Incidence and Predictors of Angiographic Vasospasm, Symptomatic Vasospasm and Cerebral Infarction in Chinese Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract

Introduction

Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is the most common neurological complication after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and associated with poor functional outcome and mortality. Reports on incidence and predictors of CVS in Chinese patients with aSAH were scarce. We aimed to estimate the incidence and predictors of angiographic vasospasm (AV), symptomatic vasospasm (SV), and cerebral infarction in Chinese patients with aSAH.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 542 consecutive aSAH patients admitted to neurosurgery department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University in Urumqi city of China between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2015. AV, SV and cerebral infarction were defined based on clinical data and neuroimaging findings. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of AV, SV or cerebral infarction.

Results

343 (63.3%) patients fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of them, 182(53.1%) developed AV, 99 (28.9%) developed SV, and 87 (25.4%) developed cerebral infarction. A history of hypertension, poor modified Fisher grade (3–4) and poor Hunt-Hess grade (4–5) on admission were common risk factors for AV, SV and cerebral infarction. Patients from Uyghur ethnic group or other minorities were less likely to develop AV, SV or cerebral infarction, compared to those from Han ethic group after adjustment of other potential confounders. Additionally, age ≥53 years, leukocyte count ≥11× 10⁹/L on admission and being current or former smokers were independent risk factors of cerebral infarction. Leukocyte count ≥11× 10⁹/L on admission and aneurysm size ≥ 10 mm were independent risk factors of SV. Serum glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/L on admission was an independent risk factor of AV.

Conclusion

Risk factors of different definitions of CVS were diverse in Chinese patients with aSAH; however, risk factors of SV and cerebral infarction seem to be similar. We recommend early and aggressive therapy in these patients at-risk of CVS.

Introduction

Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage is a neurosurgical emergency characterized by the extravasation of blood into the spaces covering the central nervous system that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The leading cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage is rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, which accounts for about 80 percent of total cases [1]. Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) is the most common neurological complication after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and associated with poor functional outcome and mortality [2, 3]. Understanding factors associated with development of CVS may help clinicians to target at-risk individuals and potentially prevent this complication. However, predictors of CVS after aSAH are reported inconsistently in previous literatures [4], which is mainly due to use of different definitions or diagnostic criteria for CVS. So far, terms used to define CVS have included angiographic vasospasm (AV), symptomatic vasospasm (SV), cerebral infarction on computed tomography (CT), delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and transcranial Doppler (TCD) vasospasm [5–9]. Recently, a multidisciplinary research group proposed a uniform definition of CVS, which recommended using separately defined outcomes for AV, clinical deterioration due to DCI, and cerebral infarction, rather than combining radiographic evidence of vasospasm with clinical features of cerebral ischemia [10–12]. TCD is used to monitor patients with aSAH for increases in intracranial blood flow velocity suggestive of incipient CVS. However, diagnostic performance of TCD at confirming CVS is still controversial [13–15]. Incidence and predictors of CVS after aSAH in patients with different ethnic background are well documented in the literatures [16–18]. However, reports on incidence and predictors of CVS in Chinese patients with aSAH are rare. In this study, we aimed to investigate the incidence and predictors of CVS defined by AV, or SV, or cerebral infarction in aSAH patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University in Urumqi city of western China in 2011–2015.

Materials and Methods

Study patients

We retrospectively reviewed the demographic and clinical data from patients admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery at Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital (Urumqi City, Xinjiang Province, China) with confirmed aSAH between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2015. aSAH was determined by clinical symptoms and neuroimaging findings (digital subtract angiography [DSA], CT or CT angiography [CTA]). Lumbar puncture was performed when angiography could not confirm subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exclusion criteria included secondary subarachnoid hemorrhage from trauma, arteriovenous malformations, or other causes and age less than 15 years. Patients were only included when they met the following criteria: they were admitted to neurosurgery center within two days after aSAH onset, and received surgical clipping and/or endovascular coiling within three days after admission, and had repeated DSA performed after aneurysm treatment, and had CT scan performed on admission and repeated several times within six weeks after aSAH.

Management of aSAH patients

Patients with aSAH were treated following a standardized institutional protocol. Upon admission, all patients were treated with intravenous fluids to maintain euvolemia. Oral nimodipine was administered to all patients (60 mg every four hours) for 14 days from the time of admission. For those who were not able to take oral nimodipine, intravenous nimodipine was administered. Selection of treatment with surgical clipping or endovascular coiling resulted from a consensus reached between the treating neurosurgeon and the interventional neuro-radiologist after analyzing risks and chances of success of both therapeutic modalities on each case. All patients underwent DSA or CTA, and CT scan on admission. Based on clinical symptoms and neuroimaging findings on admission, the clinical condition of aSAH patients was graded according to Hunt and Hess [19] and the severity of aSAH was radiologically classified according to Frontera JA, et al (modified Fisher grade) [20]. Patients usually had one DSA between three and five days after aneurysm treatment. Repeated DSA would be performed when the diagnosis of vasospasm remained in question or endovascular treatment was being entertained. Head CT scan was performed on as-needed basis for clinical purposes during the time between admission and discharge.

Definitions of outcome variables

SV was defined as the development of new focal neurological signs within 21 days after aSAH onset, including worsening headaches, stiff neck and insidious onset of confusion, or decline in level of consciousness, or focal deficits not clinically or radiographically attributable to other causes (hydrocephalus, seizures, metabolic derangement, infection, etc.). AV was defined as moderate-to-sever arterial narrowing on DSA and not attributable to atherosclerosis, catheter-induced spasm or vessel hypoplasia. The degree of narrowing was determined by comparing the diameter of an affected artery to its pre-narrowed segment or to the most distal segment of the parental vessel. Narrowing was classified as moderate when the decrease was between 25% and 50% and severe when the vessel was narrowed by more than 50% [21]. Cerebral infarction was defined radiologically as a new hypodensity located in a vascular distribution on CT scan either within six weeks after SAH or before discharge and not attributable to other causes such as surgical clipping or endovascular treatment. In this study, hypodensities on CT scan resulting from ventricular catheter or intraparenchymal hematoma were not regarded as cerebral infarctions from DCI [11]. AV, SV, and cerebral infarction due to vasospasm were independently assessed without knowledge of each.

Other variables used in the analysis

Other variables potentially associated with AV, SV (both transient and permanent), and cerebral infarctions were collected. Those variables included basic demographic information (age, gender, ethnicity, and history of cigarette smoking and hypertension), size and number of aneurysm, Hunt-Hess grades and modified fisher grades on admission, aneurysm treatment (surgical clipping and endovascular coiling) and admission laboratory findings (leukocyte count, serum glucose, and triglyceride). The age variable was dichotomized into “≥ 53 years” and “< 53 years” (the mean age was selected as the cutoff value). Aneurysm size was determined by measuring the maximal inner diameter on DSA and categorized into two groups: “size ≥ 10 mm” (at least one aneurysm size ≥ 10 mm for multiple aneurysms) and “size < 10 mm” (size of all aneurysms < 10 mm for multiple aneurysms). The Hunt-Hess and Modified Fisher grades on admission were dichotomized into good-grade status (Modified Fisher grade “0–2” or Hunt-Hess grade “1–3”) and poor-grade status (Modified Fisher grade “3–4” or Hunt-Hess grade “4–5”). Admission leukocyte count, serum glucose, and triglyceride were dichotomized clinically at the level of 11× 10⁹/L, 7.0 mmol/L and 2.26 mmol/L, respectively.

Ethics statement

The Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital Ethics Committee reviewed and approved the analysis. All private information was kept confidential and used for population analysis only.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed in SPSS version 17 (IBM Statistics, Chicago, IL). Univariate analysis was performed separately using AV, or SV, or cerebral infarction as the dependent variable. The demographic, clinical, radiographic, treatment-related, and in-hospital complication variables described above were independent variables. Categorical variables were analyzed using χ² tests. The relative difference between outcomes was expressed as an odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Binary logistic regression with stepwise forward selection was then used to adjust for variables identified in univariate analysis to be significantly different between the outcomes. The probability value for choice of predictive variables in logistic regression was set at 0.05. Adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% CI were given. Independence of variables was tested using the likelihood ratio test on reduced models. Significance was set at P < 0.05 for all analyses.

Results

A total of 678 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery at Xinjiang Medical University First Affiliated Hospital between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2015. Of them, 542 patients were diagnosed with aSAH. A total of 343 aSAH patients (63.3%) met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were included in the final analysis (Fig 1). Demographic and clinical characteristics of these eligible aSAH patients are shown in Table 1. The median time interval of performing DSA after aneurysm treatment was five days (range from two days to seven days). Among 343 patients with aSAH, 182(53.1%) developed AV, 99 (28.9%) developed SV, and 87 (25.4%) developed cerebral infarction. Of those with AV, 88(48.4%) had SV and 70 (38.5%) had cerebral infarction. Of those with SV, 88(88.9%) had AV and 42 (42.4%) had cerebral infarction. 10 out of 87 patients with cerebral infarction (11.5%) showed no evidence of SV or AV.

Fig 1. Flow diagram of the eligible patients and enrollment process of the study.

Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of 343 patients with aSAH on admission.

Category	Number	Proportion (%)
Gender
male	133	38.8
female	210	61.2
Age group
≥53 years	151	44.0
< 53 years	192	56.0
Ethnicity
Han	191	55.7
Uyghur	92	26.8
Others	60	17.5
History of cigarette smoking
Current or former smokers	64	18.7
Non-smokers	279	81.3
History of hypertension
Yes	149	43.7
No	194	56.3
Number of aneurysms
1	289	84.3
≥2	54	15.7
Aneurysm size
≥ 10 mm	166	48.4
< 10 mm	177	51.6
Modified Fisher grade
0–2	194	56.6
3–4	149	43.4
Hunt-Hess grade
1–3	226	65.9
4–5	117	34.1
Leukocyte count
≥11×109/L	168	40.0
< 11×109/L	137	49.0
Missing data	38	11.0
Serum glucose level
≥7.0 mmol/L	156	45.5
<7.0 mmol/L	151	44.0
Missing data	36	10.5
Triglyceride level
≥2.26 mmol/L	31	9.0
< 2.26 mmol/L	257	74.9
Missing data	55	16.1
Aneurysm treatment
Clipping	216	63.0
Coiling	107	31.2
Both	20	5.8

In univariate analysis, age ≥ 53 years, poor modified Fisher grade (3–4), poor Hunt-Hess grade (4–5), leukocyte count level ≥11× 10⁹/L, and serum glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/L on admission were risk factors of AV, or SV, or cerebral infarction. Additionally, a history of hypertension and being current or former smokers were risk factors for SV or cerebral infarction. Aneurysm size ≥ 10 mm was risk factor for AV or SV (Table 2). Notably, aSAH patients from Uyghur ethnic group or other minority groups (Kazakh, Hui and Mongol) were less likely to develop AV, or SV, or cerebral infarction compared to those from Han ethnic group in univariate analysis.

Table 2. Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with occurrence of AV, SV and cerebral infarction in patients with aSAH.

Category	AV(n = 182)			SV(n = 99)			cerebral infarction (n = 87)
	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P	N (%)	OR (95% CI)	P
Gender
Female	83(62.4)	1.9(1.2–2.9)	0.006	45(33.8)	1.5(0.9–2.4)	0.105	35(26.3)	1.1(0.7–1.8)	0.747
Male	99(47.1)	1.0		54(25.7)	1.0		52(24.8)	1.0
Age group
≥53 years	94 (62.3)	2.0(1.3–3.0)	0.002	59(39.1)	2.4(1.5–3.9)	<0.001	50(33.1)	2.1(1.3–3.4)	0.003
< 53 years	88 (45.8)	1.0		40(20.8)	1.0		37(19.3)	1.0
Ethnicity
Han	115 (60.2)	1.0		55(35.1)	1.0		66(34.6)	1.0
Uyghur	45 (48.9)	0.6(0.4–1.0)	0.073	26(21.7)	0.5(0.3–0.9)	0.023	15(16.3)	0.4(0.2–0.7)	0.001
Others	22 (36.7)	0.4(0.2–0.7)	0.002	18(20.0)	0.5(0.2–0.9)	0.028	6(10.0)	0.2(0.1–0.5)	<0.001
History of cigarette smoking
Current or former smokers	34 (53.1)	1.0(0.6–1.7)	0.991	31(48.4)	2.9(1.7–5.0)	<0.001	23(35.9)	1.9(1.1–3.4)	0.031
Non-smokers	148(53.1)	1.0		68(24.4)	1.0		64(22.9)	1.0
History of hypertension
Yes	79 (53.0)	1.0(0.6–1.5)	0.921	65(43.6)	3.8(2.4–6.2)	<0.001	47(31.5)	1.8(1.1–2.9)	0.021
No	103 (53.1)	1.0		34(16.8)	1.0		40(20.6)	1.0
Number of aneurysms
1	155(53.6)	1.0		84(27.4)	1.0		72(24.9)	1.0
≥2	27(50.0)	0.9(0.5–1.5)	0.875	15(27.8)	1.0(1.0–2.3)	0.947	15(27.8)	1.2(0.6–2.2)	0.657
Aneurysm size
≥ 10 mm	99(53.6)	1.7(1.1–2.6)	0.018	58(34.9)	1.8(1.1–2.9)	0.016	46(27.7)	1.3(0.8–2.1)	0.333
< 10 mm	83(46.9)	1.0		31(23.3)	1.0		41(23.2)	1.0
Modified Fisher grade
0–2	70 (36.1)	1.0		43(22.2)	1.0		34(17.5)	1.0
3–4	112 (75.2)	5.4(3.4–8.5)	<0.001	56(37.6)	2.1(1.3–3.4)	0.002	53(35.6)	2.6(1.6–4.2)	<0.001
Hunt-Hess grade
1–3	79 (35.0)	1.0		35(15.5)	1.0		30(13.3)	1.0
4–5	103(88.0)	13.7(7.4–25.5)	<0.001	64(54.7)	6.6(4.1–10.7)	<0.001	57(48.7)	6.2(3.8–10.2)	<0.001
Leukocyte count
≥11×109/L	117(69.6)	2.5(1.6–4.0)	<0.001	65(38.7)	1.9(1.2–3.1)	0.010	61(36.3)	2.4(1.4–4.1)	0.001
<11×109/L	65(47.4)	1.0		34(24.8)	1.0		26(19.0)	1.0
Serum glucose level
≥7.0 mmol/L	104(66.7)	3.2(2.0–5.1)	<0.001	63(40.4)	2.2(1.3–3.5)	0.002	49(31.4)	1.8(1.1–3.0)	0.030
<7.0 mmol/L	58(38.4)	1.0		36(23.8)	1.0		31(20.5)	1.0
Triglyceride level
≥2.26 mmol/L	16(51.6)	0.9(0.5–2.0)	0.891	10(32.3)	0.9(0.4–2.0)	0.793	11(35.5)	1.4(0.6–3.1)	0.386
<2.26 mmol/L	136(52.9)	1.0		89(34.6)	1.0		72(28.0)	1.0
Aneurysm treatment
Clipping	107(49.5)	1.0		68(31.5)	1.0		56(25.9)	1.0
Coiling	66(61.7)	1.6(1.0–2.6)	0.042	25(23.4)	0.7(0.4–1.1)	0.129	25(23.4)	0.9(0.5–1.5)	0.951
Both	9(45.0)	0.8(0.3–2.1)	0.698	6(30.0)	0.9(0.3–2.5)	0.891	6(30.0)	1.2(0.4–3.3)	0.692

aSAH, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage; AV, angiographic vasospasm; SV, symptomatic vasospasm; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

In multivariate analysis, ethnicity, history of hypertension, modified Fisher grade, and Hunt-Hess grade were associated with development of AV, or SV, or cerebral infarction. In addition, age, leukocyte count and history of cigarette smoking were associated with development of cerebral infarction. Leukocyte count and aneurysm size were associated with development of SV. Serum glucose level was associated with development of AV (Table 3). Gender, number of aneurysms, triglyceride level and aneurysm treatment were not associated with development of AV, or SV, or cerebral infarction.

Table 3. Multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with AV, SV and cerebral infarction in patients with aSAH.

Category	AV (n = 182)		SV (n = 99)		Cerebral infarction (n = 87)
	aOR (95% CI)	P	aOR (95% CI)	P	aOR (95% CI)	P
Age group
≥53 years	0.9(0.3–3.1)	0.922	0.8(0.5–1.1)	0.203	1.6(1.1–2.4)	0.042
< 53 years	1.0		1.0		1.0
Ethnicity
Han	1.0		1.0		1.0
Uyghur	0.5(0.3–0.7)	0.003	0.6(0.3–0.9)	0.023	0.7(0.5–0.9)	0.043
Others	0.6(0.2–0.8)	0.005	0.4(0.2–0.6)	0.015	0.6(0.4–0.8)	0.032
History of cigarette smoking
Current or former smokers	0.9(0.2–5.0)	0.987	2.4(0.6–4.2)	0.654	2.1(1.4–3.2)	0.021
Non-smokers	1.0		1.0		1.0
History of hypertension
Yes	2.1(1.3–3.9)	0.023	4.4(1.8–10.7)	<0.001	2.7(1.7–4.2)	<0.001
No	1.0		1.0		1.0
Aneurysm size
≥ 10 mm	2.2(0.5–9.3)	0.278	1.6(1.1–2.3)	0.021	1.0(0.5–1.9)	0.990
< 10 mm	1.0		1.0		1.0
Modified Fisher grade
0–2	1.0		1.0		1.0
3–4	4.1(1.3–9.4)	<0.001	3.3(1.2–6.7)	<0.001	2.3(1.5–3.5)	<0.001
Hunt-Hess grade
1–3	1.0		1.0		1.0
4–5	7.9(2.5–13.3)	<0.001	6.5(2.2–10.8)	<0.001	5.3(1.3–7.9)	<0.001
Leukocyte count
≥11× 109/L	2.7(0.8–9.6)	0.126	2.2(1.2–5.7)	0.034	1.5(1.2–3.4)	0.007
< 11× 109/L	1.0		1.0		1.0
Serum glucose level
≥7.0 mmol/L	3.9(1.1–13.9)	0.036	1.7(0.9–3.1)	0.107	1.3(0.8–2.2)	0.279
<7.0 mmol/L	1.0		1.0		1.0

aSAH, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage; AV, angiographic vasospasm; SV, symptomatic vasospasm; CI, confidence interval; aOR, adjusted odds ratio.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the largest study that investigates the incidence and predictors of AV, SV and cerebral infarction among Chinese patients with aSAH. The estimated incidence of AV, SV and cerebral infarction among patients with aSAH in our study is 53.1%, 28.9% and 25.4%, respectively. These findings are in alignment with the observed incidence between lowest and highest incidences reported by other studies [7, 16, 17, 22–26]. However, our results should be applied with caution due to the exclusion of nearly 37% of patients with confirmed aSAH for various reasons (such as no repeated DSA or CT, delayed presentation, no clipping/coiling, etc.). The incidence of AV in our study may be underestimated since we defined AV as moderate-to-sever arterial narrowing on DSA. A true incidence of AV, including all cases with mild, moderate and sever arterial narrowing on DSA, may be as high as 90% or even higher in both Caucasian and Asian patients [17, 27]. Additionally, we found 42.4% of patients who developed SV had cerebral infarction. The incidence proportion of cerebral infarction among SV cases ranged from 34.5%-80.0% in previous studies [5,28,29], depending on type and frequency of neuroimaging method used to detect cerebral infarction. We did not perform serial MRI or CT perfusion on scheduled basis, but rather CT scan on as-needed basis. MRI or CT perfusion is considered more sensitive to identify cerebral infarction compared to CT scan [30,31]. Performing serial MRI or CT/CT perfusion imaging may allow for early medical intervention and prevent progression to poor outcome in patients with aSAH, which should be recommended in clinical practice in China.

History of hypertension was associated with AV, SV, and cerebral infarction in our study. This is consistent with findings from another study conducted among Japanese aSAH patients [17]. However, studies conducted in Western developed countries reported inconsistent results on the role of hypertension on development of CVS [32–35]. Regardless of discrepancy between studies, hypertension is a modifiable risk factor of CVS in Chinese patients as suggested by our findings. Hypertension is usually not well controlled among patients in China; therefore, further study should be conducted to evaluate the impact of controlled hypertension on development of CVS after aSAH in Chinese patients. The modified Fisher grade, which accounts for thick cisternal and ventricular blood, is considered more accurate in predicting SV in aSAH patients [20, 36]. In our study, we found poor modified Fisher grade (3–4) was predictor of all three definitions of CVS, suggesting modified Fisher grade is more valuable tool to identify patients at risk of CVS than the original one, and it is applicable in Chinese patients.

Notably, we found patients from Uyghur ethnic group or other minorities were less likely to develop AV, SV or cerebral infarction, compared to those from Han ethic group. In previous studies, incidence of SV [37], cerebral infarction [32], or DCI [38] did not differ between whites and African Americans. However, a meta-analysis by Mocco J, et al. indicated Japanese patients with aSAH might be more likely to develop CVS than European patients [39], although the racial difference in incidence of CVS after aSAH in this meta-analysis could be due to some confounders such as smoking, hypertension, or variation in clinical condition of aSAH patients on admission, etc. In our study, the association of ethnicity with AV, SV, or cerebral infarction was still significant after adjustment for other clinical predictors of CVS, which may be due to genetic differences between ethnic groups in Xinjiang, China. However, it could be also due to confounders such as diabetes mellitus, alcohol intake, heart disease, cardiac function, etc. [4]. These potential confounding variables were not available in our study. Further research is needed to clarify the association of ethnicity and development of CVS in patients with aSAH in Western China.

Additionally, age ≥53 years, leukocyte count ≥11× 10⁹/L and current or former smokers before aSAH onset were independent risk factors of cerebral infarction in Chinese patients with aSAH. Similarly, most of previous studies have demonstrated a positive association of leukocytosis, age and history of smoking with the development of SV and cerebral infarction [30,40–43]. Furthermore, we found serum glucose level was associated with AV, but not with SV or cerebral infarction. Naidech AM and colleagues reported that moderate hypoglycemia was associated with SV, AV, cerebral infarction, and 3-month disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage [44]. This is only partially consistent with our finding. Additionally, we found gender, number of aneurysms, triglyceride level and aneurysm treatment were not associated with development of SV, or AV, or cerebral infarction. The lack of an association between these variables and SV, AV or cerebral infarction may be real in Chinese patients, or may be due to the retrospective nature of our study and other unknown confounders. Further research with sufficient sample size and prospective design is needed to confirm these associations.

Limitations

This study has several limitations. Firstly, the design of our study is retrospective, and we only included patients with repeated neuroimaging findings, which may introduce selection bias. These patients without repeated neuroimaging findings are more likely to be aged ≥53 years (S1 Table). As such, we may underestimate the true incidence of cerebral infarction since elder age was associated with development of cerebral infarction in our study. Secondly, Although we restricted our definition of cerebral infarction on a CT scan to focus on lesions likely caused by CVS, we may include some ischemic lesions caused by other mechanisms (e.g. perforator vessel occlusion unnoticed at the time of surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, or delayed consequences of a dissection provoked during catheterization but undetected on an angiogram). Thirdly, some other factors which are potentially associated with SV, AV, or cerebral infarction (e.g. a history of diabetes mellitus, hydrocephalus, location of aneurysm, electrocardiogram changes, cardiac abnormalities, etc.) were not available in our study, which may confound the results of our study. Finally, aneurysm treatment (e.g. surgical clipping or endovascular coiling) was not done by the same surgeon. However, experience and skills of these surgeons who involved in aneurysm treatment were similar; therefore, we believe this may not introduce bias in our study.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that a history of hypertension, poor modified Fisher grade (3–4), poor Hunt-Hess grade (4–5) and Han ethnicity were associated with increased risk of AV, SV, and cerebral infarction in Chinese patients with aSAH. Additionally, age ≥53 years, leukocyte count ≥11× 10⁹/L on admission and being current or former smokers were independent risk factors of cerebral infarction. Leukocyte count ≥11× 10⁹/L and aneurysm size ≥ 10 mm on admission were independent risk factors of SV. Serum glucose level ≥7.0 mmol/L on admission was independent risk factor of AV. We recommend early and aggressive therapy in these at-risk populations to prevent poor outcome in patients with aSAH. However, the associations observed in this study may not be applicable in general to Chinese patients with aSAH since nearly 37% of patients were excluded due to various reasons.

Supporting Information

S1 Table. Comparison of aSAH patients with complete data (n = 343) and those with missing data (n = 110) on repeated neuroimaging findings.

(DOCX)

Data Availability

Data are available from the Xinjiang Medical University The First Affiliated Hospital Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Registry. Data access requires Institutional Data Access approval. There is an Ethics Committee for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential information. Future interested researchers may request access to the dataset from Hamulati Yasinjiang [Postal Address: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University,137 Liyushannan Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, China] Email Address: halmuratxj@126.com.

Funding Statement

This study was financially supported by the Regional Science Fund Project of Xinjiang, China (No.81160150).