Mean + SEM for A) lever contacts, B) probability of lever contact, C) latency to lever contact, D) food cup contacts, E) probability of food cup contact, and F) latency to food cup contact. Rats that displayed lever-directed behavior were classified as sign-trackers (STs; n = 15), while those that directed their behavior towards the food cup were classified as goal-trackers (GTs; n = 7). Rats who received unpaired CS-US presentations did not develop a conditioned response (UNs; n = 6).