Abstract
Aim:
The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and burden of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in cattle and buffaloes of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.
Materials and Methods:
The presence of helminths eggs and coccidial oocysts in fecal samples were detected using standard qualitative and quantitative methods. Identification of eggs or oocysts was done on the basis of morphology and size of the eggs or oocysts.
Results:
Out of 120 cattle and buffaloes examined, 73.33% were found positive for eggs of one or more species of GI parasite. The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in cattle (75%) as compared to that of buffaloes (70.45%), but the difference was nonsignificant (p>0.05). Sex wise prevalence of GI parasites was higher in males as compared to that of females, but the difference was nonsignificant (p>0.05). The animals above 2 years of age were more affected by GI parasites as compared to animals of 6 months - 2 years of age, but the age wise differences were nonsignificant (p>0.05). Single parasitic infections were more common than mixed infections. The monthly prevalence of GI parasites in cattle and buffaloes were highest in the month of September (81.81%) and least in December (61.11%). The eggs/oocysts per gram in most of the animals, was in the range of 201-300.
Conclusion:
GI parasites are problem in cattle and buffaloes of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. The prevalence rate of GI parasites varied with month. The burden of parasitic infection was moderate in most animals warranting treatment.
Keywords: buffalo, cattle, eggs/oocysts per gram, gastrointestinal parasites, prevalence
Introduction
Parasitic infections are one of the major constraints for profitable dairy industry in tropical and subtropical countries including India. Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites cause considerable global economic losses as a consequence of reduced weight gain, digestive disturbance, lowered production, impaired reproductive performance, condemnation of affected organs, and mortality in infected animals [1]. In addition, the diverse agroclimatic conditions, animal husbandry practice, and pasture management largely determine the incidence and severity of various parasitic diseases in certain area.
In Madhya Pradesh, studies have been undertaken to provide information on the prevalence of GI infections in cattle and buffaloes [2,3], but limited attempt has been made to study prevalence and burden of GI parasitic infections in cattle and buffaloes in Jabalpur region [4,5]. Therefore, it is important to recognize, control, and prevent parasitic infection with better management and knowledge on the prevalence of GI parasitic infections.
This paper describes the prevalence and burden of GI parasites in cattle and buffaloes of Jabalpur District and its adjoining areas.
Materials and Methods
Ethical approval
The research was conducted after approval of Institutional Ethical Committee.
Study area
The study was conducted in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh. It is situated in between latitude 23° 10’ N and longitude 79° 56’ E with an average height of 411 m above mean sea level. Jabalpur has a humid subtropical climate typical of North-Central India (Madhya Pradesh and Southern Uttar Pradesh). During the study period, Jabalpur received an annual rainfall of 1143.30 mm. The maximum temperature varied from 21.2°C to 40.2°C and minimum 7.7°C to 26.8°C. The maximum relative humidity varied from 46% to 89% and minimum 18-67%.
Study animals
The study was conducted on 120 animals (76 cattle and 44 buffaloes) of small holder dairy farms of Jabalpur. Animals were categorized according to sex, i.e., male and females and age, i.e., animals of 6 months to 2 years and >2 years. The zero grazing management system was followed in which animals were permanently housed, and fodder was obtained by cutting from various places and carried back to the housed animals. Concentrates and mineral supplementation were also given to growing and milking animals as per requirements. Anthelmintic treatments are on individual farm basis based on availability of money and drugs.
Collection and examination of fecal samples
Fresh fecal samples of 120 animals (76 cattle and 44 buffaloes) were collected randomly from different localities of Jabalpur during August 2014 to March 2015. The fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of individual cattle and buffalo using sterilized hand gloves and were processed. Floatation technique was used for demonstrating nematode and cestode egg, as well as oocyst of coccidia and sedimentation technique, was used for detecting the trematode eggs. The ova/eggs of parasites were identified from their morphological characters. Eggs/oocysts per gram (EPG/OPG) of infection were determined by modified McMaster technique [6].
Data analysis
The data gathered from the study for the prevalence of parasitic infection were analyzed by Chi-square test as described by Snedecor and Cochran [7].
Results and Discussion
Out of 120 cattle and buffaloes examined, 88 (73.33%) were found positive for eggs of one or more species of GI parasite. The prevalence of parasitic infection was higher in cattle (75%) as compared to that of buffaloes (70.45%), but the difference was nonsignificant (p>0.05). The prevalence of GI infections found in this study is much higher than the findings of Kashyap et al. [8] who reported 40.30% prevalence of GI helminths in cattle and buffaloes of Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. Whereas, this finding is more or less similar to the earlier finding of Gupta et al. [5] who recorded 68.93% overall prevalence in cattle and buffaloes, 73% in buffaloes and 65% in cattle of same locality, whereas Mir et al. [9] reported 51.21% overall prevalence of GI parasitism in cattle and buffaloes, 38.70% in buffaloes and 67.15% in cattle of Jammu region. The variation in the findings with earlier reports might be due to the difference in the number of fecal samples examined, a period of study and geoclimatic conditions (temperature and humidity, etc.) that favors the survival of infective stage of the parasites and of intermediate hosts, managemental conditions and deworming practices. However, higher prevalence in cattle compared to buffaloes may be attributed to differences in feeding habit and habitats of the two species.
Overall, sex wise prevalence of GI parasites (Table-1) was higher in males (83.33%) as compared to that of females (70.83%), but the difference was nonsignificant (p>0.05). In cattle also, the prevalence of GI parasites in males (80%) was higher than females (74.24%) but the difference was nonsignificant (p>0.05). Similarly, in buffaloes, the prevalence was nonsignificantly higher (p>0.05) in males (85.71%) as compared to females (63.33%). The higher percentages of infection in male cannot be explained exactly but it might be due to the neglected attitude of the farmers toward the management of male animals. These findings are in agreement with Fikru et al. [10], Bilal et al. [11], and Awraris et al. [12] from different corners of the world.
Table 1.
Sex wise and age wise prevalence of GI parasites in cattle and buffaloes.
| Species | Factor level | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Age | |||||||
| Male | Female | 6 months-2 years | >2 years | |||||
| Examined | Positive (%) | Examined | Positive (%) | Examined | Positive (%) | Examined | Positive (%) | |
| Cattle | 10 | 8 (80) | 66 | 49 (74.24) | 24 | 16 (66.67) | 52 | 41 (78.85) |
| Buffalo | 14 | 12 (85.71) | 30 | 19 (63.34) | 16 | 10 (62.50) | 28 | 21 (75) |
| Overall | 24 | 20 (83.34) | 96 | 68 (70.83) | 40 | 26 (65) | 80 | 62 (77.50) |
GI=Gastrointestinal
Further, the data were analyzed on the basis of age group (Table-1) and it was noted that the animals above 2 years of age were more affected (77.50% cattle and buffaloes, 75% buffaloes, and 78.84% cattle) by GI parasites as compared to animals of 6 months to 2 years of age (65% cattle and buffaloes, 62.50% buffaloes and 66.66% cattle), but the age wise differences were nonsignificant (p>0.05). The increase in the prevalence of GI parasites with the age has also been reported by Quershi and Tanveer [13] and Telila et al. [14]. On the contrary, Regassa et al. [15] stated that the younger animals are more susceptible than adult animals. The causes of variation in the prevalence of parasites in different age groups are difficult to explain but it might be due to an immune status of animals, difference in the grazing area and management conditions.
In this study, single parasitic infection was observed in 45.84% cattle and buffaloes, 47.73% buffaloes, and 44.75% cattle, while mixed infection was observed in 27.50% cattle and buffaloes, 22.73% buffaloes, and 30.26% cattle. The results for the parasite wise prevalence of GI parasites are presented in Table-2. Among nematodes, the prevalence rates were strongyle 60%, 47.73%, and 39% in cattle and buffaloes, buffaloes, and cattle, respectively, Strongyloides spp. (2.50%, 2.28%, and 2.64%), Toxocara vitulorum (1.67%, 0%, and 2.64%), and Trichuris spp. (1.67%, 2.28%, and 1.32%). The finding of predominant strongyle eggs in large ruminants was in agreement with Biu et al. [16] and Swarnakar et al. [17]. In trematodes, the prevalence of Fasciola gigantica was 4.17%, 0%, and 6.58% and amphistome was 5%, 4.55%, and 5.27% in cattle and buffaloes, buffaloes, and cattle, respectively. Higher prevalence of Fasciola spp. (4.44%) and amphistome (11.06%) in cattle and buffaloes was reported by Swarnakar et al. [17] while Gupta et al. [5] found 6.77% F. gigantica and 45% amphistome in buffaloes, and 0.99% F. gigantica and 17.59% amphistome in cattle. The only cestode observed in this study was Moniezia spp. with the prevalence of 7.5% in cattle and buffaloes, 6.82% in buffaloes and 7.90% in cattle. The prevalence of cestode was in line with the findings of Swarnakar et al. [17] and Keyyu et al. [18]. However, a higher prevalence was reported by Hailu et al. [19] and lower prevalence by Gupta et al. [5]. The variation in the prevalence might be due to the opportunity of exposure to the intermediate host and the free-living soil mites on pasture. Eimeria spp. was 28.34%, 29.55%, and 27.64% in cattle and buffaloes, buffaloes, and cattle, respectively. The prevalence rate was more or less similar with the findings of Haque et al. [20] and Gupta et al. [5].
Table 2.
Parasite wise prevalence of GI parasites in cattle and buffaloes.
| Parasite/species (%) | Cattle (n=76) | Buffalo (n=44) | Overall (n=120) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strongyles | 39 (51.32) | 21 (47.73) | 60 (50) |
| Strongyloides spp. | 02 (2.64) | 01 (2.28) | 03 (2.50) |
| T. vitulorum | 02 (2.64) | 0 | 02 (1.67) |
| Trichuris spp. | 01 (1.32) | 01 (2.28) | 02 (1.67) |
| F. gigantica | 05 (6.58) | 0 | 05 (4.17) |
| Amphistome | 04 (5.27) | 02 (4.55) | 06(5) |
| Moniezia spp. | 06 (7.90) | 03 (6.82) | 09 (7.5) |
| Eimeria spp. | 21 (27.64) | 13 (29.55) | 34 (28.34) |
T. vitulorum=Toxocara vitulorum, F. gigantica=Fasciola gigantica, GI=Gastrointestinal
The monthly prevalence of GI parasites (Table-3) in cattle and buffaloes were highest in the month of September (81.81%) and least in December (61.11%). According to Hailu et al. [19] the overall prevalence of GI helminths infection was high in October (wet month) and low in February. The reason for this could be conduciveness of the environmental condition for the development of larvae. The EPG/OPG of feces was considered to be the estimation of the burden of infection of GI parasites in cattle and buffaloes. The EPG/OPG in most of the fecal samples was in the range of 201-300 (Table-4). The EPG in the most of the studied animals indicated moderate infection that warrants treatment.
Table 3.
Month wise prevalence of GI parasites in cattle and buffaloes.
| Months | Cattle and buffaloes | Positive (%) |
|---|---|---|
| August 2014 | 10 | 07 (70.00) |
| September 2014 | 11 | 09 (81.81) |
| October 2014 | 14 | 11 (78.57) |
| November 2014 | 20 | 15 (75.00) |
| December 2014 | 18 | 11 (61.11) |
| January 2015 | 18 | 13 (72.22) |
| February 2015 | 14 | 10 (71.42) |
| March 2015 | 15 | 12 (80.00) |
| Total | 120 | 88 (73.33) |
Table 4.
EPG/OPG of GI parasites in cattle and buffaloes.
| Parasites | 100-200 | 201-300 | 301-600 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Buffalo | Cattle | Overall | Buffalo | Cattle | Overall | Buffalo | Cattle | |
| Strongyle | 14 | 04 | 10 | 33 | 13 | 20 | 13 | 04 | 09 |
| Strongyloides spp. | 01 | 01 | 00 | 02 | 00 | 02 | 00 | 00 | 00 |
| T. vitulorum | 01 | 00 | 01 | 01 | 00 | 01 | 00 | 00 | 00 |
| Trichuris spp. | 00 | 00 | 00 | 02 | 01 | 01 | 00 | 00 | 00 |
| Eimeria spp. | 07 | 03 | 04 | 12 | 04 | 08 | 15 | 06 | 09 |
| Moniezia spp. | 01 | 01 | 00 | 07 | 02 | 05 | 01 | 00 | 01 |
T. vitulorum=Toxocara vitulorum, EPG/OPG=Eggs/oocysts per gram
Conclusion
Cattle and buffaloes in Jabalpur were infected with helminths and coccidia. The prevalence rates of GI parasites varied with month. The EPG of infection was moderate in most animals warranting treatment. Future studies are required to evaluate the economic impact of GI parasites in the study area.
Authors’ Contributions
PM went to the field to collect the samples and carried out the research. YV and MS supervised the overall research work. AKD wrote the first draft before being revised and approved by all the authors.
Acknowledgments
The authors are highly thankful to Dean, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur for providing the facilities required for conducting research work.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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