the modulation of the gut microbiota offers a novel approach for the treatment and prevention of mood and anxiety disorders.
Neurological Health
Research Overview: Neurological
Research on probiotic supplementation for neurological health is in its early stages. Although some promising studies are cited in the scientific literature, the amount of evidence in support of these interventions is scant. Most of the relationships explored do not have sufficient details to draw broader conclusions about the primary mechanisms and the diversity of probiotic strains and actions suggest that we are only beginning to consider the possible applications. In the case of age-related cognitive decline, Distrutti et al49 examined the effect of the combination of Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, B longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii sbsp bulgaricus in a dose of 12.86 billion bacteria/kg/day upon the rat cerebral cortex. There was evidence to suggest that through an unknown mechanism, these probiotic strains influenced brain genetic expression and modulated neurotransmitters to counter age-related reduction in cognitive function. It is premature to extend these findings to human cognitive function; however, it may be a valuable study for clinicians considering whether they would consider probiotic supplementation as part of their care for supporting cognitive health.
Probiotic use for hepatic encephalopathy has been evaluated by several researchers and Sharma et al50 conducted a randomized controlled trial to compare l-ornithine-l-aspartate (18 g/day), rifaximin (1200 mg/day), and the Velmut probiotic combination L acidophilus, L rhamnosus, L plantarum, L casei, B longum, B infantis, B breve, Saccharomyces boulardii, and Streptococcus thermophiles (10 billion CFU/day) for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. They found that those in the probiotic group showed improved function on the neurophysiologic assessment and it was significantly better than placebo. L helveticus was the strain used by Luo et al51 in their animal model of hepatic encephalopathy and they found decreased inflammation and improved cognitive function.
For cerebral ischemia/perfusion, Sun et al52 used an animal model to explore protective effects of Clostridium butyricum (1 billion CFU/day). Those animals that were pretreated with C butyricum had significantly less injury than the untreated controls. The authors hypothesized that reduced reactive oxygen species in the brain and inhibited apoptosis were contributing to their improved outcomes. Further research on the effects of C butyricum in vivo would provide valuable data on its clinical usefulness.
With traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), probiotics have been evaluated in a couple of controlled trials giving greater support for their efficacy. Tan et al53 focused on patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) who had both TBI and were at increased risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia. They used a combination of B longum, L bulgaricus, and S thermophiles (1 billion CFU/day) and found a significant reduction in the length of stay in the ICU. Tan et al53 also postulated that probiotic use could result in reduced risk of infection. Each of these outcomes was supported by earlier research from Falcão de Arruda and de Aguilar-Nascimento,54 who researched Lactobacillus johnsonii with 30 g of glutamine patients with TBIs in the ICU.
Probiotic therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) consist of 2 primary research paths. One is what may be considered traditional probiotic therapy using a combination of L casei, L acidophilus, L reuteri, B bifidum, and S thermophiles (5 × 108 CFU) in an animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).55 The authors55 found that pretreatment with the probiotic blend for 3 weeks significantly decreased the development of EAE and reduced the clinical symptoms in those subjects that did develop it. Another research strategy involves helminth therapy for the reduction of MS symptoms, specifically Trichuris suis ova.56,57 Fleming et al57 established that 2500 ova every 2 weeks did not result in an increase in clinical presentation in MS, whereas Rosche et al55 found that placing their patients on the same protocol in the course of 6 months was associated with a significant reduction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor. As with the other uses of probiotic therapy for neurological health, there are not enough data to formulate clear protocols for predictable outcomes. One consistent finding across these diverse applications is very few reports of adverse effects other than occasional GI distress.
Nutritional Supplements Overview
Professional and commercial dietary supplements containing probiotics are widely available.61 In 2002, it was estimated that more than 100 companies in the United States market probiotic supplements and nearly 2 million adults use them.62 Using probiotics for general health versus targeting a specific health concern is more complex, as the properties of probiotic species are strain specific.63 Unfortunately, there is a lack of consistency naming therapeutic strains in research and strains are often not listed on supplement labels. This makes it difficult to know whether the product matches the product used in the research and is a limitation of these tables.
The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics developed guidelines for evaluating probiotics in food.64 A combination of phenotypic and genotypic tests must be performed to determine the strain; however, regulations on species identification are not in place and supplement companies are not required to list this information on labels. During this review, it was identified that 30 species were specifically isolated for research purposes and were unavailable and another 56 strains were not commercially available. Because of the wide variety of formulations on the market, lack of knowledge, and poor labeling, it is difficult to for practitioners and consumers to determine which brand contains specific strains researched to address a particular health concern.
Table 3 is designed to be a resource to see what is available at-a-glance. The brands were chosen by searching the probiotic strain and/strain-species in Google, a number of supplement companies, Probiotics Advisor,65 and the Clinical Guide to Probiotic Products.66 Based on the results and to determine what was commercially available, the search was refined using Google Shopping. In some instances, the supplement company was called to determine whether the formula contained a particular species.
Table 3.
Summary of Brands of Nutritional Supplements by Health Concern
| Health Concern | Professional and Commercial Products | Strains |
|---|---|---|
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | Advanced Multi-Billion Dophilus (Solgar); Advanced 40+ Acidophilus (Culturelle); Lactobacillus GG (Walgreens); Probiotic Lactobacillus GG |
L rhamnosus GG |
| Age-related cognitive decline | Nexabiotic (Bioprosper Labs) | S boulardii, S thermophilus, L fermentum, L acidophilus, L brevis, L bulgaricus, L casei, L helveticus, L paracasei, L pantarum, L rhamnosus, L salivarius, L lactis, B coagulans, B bifidum, B breve, B infantis, B lactis, B longum, P acidilacti |
| Age-related cognitive decline | VSL#3 (Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals) | B longum, B infantis, B breve, L acidophilus, L casei, L delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus, L plantarum, S salivarius subsp thermophiles |
| Autism | Digestive Health Probiotic (Nature Made); Heart Healthy Probiotic Solutions (Dr Sinatra); Jarrow Formulas Ideal Bowel Support (10 billion CFU per capsule); Plantadophilus (Transformation Enzymes, 3 billion CFU per capsule); Probiata Digestion Support and Critical Care (Kyolic); and many more |
L plantarum |
| Autism | Probiotic Balance (Sundown Naturals) | L plantarum, B longum |
| Autism | Prothera LactoPrime Plus | L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L plantarum, L salivarius, L casei, B bifidum, B infantis, B longum, B breve |
| Autism | Ther-biotic Children’s Chewable | L rhamnosus, L casei, L salivarius, B infantis, B bifidum, B longum, B breve |
| Autism | Ther-biotic Complete (Prothera) | L rhamnosus, B bifidum, L acidophilus, L casei, B longum, B breve |
| Autism | Widely available | L acidophilus |
| Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion | AOR Probiotic-3 | C butyricum |
| Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion | Miyarisan MIYARISAN 630 Tablets | C butyricum |
| Depression | Dr Formulated Probiotics Mood+ (Garden of Life) | B longum, B bifidum, B breve, B infantis, L helveticus, L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L casei, L plantarum + ashwaganda and food extracts |
| FLORASSIST Mood (Life Extension) | L acidophilus, L rhamnosus, B bifidum/lactis, B longum | |
| Pure Encapsulations (Probiomood) | L helveticus, B longum | |
| Xymogen Probio Defense | L helveticus Roselle-52, L rhamnosus Roselle-11, B longum Roselle-175 | |
| Multiple sclerosis | Flora 50-14 and Flora 20-14 (Innate Response) | L casei, L acidophilus, L reuteri, B bifidum, S thermophiles combined |
| Multiple sclerosis | IRT5 probiotic powder | L casei, L acidophilus, L reuteri, B bifidum, S thermophiles combined |
| Mega Flora Plus (Mega Food) | ||
| Traumatic brain injury | Adult Probiotic (Probaclac) Mega Flora Plus (Mega Food) Nexabiotic (Bioprosper Labs) |
B longum, L bulgaricus, S thermophiles combined |
| Traumatic brain injury | Not available | L johnsonii |
| Traumatic brain injury | Propolis Plus (Essential Formulas) Super 8 Hi-Potency VSL#3 (Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals) |
B longum, L bulgaricus, S thermophiles combined |
Table 1.
Mental Health Overview
| Mental Health/Neurotransmitters/Stress | Strains | Overview | Professional and Commercial Products | Foods | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety | |||||
| Galland7 (2014) | B fragilis | Associated with decreased anxiety in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome; “Corrects excessive gut permeability, alters gut microbial composition, and ameliorates deficits in communication and stereotypic, anxiety-like, and sensorimotor behaviors in the maternal immune activation model.” | Not available | B fragilis: | None |
| Messaoudi et al2 (2011) | B longum R0175, L helveticus R0052 | Daily administration of L helveticus R0052 and B longum R0175 reduced psychological distress, anger hostility. L helveticus R0052 and B longum R0175 taken in combination display anxiolytic-like activity in rats and beneficial psychological effects. |
B longum
R0175,
L helveticus
R0052: Dr Formulated Probiotics Mood+ (Garden of Life) L helveticus, B longum R0175: Xymogen Probio Defence L helveticus, B longum: Pure Encapsulations (Probiomood) B longum: FLORASSIST Mood (Life Extension) |
B longum R0175 | None |
| L helveticus R0052 | None | ||||
| Rao et al5 (2009) | L casei strain Shirota17 | Resulted in a significant rise in both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium as well as a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms (P = .01) in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. | Not available | L casei strain Shirota: | Yakult USA17 |
| Rao et al5 (2009) | L plantarum 299 V | Resulted in significant rise in fecal Bifidobacterium levels. “Bifidobacteria can boost plasma tryptophan levels and alter serotonin and dopamine turnover in areas of the brain associated with depression and anxiety.” |
L plantarum
V299: Digestive Health Probiotic (Nature Made) Heart Healthy Probiotic Solutions (Dr Sinatra) Arrow Formulas Ideal Bowel Support, 10 Billion Organisms V-Capsules Probiata Digestion Support and Critical Care (Kyolic) Plantadophilus (3 billion CFU) Transformation Enzymes Probiotic Balance (Sundown Naturals) Probiotic GX (Nature’s Bounty) Probiotic Supplement (GoodBelly) UltraFlora Intensive Care (Metagenics) |
L plantarum 299V | All GoodBelly products (NextFoods18) |
| Wang et al10 (2016); Akkasheh et al11 (2016); Liu et al1 (2016); Liu et al12 (2016); Mohammadi et al13 (2015) |
B longum, B bifidum, B breve, B infantis L helveticus, L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L casei, L plantarum strain PS128 |
Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus showed efficacy in improving psychiatric disorder related behaviors including anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and memory abilities including spatial and nonspatial memory. Probiotic administration with L casei, L acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium for 8 wk had beneficial effects in Beck Depression Inventory, insulin, homeostasis, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, and glutathione concentrations. Chronic ingestion of PS128 could ameliorate anxiety and depression-like behaviors and modulate neurochemicals related to affective disorders. PS128 shows psychotropic properties and has great potential for improving stress-related symptoms. Daily intake of L plantarum strain PS128 could improve anxiety-like behaviors and may be helpful in ameliorating neuropsychiatric disorders. The consumption of probiotic yogurt or multispecies probiotic capsule had beneficial effects on mental health parameters. |
B longum,
B bifidum,
B breve, B infantis,
L helveticus,
L rhamnosus,
L acidophilus,
L casei,
L plantarum: Dr Formulated Probiotics Mood+ (Garden of Life) Primadophilus Optima (Nature’s Way) L helveticus, L rhamnosus, B longum: Xymogen Probio Defense L helveticus, B longum: Pure Encapsulations Probiomood L acidophilus, L rhamnosus; B bifidum/lactis, B longum: FLORASSIST Mood (Life Extension) L helveticus, L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L casei, L plantarum strain PS128 (plantarum not strain specific): Jarro-Dophilus EPS 5 & 25 Billion (Jarrow Formulas) RAW Probiotics Ultimate Care (Garden of Life) Primadophilus Optima (Nature’s Way) PrepTonic Detox (Professional Botanicals) B longum, B bifidum, B breve, B infantis: Ther-Biotic for Infants, Children’s Chewable, Senior, LactoPrime Plus SCD Compliant (Klaire Labs) iFlora Multi Probiotic (Sedona Labs Pro) Broad Spectrum Probiotic (Progressive Labs) Kyo-Dophilus (Wakunaga) Dr Formulated Once Daily Women/Men, Organic Kids, Mood, Once Daily Ultra, Fitbiotic, Urinary Tract, Prostate+ (Garden of Life) Primadophilus for Children & Optima (Nature’s Way) Multi Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) Proflora (BioBotanical Research) Gastro Complete (NewMark) |
B longum | None |
| B bifidum | Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| B breve | None | ||||
| B infantis | None | ||||
| L helveticus | Used in the production of various cheeses (Fox et al23 [2016]) | ||||
| L rhamnosus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink, Masterbrew, and Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| L acidophilus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Bellwether Farms Sheep’s Milk Yogurt (Bellwether Farms28) Coconut Grove Organic Cultured Coconut Milk (Coconut Grove Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Kite Hill Almond Milk Yogurt (Kite Hill31) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Yogurt (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Stonyfield Organic O’Soy Soy Yogurt (Stonyfield Farm33) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby Yogurt Company34) |
||||
| L casei | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Zukay Live Foods Fruit Kvass (Zukay Lives Foods35) Zukay Live Foods Veggie Kvass (Zukay Live Foods36) |
||||
| L plantarum strain PS128 | None | ||||
| Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | |||||
| Partty et al3 (2015) | L rhamnosus GG | Probiotic supplementation (L rhamnosus GG) early in life may reduce risk of neuropsychiatric disorder development later in childhood. |
L rhamnosus
GG: Culturelle Solgar, Advanced 40+ Acidophilus Walgreens Probiotic Advanced Multi-Billion Dophilus (Solgar) Digestive Health Probiotic, Kids Chewables & Packets (Culturelle) UltraFlora Baby (Metagenics) |
L rhamnosus GG | None |
| Autism | |||||
| Wang et al14 (2016); Parracho15 (2010); Russo8 (2015); Tomova et al9 (2015); Critchfield et al16 (2011); Critchfield et al16 (2011) | B longum, B breve, B infantis, B bifidum, B breve, L acidophilus, L helveticus, L rhamnosus, L plantarum, L brevis, L casei, L salivarius, L paracasei, S thermophiles, Lactobacillus spp, Bifidobacterium spp |
B longum, B breve, B infantis, L helveticus, and L rhamnosus showed efficacy in improving psychiatric disorder-related behaviors including anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorder. Significant behavioral improvement when treated with L plantarum compared to autism spectrum disorder treated with placebo. S thermophilus, Bifidobacterium spp, and Lactobacillus spp provide various health benefits including decreased plasma myeloperoxidase upon ingestion and serve to normalize gut flora populations. Probiotic supplementation normalized the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, Desulfovibrio spp, and the amount of Bifidobacterium spp in feces of children with autism. B infantis showed effects on immune, neuroendocrine, and central monoaminergic activity. A probiotic drink containing L casei has also revealed positive effects on mood and cognition. |
B longum,
B breve,
B infantis,
L helveticus,
L rhamnosus: Dr Formulated Mood+ (Garden of Life) L plantarum 299v: Digestive Health Probiotic (Nature Made, 10 billion CFU) Heart Healthy Probiotic Solutions (Dr Sinatra) Ideal Bowel Support (Jarrow Formulas 10 Billion Organisms V-Capsules) Probiata Digestion Support and Critical Care (Kyolic) Probiotic Supplement (GoodBelly) Plantadophilus (Transformation Enzyme Corp, 3 billion CFU) Probiotic GX (Nature’s Bounty) S thermophilus, Bifidobacterium spp, Lactobacilli spp: Widely available in commercial products L plantarum, B longum: Probiotic Balance (Sundown Naturals) Multi-Flora Adult Ultra (UAS Life Sciences) L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L plantarum, L salivarius, L casei, B bifidum, B infantis, B longum, B breve: Dr Formulated Formulas (Garden of Life) Gastro Complete (NewMark) iFlora Multi-Probiotic Capsule 60 ct (Sedona Labs Pro) Multi-Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) Prothera LactoPrime Plus L rhamnosus, L casei, L salivarius, B infantis, B bifidum, B longum, B breve: Dr Formulated Formulas (Garden of Life) Gastro Complete (NewMark) iFlora Multi-Probiotic Capsule 60 ct (Sedona Labs Pro) Multi-Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) Ther-biotic Children’s Chewable L rhamnosus, B bifidum, L acidophilus, L casei, B longum, B breve: Dr Formulated Formulas (Garden of Life) Green SuperFood Raw Green SuperFood Raw Reserve Berry 8.5 oz (Amazing Grass) iFlora Multi-Probiotic Capsule 60 ct (Sedona Labs Pro) ImmuProbio One-a-Day (Health Aid America) Multi-Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) Primal Defense Ultra (Garden of Life) Probiophage DF & Probiotic Supreme DF (Designs for Health) ProtoDophilus 50 Billion (Protocol For Life Balance) Ther-biotic Complete Prothera |
B longum | None |
| B breve | None | ||||
| B infantis | None | ||||
| B bifidum | Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| B breve | None | ||||
| L acidophilus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Bellwether Farms Sheep’s Milk Yogurt (Bellwether Farms28) Coconut Grove Organic Cultured Coconut Milk (Coconut Grove Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Kite Hill Almond Milk Yogurt (Kite Hill31) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Yogurt (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Stonyfield Organic O’Soy Soy Yogurt (Stonyfield Farm33) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby Yogurt Company34) |
||||
| L helveticus | Used in the production of various cheeses (Fox et al23 [2016]) | ||||
| L rhamnosus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt.com19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) KeVita Kombucha Masterbrew (KeVita25) KeVita Kombucha Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| L plantarum | Farmhouse Culture Sauerkraut (Farmhouse Culture37) Green Olives (various brands; not refrigerated) (Abriouel38 [2012]; Doulgeraki et al39 [2013]) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) KeVita Kombucha Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) King’s Kimchi (King’s Asian Gourmet40) PureLiving Pickled Beets and Sauerkraut (Shiloh Farms41) Seoul Kimchi (Lucky Foods42) Wildbrine Kimchi, Kimchi Live Shots, Pickled Ginger, Salsa, and Sauerkraut (Wildbrine43) |
||||
| L brevis | Farmhouse Culture Sauerkraut (Farmhouse Culture37) King’s Kimchi (King’s Asian Gourmet40) PureLiving Pickled Beets and Sauerkraut (Shiloh Farms41) Seoul Kimchi (Lucky Foods42) Wildbrine Kimchi, Kimchi Live Shots, Pickled Ginger, Salsa, and Sauerkraut (Wildbrine43) |
||||
| L casei | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Zukay Live Foods Fruit Kvass (Zukay Lives Foods35) Zukay Live Foods Veggie Kvass (Zukay Live Foods36) |
||||
| L salivarius | None | ||||
| L paracasei | KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink and Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby Yogurt Company34) |
||||
| S thermophiles | All yogurt containing “Live and Active Cultures” (National Yogurt Association44) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Dannon Activia Products and DanActive (Dannon45,46) Green Valley Organics Cow’s Milk Lactose Free Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) |
||||
| Lactobacillus spp | A variety of fermented dairy and nondairy foods Bubbies Kosher Dill Pickles (Bubbies of San Francisco47) Real Pickles Organic Dill Pickles (Real Pickles48) |
||||
| Bifidobacterium spp | A variety of cultured dairy foods and cultured dairy alternatives | ||||
| Depression | |||||
| Wang10 (2016); Akkasheh et al11 (2016); Liu et al1 (2016); Liu et al2 (2016); Mohammadi et al13 (2015) |
B longum, B bifidum, B breve, B infantis L helveticus, L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L casei, L plantarum strain PS128 |
Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus showed efficacy in improving psychiatric disorder-related behaviors including anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and memory abilities including spatial and nonspatial memory. Probiotic administration with L casei, L acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium for 8 wk had beneficial effects in Beck Depression Inventory, insulin, homeostasis, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, and glutathione concentrations. Chronic ingestion of PS128 could ameliorate anxiety and depression-like behaviors and modulate neurochemicals related to affective disorders. PS128 shows psychotropic properties and has great potential for improving stress-related symptoms. Daily intake of L plantarum strain PS128 could improve anxiety-like behaviors and may be helpful in ameliorating neuropsychiatric disorders. The consumption of probiotic yogurt or multispecies probiotic capsule had beneficial effects on mental health parameters. |
B longum,
B bifidum,
B breve,
B infantis,
L helveticus,
L rhamnosus,
L acidophilus,
L casei,
L plantarum: Dr Formulated Probiotics Mood+ (Garden of Life) B lactis (infantis), B longum, L acidophilus: Probiotic Synergy powder (Designs for Health) B bifidum, B breve, B longum, L rhamnosis, L casei, L acidophilus, S thermophiles: Probiophage DF (Designs for Health) L acidophilus, B lactis, B longum, L plantarum, B bifidum, B infantis, L casei, L salivarius, S thermophiles: Integrative Therapeutics, Spectra Probiotic with Co-Factors L acidophilus, B bifidum, B infantis, Enterococcus faecium: Integrative Therapeutics, Enterogenic Concentrate L helveticus, L rhamnosus, B longum: Probio Defense (Xymogen) NutriVitamin Enzyme Comp w/o Iron (Integrative Therapeutics) Jarro-Dophilus EPS 5 Billion & 25 Billion (Jarrow Formulas) RAW Probiotics Ultimate & Colon Care (Garden of Life) Primadophilus Optima (Nature’s Way) L helveticus, B longum: FLORASSIST Mood (Life Extension) Pure Encapsulations Probiomood L acidophilus, L rhamnosus; B bifidum/lactis, B longum: Ther-biotic Complete & Senior (Klaire Labs) Multi-Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) iFlora Multi-Probiotic Capsule 60 ct (Sedona Labs Pro) Primal Defense Ultra (Garden of Life) Dr Formulated Formulas (Garden of Life) RAW Probiotics Wom 50 & Wiser (Garden of Life) Ultimate FloraMax Total Woman (Advanced Naturals) FloraBoost (OrthoMolecular) Bifido Digest (Protocol for Life Balance) FlorAssist Probiotic (Life Extension) |
B longum | None |
| B bifidum | Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| B breve | None | ||||
| B infantis | None | ||||
| L helveticus | Used in the production of various cheeses (Fox et al23 [2016]) | ||||
| L rhamnosus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink, Masterbrew, and Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Mlik Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| L acidophilus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Bellwether Farms Sheep’s Milk Yogurt (Bellwether Farms28) Coconut Grove Organic Cultured Coconut Milk (Coconut Grove Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Kite Hill Almond Milk Yogurt (Kite Hill31) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Yogurt (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Stonyfield Organic O’Soy Soy Yogurt (Stonyfield Farm33) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby) |
||||
| L casei | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Zukay Live Foods Fruit Kvass (Zukay Lives Foods26) Zukay Live Foods Veggie Kvass (Zukay Live Foods36) |
||||
| L plantarum strain PS128 | None | ||||
| S thermophiles | All yogurt containing “Live and Active Cultures” (National Yogurt Association44) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Dannon Activia Products and DanActive (Dannon45,46) Green Valley Organics Cow’s Milk Lactose Free Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) |
||||
| Lactobacillus spp | A variety of fermented dairy and nondairy foods Bubbies Kosher Dill Pickles (Bubbies of San Francisco47) Real Pickles Organic Dill Pickles (Real Pickles48) |
||||
| Bifidobacterium spp | A variety of cultured dairy foods and cultured dairy alternatives | ||||
Table 2.
Neurological Health Overview
| Neurological | Strains | Overview | Professional and Commercial Products | Foods | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-related Cognitive Decline | |||||
| Distrutti et al49 (2014) (animal model) | Combination of: S thermophilus DSM24731, B breve DSM24732, B longum DSM24736, B infantis DSM24737, L acidophilus DSM24735, L plantarum DSM24730, L paracasei DSM24733, L delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus DSM24734 |
Treatment group showed modulated age-related shifts in inflammation-linked genes PLA2G3, Nid2, and Alox15; reduces impairments in long-term potentiation. |
B longum, B infantis, B breve, L acidophilus, L casei, L delbrueckii
subsp, bulgaricus, L plantarum, S salivarius
subsp
thermophiles: VSL#3 (Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals) S boulardii, S thermophilus, L fermentum, L acidophilus, L brevis, L bulgaricus, L casei, L helveticus, L paracasei, L plantarum, L rhamnosus, L salivarius, L lactis, Bacillus coagulans, B bifidum, B breve, B infantis, B lactis, B longum, P acidilacti: Nexabiotic (Bioprosper Labs) S boulardii DDS-1, L acidophilus, Bacilus coagulans: Strengtia (Apex Energetics) |
None | |
| Hepatic Encephalopathy | |||||
| Sharma et al50 (2014) (randomized, controlled trial) | Combination of: L acidophilus, L rhamnosus, L plantarum, L casei, B longum, B infantis, B breve, S boulardii, S thermophilus |
Reduced blood ammonia. | Combination of: L acidophilus, L rhamnosus, L plantarum, L casei, B longum, B infantis, B breve, S thermophiles (missing S boulardii): iFlora Multi Probiotic (Sedona Labs Pro) Multi Probiotic 40 Billion Pwdr (Douglas Labs) Gastro Complete (NewMark) S boulardii, DDS-1, L acidophilus, B coagulans: Strengtia (Apex Energetics) L casei, B breve, L plantarum: Sibiotica (Apex Energetics) |
L acidophilus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Bellwether Farms Sheep’s Milk Yogurt (Bellwether Farms28) Coconut Grove Organic Cultured Coconut Milk (Coconut Grove Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Kite Hill Almond Milk Yogurt (Kite Hill31) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Yogurt (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurt (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Stonyfield Organic O’Soy Soy Yogurt (Stonyfield Farm33) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby Yogurt Company34) |
| L rhamnosus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink, Masterbrew, and Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Mlik Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| L plantarum | Farmhouse Culture Sauerkraut (Farmhouse Culture37) Green Olives (various brands; not refrigerated) (Abriouel38 [2012]; Doulgeraki et al39 [2013]) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) KeVita Kombucha Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) King’s Kimchi (King’s Asian Gourmet40) PureLiving Pickled Beets and Sauerkraut (Shiloh Farms41) Seoul Kimchi (Lucky Foods42) Wildbrine Kimchi, Kimchi Live Shots, Pickled Ginger, Salsa, and Sauerkraut (Wildbrine43) |
||||
| L casei | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Zukay Live Foods Fruit Kvass (Zukay Lives Foods35) Zukay Live Foods Veggie Kvass (Zukay Live Foods36) |
||||
| B longum | None | ||||
| B infantis | None | ||||
| B breve | None | ||||
| S boulardii | GT’s Kombucha Classic Kombucha, Classic Synergy, Enlightened Kombucha, Enlightened Synergy (Millennium Products58) | ||||
| S thermophiles | All yogurt containing “Live and Active Cultures” (National Yogurt Association44) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Dannon Activia Products and DanActive (Dannon45,46) Green Valley Organics Cow’s Milk Lactose Free Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) |
||||
| Luo et al51 (2014) (animal model) | L helveticus NS8 | Reduced inflammation and improved cognitive function. | Not available | L helveticus NS8 | None |
| Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion | |||||
| Sun et al52 (2016) (animal model) | C butyricum | Pretreatment reduced neurological impairment, perhaps through reducing reactive oxygen species, decreasing butyrate in the brain, and/or inhibiting apoptosis. |
C butyricum: AOR Probiotic-3 Miyarisan MIYARISAN 630 Tablets |
C butyricum | None |
| Traumatic Brain Injury | |||||
| Tan et al53 (2011) (randomized, controlled trial) | Combination of: B longum, L bulgaricus, S thermophilus |
Balanced Th1/Th2, decreased rate of infection, antibiotic use, and length of stay in intensive care unit. | Combination of: B longum,, L bulgaricus, S thermophiles: Nexabiotic (Bioprosper Labs) Propolis Plus (Essential Formulas) Mega Flora Plus (Mega Food) Adult Probiotic (Probacla) Ther-Biotic Complete (Klaire Labs) Multi Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) Flora 50-14 Clinical Strength, 200-14: 7-day Intensive, 5–14 Complete Care (Innate Response) Dr Ohhira’s Probiotics Prof/Plus (Essential Formulas) ProGreens Powder (Nutricology) iFlora Multi-Probiotic Powder 60 ct (Sedona Labs Pro) B longum, B infantis, B breve, L acidophilus, L casei, L delbrueckii sbsp bulgaricus, L plantarum, S salivarius subsp thermophiles: VSL#3 (Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals) L acidophilus HA-122, L rhamnosus HA-111, L rhamnosus HA-114, L plantarum HA-119, B bifidum HA-132, L casei HA-108, B longum HA-135, L salivarius HA-118L: Super 8 Hi-Potency (Udo’s Choice) B lactis HN019, L acidophilus La-14, L plantarum Lp-115, B longum BI-05: Probiomax DF (Xymogen; 250 DF) |
B longum | None |
| L bulgaricus | All yogurt containing “Live and Active Cultures” (National Yogurt Association44) Dannon Activia Products and DanActive (Dannon45,46) Green Valley Organics Cow’s Milk Lactose Free Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) |
||||
| S thermophiles | All yogurt containing “Live and Active Cultures” (National Yogurt Association44) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Dannon Activia Products and DanActive (Dannon45,46) Green Valley Organics Cow’s Milk Lactose Free Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) |
||||
| Falcão de Arruda & de Aguilar-Nascimento54 (2004) (randomized, controlled trial) | L johnsonii | Combined with 30 g of glutamine was associated with reduced infection and shorter time in intensive care unit. |
L johnsonii: Not available |
L johnsonii | None |
| Multiple Sclerosis | |||||
| Kwon et al55 (2013) (animal model) | Combination of: L casei, L acidophilus, L reuteri, B bifidum, S thermophilus |
Significantly reduced incidence of developing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with pretreatment (for 3 wk) and decreased clinical symptoms. | Combination of: L, L acidophilus, L reuteri, B bifidum, S thermophiles: Flora 50-14 Clinical Strength, 200-14: 7-day Intensive, 5–14 Complete Care (Innate Response) IRT5 probiotic powder Mega Flora Plus, Mega Food Probiotic Synergy & Supreme (Designs for Health) RAW Probiotics Women & Wom 50 & Wiser (Garden of Life) NDF, NDF-Plus, & Cytoflora (BioRay) |
L casei | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery34) Zukay Live Foods Fruit Kvass (Zukay Lives Foods35) Zukay Live Foods Veggie Kvass (Zukay Live Foods36) |
| L acidophilus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Bellwether Farms Sheep’s Milk Yogurt (Bellwether Farms28) Coconut Grove Organic Cultured Coconut Milk (Coconut Grove Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics21) Kite Hill Almond Milk Yogurt (Kite Hill31) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Yogurt (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Stonyfield Organic O’Soy Soy Yogurt (Stonyfield Farm33) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby Yogurt Company34) |
||||
| L reuteri | No specific brands or products identified. Traditionally used in sourdough bread, and fermented milk production (De Vuyst & Neysens59 [2005]; Tamime60 [2002]) | ||||
| B bifidum | Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery27) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| S thermophiles | All yogurt containing “Live and Active Cultures” (National Yogurt Association44) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Dannon Activia Products and DanActive (Dannon45,46) Green Valley Organics Cow’s Milk Lactose Free Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamert26) |
||||
| Rosche et al56 (2013) | T suis ova | Pilot study: Administration in the course of 6 mo, every 2 wk, was associated with decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor. | Produced for research purpose (not commercially available) | None | |
Acknowledgements
Keren Dolan, Heather Finley, Cathleen Burns, Margaret Gasta, Crystal Gossard, Emily Parker, Jessica Pizzano, and Christy Williamson are doctoral students in the doctor of clinical nutrition program at Maryland University of Integrative Health in Laurel, Maryland. The probiotics table was a class project under the direction of Professor Elizabeth Lipski. The authors wish to acknowledge their spouses for the late nights.
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