New cryptic species of Teratosphaeria on Eucalyptus in Australia

Abstract

Teratosphaeria destructans and T. viscida are serious pathogens causing leaf, bud and shoot blight diseases of Eucalyptus plantations in the subtropics and tropics of South-East Asia (T. destructans) and North Queensland, Australia (T. viscida). During disease surveys in northern Western Australia and the Northern Territory of Australia, symptoms resembling those of T. destructans were observed on young and adult leaves of native and plantation Eucalyptus spp. and its hybrids. Phylogenetic studies revealed Teratosphaeria species associated with these symptoms are new taxonomic novelties described here as T. novaehollandiae and T. tiwiana spp. nov. Isolates from previous records of T. destructans recorded in Australia were re-examined and based upon the phylogenetic evidence are reassigned to these new taxa. We conclude that T. destructans is absent from Australia.

INTRODUCTION

Teratosphaeria leaf diseases (TLD; Crous et al. 2006, Hunter et al. 2006, Crous 2009, Crous et al. 2009a, b) have emerged as significant foliar diseases impacting on the eucalypt plantation industry in subtropical and tropical areas of Australia (Carnegie et al. 2007a, b, c). Teratosphaeria species with kirramyces-like asexual morphs have emerged as the most significant foliar pathogens of this genus; namely T. destructans, T. eucalypti, T. pseudoeucalypti, T. suttonii, and T. viscida (Wingfield et al. 1996, Park et al. 2000, Carnegie 2007a, b, Andjic et al. 2010a). These five species cause a serious leaf blight disease, leading to premature defoliation and in some instances tree mortality (Andjic et al. 2007b, 2010a, Carnegie 2007a, b, c). Symptoms are similar and include brown to purple spots on leaves with diffuse border and red brown margin, necrotic lesions delimited by veins and presence of spore masses and conidia (Dick 1982, Walker et al. 1992, Wingfield et al. 1996, Burgess et al. 2006, Andjic et al. 2007a, b, c, Andjic et al. 2010a). Conidia of these species are all long, variously curved, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth to verruculose and are virtually indistinguishable by morphology (excluding T. suttonii), thus making diagnostics based on morphology impossible (Andjic et al. 2010b, Hunter et al. 2011).

Teratosphaeria destructans is an aggressive pathogen causing a leaf, bud and shoot blight disease (Wingfield et al. 1996). This pathogen was first discovered in Indonesia in 1996 and has since been detected in Thailand, China, Vietnam, and most recently South Africa (Burgess et al. 2006, Old et al. 2003a, b, Wingfield et al. 1996, Greyling et al. 2016). In Australia, T. destructans is only reported from Tiwi Island in the Northern Territory (on introduced plantation Eucalyptus hybrids) and Derby in Western Australia (on amenity Eucalyptus sp.) (Burgess et al. 2007). Teratosphaeria eucalypti is a leaf parasite of endemic Eucalyptus species (eastern Australia) but under favourable conditions can cause a serious leaf blight disease mostly infecting juvenile leaves of some Eucalyptus species in plantations (Carnegie 2007b). Teratosphaeria eucalypti is known to have been introduced with plantings of E. nitens from Australia into New Zealand, where it has resulted in complete defoliation of juvenile leaves of E. nitens (Dick 1982, Miller et al. 1992). Teratosphaeria pseudoeucalypti was first discovered on an unidentified Eucalyptus sp. and hybrids of E. grandis × camaldulensis in Central Queensland, where it caused severe outbreaks and damage (Andjic et al. 2010a). Since then the pathogen has been detected in Argentina (Ramos & Perez 2015), Brazil (de Souza et al. 2014), and Uruguay (Soria et al. 2014). Teratosphaeria suttonii is known from many countries (Park et al. 2000, Sankaran et al. 1995, Taole et al. 2015) and can cause severe damage in eucalypt plantations (Carnegie 2007b). Teratosphaeria viscida was first detected in 2005 causing leaf and shoot blight in E. grandis and complete defoliation of E. grandis × camaldulensis hybrids in Mareeba, North Queensland (Andjic et al. 2007b).

Whilst T. eucalypti, T. pseudoeucalypti, T. suttonii, and T. viscida are all native to Australia, the origin of T. destructans is still unclear (Andjic et al. 2011). Based on DNA sequence variation of Australian isolates, it was thought that T. destructans originated from Australia (Burgess et al. 2007). Teratosphaeria destructans was a high risk pathogen for Australia and was on the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) biosecurity target list (as Kirramyces destructans), but later removed after being reported in northern Australia by Burgess et al. (2007) (Jane Ray pers. comm.).

During surveys of native and plantation eucalypt species in northern Western Australia and the north-western Northern Territory over the years 2006–12, we observed leaves exhibiting symptoms similar to those of T. destructans. Samples were collected across several sites and preliminary examination revealed a fungus with a conidial morphology similar to that of T. destructans. This study describes two new species of Teratosphaeria with long conidia found in northern Western Australia and the Northern Territory that are distinct from T. destructans.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and isolation

Eucalypt leaves with symptoms resembling those of Teratosphaeria destructans were collected from several different locations in Australia: (a) adult mature trees of a Eucalyptus sp. in Derby, Western Australia; (b) juvenile leaves from Eucalyptus hybrids in plantations on Tiwi Island, Northern Territory; and (c) juvenile and adult foliage from eucalypt woodlands at several locations in northern, Western Australia and north-western parts of Northern Territory (Table 1, Fig. 1C). Isolations were made as described previously (Andjic et al. 2007a). Isolates are maintained in culture collections at Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia (MUCC) and the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (AQISWA), Perth, Western Australia. Ex-type cultures and leaf material have been deposited in the fungal collection of Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium (BRIP), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, and the KNAW-CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS), Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Table 1.

Host and locations of Teratosphaeria isolates considered in this study and the GenBank accession numbers for the three nuclear gene regions, ITS2, tub2, tef1.

Fungus	Culture no.a	Host	Location	Collector	GenBank accession no.b,c
					tef1	tub2	ITS2
Teratosphaeria destructans	DRF1168	E. grandis	Aek Nauli, Sumatra, Indonesia	MJ Wingfield	KT972342	KT972310	KT972278
	DRF1169	E. grandis	Sumatra, Indonesia	MJ Wingfield	KT972343	KT972311	KT972279
	CMW19922	E. urophylla	Goungdong, China	TI Burgess	KT972344	KT972312	KT972280
	CMW19911	E. urophylla	Goungdong, China	TI Burgess	EF686474	EU046365	EU046369
	CMW13710	E. camaldulensis	Tatoom, Thailand	MJ Wingfield	EF686464	EF686274	EF686505
	CMW15090	E. camaldulensis	MinhDuc, S-E Vietnam	TI Burgess	EF031490	EF031478	EF031466
T. eucalypti	CMW19461	E. nitens	Sun Valley, New Zealand	M Dick	EU101583	EU101527	FJ793232
	CMW19453	E. nitens	Settlement Rd, New Zealand	M Dick	EU101585	EU101529	FJ793234
	MUCC 623	E. nitens	Dorrigo,HAN-NSW, Australia	AJ Carnegie	EU101623	EU101566	FJ793255
	MUCC 643	E. nitens	Roses Tier, TAS, Australia	T Wardlaw	EU101635	EU101578	EU101656
T. novaehollandiae	AQISWA 201513	Eucalyptus sp.	Derby, WA, Australia	MJ Wingfield	KT972355	KT972323	KT972291
	AQISWA 201514	Eucalyptus sp.	Derby, WA, Australia	MJ Wingfield	KT972356	KT972324	KT972292
	AQISWA 201515	Eucalyptus sp.	Derby, WA, Australia	MJ Wingfield	KT972357	KT972325	KT972293
	AQISWA 201516	Eucalyptus sp.	Derby, WA, Australia	MJ Wingfield	KT972358	KT972326	KT972294
	BRIP59486	E. camaldulensis	Kununurra, WA, Australia	A Maxwell	KT972345	KT972313	KT972281
	AQISWA 201301	E. camaldulensis	Kununurra, WA, Australia	A Maxwell	KU567981	KU567980	KU547982
	BRIP59487	E. camaldulensis	Kununurra, WA, Australia	A Maxwell	KT972346	KT972314	KT972282
	BRIP59488,CBS 141552	E. camaldulensis	NT, Australia	V Andjic	KT972347	KT972315	KT972283
	BRIP59490	E. camaldulensis	NT, Australia	V Andjic	KT972349	KT972317	KT972285
	BRIP59481	E. camaldulensis	NT, Australia	A Maxwell	KT972350	KT972318	KT972286
	BRIP63522	E. victrix	Pilbara, WA, Australia	G Hardy	KT972352	KT972320	KT972288
	BRIP63523,CBS 141554	E. victrix	Pilbara, WA, Australia	G Hardy	KT972351	KT972319	KT972287
	AQISWA 201403	E. victrix	Pilbara, WA, Australia	G Hardy	KT972353	KT972321	KT972289
	AQISWA 201404	E. victrix	Pilbara, WA, Australia	G Hardy	KT972354	KT972322	KT972290
	MUCC 599	E. grandis x camaldulensis	Harrisville, S-QLD, Australia	AJ Carnegie	EU101593	EU101537	FJ793216
	MUCC 605	E. grandis x camaldulensis	Harrisville, S-QLD, Australia	AJ Carnegie	EU101616	EU101559	FJ793225
	MUCC 607	E. grandis x camaldulensis	Miriam Vale, C-QLD,Australia	G. Pegg	EU101598	EU101542	FJ793220
	MUCC 612	E. grandis x camaldulensis	Miriam Vale, C-QLD,Australia	G. Pegg	EU101601	EU101545	FJ793223
T. tiwiana	MUCC463	E. grandis x camaldulensis	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	EU009640	EU009649	EU009631
	MUCC465	E. grandis x camaldulensis	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	EU009641	EU009650	EU009632
	AQISWA 201501,CBS 141547	E. grandis x urophylla	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972361	KT972329	KT972298
	BRIP63496, CBS 141549	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972362	KT972330	KT972298
	AQISWA 201503	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972363	KT972331	KT972299
	AQISWA 201504	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972364	KT972332	KT972300
	BRIP63492,CBS 141553	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972365	KT972333	KT972301
	BRIP63491,CBS 141551	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972366	KT972334	KT972302
	BRIP63493	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972368	KT972336	KT972304
	BRIP63494	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972367	KT972335	KT972303
	BRIP63497,CBS 141550	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972369	KT972376	KT972305
	BRIP63495,CBS 141548	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972370	KT972377	KT972306
	BRIP63524	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972371	KT972378	KT972307
	AQISWA 201512	E. urophylla hybrids	Tiwi Island, Australia	TI Burgess	KT972372	KT972379	KT972308
T. viscida	MUCC 452, CBS 121156	E. grandis	Mareeba, Australia	TI Burgess	EF031495	EF031483	EF031471
	MUCC 453, CBS 121157	E. grandis	Mareeba, Australia	TI Burgess	EF031496	EF031484	EF031472
	MUCC 456	E. grandis	Mareeba, Australia	TI Burgess	EF031497	EF031485	EF031473
	MUCC 455	E. grandis	Mareeba, Australia	TI Burgess	EF031498	EF031486	EF031474

^aDesignation of isolates and culture collections: AQISWA = Biosecurity Australia Fungal Culture Collection, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; CBS = Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, Netherlands; BRIP = Biosecurity Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; CMW = Tree Pathology Co-operative Program, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, South Africa. MUCC= Murdoch University Culture Collection, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Specimens in bold are type specimens.

Fig. 1. A.

Bayesian phylogram obtained from the combined ITS2, translation elongation factor 1-α and the β-tubulin sequence alignment. Bootstrap support based on parsimony analysis and posterior probabilities of the branch nodes based on Bayesian analysis (italics) are given at the nodes. All trees are rooted to Teratosphaeria nubilosa. B. Haplotype network based on sequence data from ITS2, tub2 and tef1 gene regions. Colours following the blocks in Fig. 1. A indicate the isolates and the localities in Fig. 1. C. Red=T. destructans; Green=T. tiwiana; Orange=T. novaehollandiae; Brown=T. viscida C. Map showing collection localities of species described with colour coding aligned to the phylogram (Fig. 1A) and haplotype network (Fig. 1 B).

Morphological identification and characterisation

Preliminary identification of the Teratosphaeria isolates was by microscopic examination and culturing. Plugs (2 mm diam) were cut from actively growing cultures and placed at the centres of Petri dishes (55 mm diam) containing 2 % Malt Extract Agar (MEA). After 30 d, cultures were assessed for growth-rate, by taking two measurements of colony diameter perpendicular to each other. Colony colour was described using notations in the Munsell® Soil Colour Charts (Gretag Macbeth, New Windsor, NY, revised 2000).

Squash mounts of sporing structures were prepared, from hand sections of lesions and from culture, on slides in lacto-glycerol (1:1:1 v lactic acid: glycerol: water) and observed at 1000× magnification with Leica DM5000 light microscope. Morphological characters used in this study to distinguish Teratosphaeria species producing kirramyces-like long conidia included: conidial size, shape, pigmentation and number of septa. Wherever possible, 30 measurements of all potentially taxonomically relevant structures were recorded for each species and the extremes are presented in parentheses. Measurements of conidial size were obtained using image analysis software Leica Image Application Suite (LAS) and adjusted to the nearest 0.5 μm. Conidium lengths were recorded as straight-line (linear) length following the method of previous studies of Teratosphaeria (Wingfield et al. 1996). Data analyses were performed using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel.

DNA Extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

Isolates were grown on 2 % MEA at 20 °C for 4 wk and the mycelium was harvested and placed in a 1.5 mL sterile Eppendorf® tube. Harvested mycelium was ground to a fine powder using cordless motor pellet pestle (Sigma-Aldrich) and genomic DNA was extracted using a DNeasy® Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer’s instructions. ITS2 and part of the 5.8S region of the rDNA (ITS2), and two partial protein-coding genes, β-tubulin (tub2) and translation elongation factor (tef1), were sequenced for all isolates as described previously (Andjic et al. 2007a).

Phylogenetic analysis

The phylogeny of the new Teratosphaeria isolates was estimated using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. In order to compare Teratosphaeria species used in this study with other closely related species, additional ITS2, tub2 and tef1 sequences were obtained from GenBank (Table 1). Sequence data were assembled and aligned using the CLUSTALW algorithm implemented in Geneious R7 v. 7.0.4 (Biomatters). Adjustments to the alignments were made manually by inserting gaps where necessary.

Maximum parsimony analyses were performed on individual (data not shown) and combined data sets in PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony) v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) after a partition homogeneity test (PHT) of the combined ITS2, tub2 and tef1 alignments was conducted in PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony) v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) to test pairwise congruence between the sequence data sets.

The equally most parsimonious trees were obtained using heuristic searches with random stepwise taxon additions in 100 replicates, with the tree bisection-reconnection branch-swapping option on and the steepest-descent option off. Maxtrees were unlimited, branches of zero length were collapsed and all multiple equally most parsimonious trees were saved. Estimated levels of homoplasy and phylogenetic signal (retention and consistency indices) were determined (Hillis & Heuelsenbeck 1992). Branch and branch node support was determined using 1000 bootstrap replicates (Felsenstein 1985). Trees were rooted to Teratosphaeria nubilosa (CBS 116005).

The same aligned datasets were used for the Bayesian analysis, which was performed with MrBayes v. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Heuelsenbeck 2003) as implemented as Geneious plug-in after MrModeltest v. 3.5 (Nylander 2004) was used to determine the best nucleotide substitution model per gene region. For all gene regions the Hasegawa, Kishino and Yano (HKY85) nucleotide substitution model with gamma (G) and proportion of invariable site (I) parameters was the best model. Two independent runs of Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) were run over 1 100 000 generations. The heating parameter was set at 0.2 and trees were saved each 1 000 generations, resulting in 1 100 trees. Burn-in was set at 100 000 generations (i.e. 100 trees), well after the likelihood values converged to the stationery, leaving 1 000 trees from which the consensus trees and posterior probabilities were calculated.

Sequences obtained from this study have been deposited in GenBank and accession numbers are shown in Table 1. The sequence alignment was lodged in TreeBASE (www.treebase.org/) and taxonomic novelties in MycoBank (www.MycoBank.org).

Haplotype network estimation

Haplotype networks were used to compare isolates in order to infer which isolates were most closely related to one another. Haplotype networks were generated using the statistical parsimony method in the TCS v. 1.21 software programme (Clement et al. 2000). The program collapses DNA sequences into haplotypes and calculates the frequencies of haplotypes in the sample, which are used to estimate haplotype out-group probabilities that correlate with haplotype age (Donelly & Tavare 1986, Castelloe & Tempelton 1994). It then calculates an absolute distance matrix from which it estimates phylogenetic networks using a probability of parsimony, until the probability exceeds 0.95 (Templeton et al. 1992). The analysis was performed on the combined dataset of ITS2, tub1 and tef1 DNA sequences.

RESULTS

Morphological identification

The fungal isolates obtained in this study were characterised as slow-growing cultures on MEA. Morphological characteristics of the conidia of the Teratosphaeria isolates were similar in pigmentation, length, size, shape, and septa number (Table 2). Conidia were hyaline, subhyaline to pale brown, straight to variously curved, with 0–3 septa, and ranging from 30–50 × 2–3.5 μm (in vivo). These characteristics are typical for all Teratosphaeria species with kirramyces-like long conidia isolated from Eucalyptus. Morphological features of Teratosphaeria asexual morphs with long and short conidia are variable and not reliable for species separation, therefore the identification of those species relies on DNA sequencing (Andjic et al. 2007c, 2010b).

Table 2.

Morphological features of conidia of Teratosphaeria destructans, T. viscida, T. novaehollandiae, and T. tiwiana species from eucalypts. In vivo = herbarium specimens, in vitro = isolates from culture, n/a=not applicable (the isolates did not produce conidia in culture or were not available.)

Fungus	Specimen number	Pigmentation	Conidial length (in vivo) μm	Conidial length (in vitro) μm	Conidial width (in vivo) μm	Conidial width (in vitro) μm	Number of septa
T. destructans
Wingfield et al. 1992	PREM54416	Pale brown	50–65	n/a	2.5–3	n/a	1–3
Andjic et al. 2007	PREM59261	Pale brown	38–47	35–40	2–2.5	2–3	1–3
Andjic et al. 2007	PREM59259	Pale brown	49–55	33–40	2–2.5	2–2.5	1–3
T. viscida
Andjic et al. 2007	BRIP 49804	Subhyaline to pale brown	47–60	35–40	2.5–3.5	2.5–3.5	0–3
T. novaehollandiae
Present study	BRIP59486	Hyaline to subhyaline	35–40	30–35	2.5–3	2.0–2.8	1–3
	Kununurra
Present study	BRIP59488	Hyaline to subhyaline	30–35	25–30	2.0–3	1.5–2.0	1–3
	NT
Present study	BRIP63523	Hyaline to pale brown	25–30	26–30	3–3.5	2.3–2.8	1–2
	Pilbara
Present study	AQISWA201513	Subhyaline to pale brown	45–50	n/a	2.5–3	n/a	1–3
T. tiwiana
Present study	BRIP63496	Pale brown	35–40	35–40	2.5–3	2.5–3	1–2

Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis

A BLASTn search was conducted in GenBank to compare the ITS2 sequences of the Teratosphaeria isolates being examined in this study with those already there. The returned sequences were most similar to T. destructans (for isolates from Tiwi Island) and T. viscida (for isolates from Western Australia, WA, and Northern Territories, NT) and these and other less related species (T. eucalypti and T. pseudoeucalypti) were used in the phylogenetic analyses. The aligned combined data set of ITS2, tub2, and tef1 consisted of 870 characters, of which 72 were parsimony-informative and were used in the analysis. The partition homogeneity test showed no significant difference (P > 0.01; P = 0.32) between data from different gene regions, and so these data were combined. These data contained significant phylogenetic signal (P< 0.01; gl = - 0.95). Heuristic searches of unweighted characters in PAUP resulted in 18 equally most parsimonious trees of 91 steps (CI=0.89, RI=0.98; TreeBASE S18826; Fig. 1). The Bayesian analysis resulted in a tree with the same topology and clades as those revealed in the parsimony analysis and presented as Fig. 1A (TreeBASE S18826; Fig. 2). In the Bayesian analysis, the tub2, tef1 and ITS2 regions consisted of 47, 55 and 31 unique site patterns respectively.

Fig. 2.

Morphological features of Teratosphaeria destructans, T. tiwiana, T. novaehollandiae, and T. viscida from eucalypts. A–D. T. destructans specimen PREM 59261(CMW 17919). A. Leaf symptoms. B. Culture morphology on MEA. C. Conidia morphology. D. Conidiogenous cells and conidiogenesis. E–H. T. tiwiana holotype specimen and ex type culture BRIP 63496 (CBS 141549). E. Leaf symptoms. F. Culture morphology on MEA. G. Conidia morphology. H. Conidiogenous cells and conidiogenesis. I–L. T. novaehollandiae holotypespecimen and ex type culture BRIP 59486. I. Leaf symptoms. J. Culture morphology on MEA. K. Conidia morphology. L. Conidiogenous cells and conidiogenesis. M–P. T. viscida specimen BRIP 49804 CBS 121156). M. Leaf symptoms. N. Culture morphology on MEA. O. Conidia morphology. P. Conidiogenous cells and conidiogenesis. Bars = 10 μm.

The phylogeny generated from the combined alignment (Fig. 1A) resulted in three major clades: the first major clade comprising T. destructans and isolates from Tiwi Island with 93 % bootstrap support and a Bayesian posterior probability of 1.0; the second comprising isolates from WA and the NT with 100 % bootstrap support and a Bayesian posterior probability of 1.0; and the third containing isolates of T. viscida with 100 % bootstrap support and a Bayesian posterior probability of 1.0. Furthermore, the first major clade was subdivided in two sub-clades, one containing isolates of T. destructans and the second containing Teratosphaeria isolates from Tiwi Island. The T. destructans sub-clade was well supported with 78 % bootstrap support and a Bayesian posterior probability of 1.0. The Tiwi Island isolates subclade was supported with 68 % bootstrap support and a strong Bayesian posterior probability of 0.93. Although the bootstrap support for isolates from Tiwi Island was relatively low, posterior probability was strong for that node and the tree topology was consistent in all 18 equally most parsimonious trees. Teratosphaeria isolates from Tiwi Island were monophyletic in all 18 equally most parsimonious trees and consistently separated from T. destructans (data not shown).

The second clade containing isolates from WA and NT was well supported with a 100 % bootstrap value and a posterior probability of 1.0. The unnamed Teratosphaeria from this clade was closely related to, but phylogenetically distinct from T. viscida (Fig 1A). Isolates of both T. viscida and the undescribed Teratosphaeria were monophyletic with some sequence variation observed amongst new Teratosphaeria isolates. There were 12 fixed polymorphic sites distinguishing T. viscida from the new Teratosphaeria across the three gene regions indicating that isolates from this clade represent a new taxon (Table 3).

Table 3.

Polymorphic nucleotides from sequence data of ITS2, tef1 and tub2 gene regions showing the variation between isolates of Teratosphaeria viscida and T. novaehollandiae. Ex-type cultures are indicated in bold face.

	tub2				tef1						ITS2
	96	99	105	229	158	166	169	173	209	211	181	183
Teratosphaeria viscida
CBS 121156	G	A	G	T	T	G	A	A	G	G	T	G
CBS 121157	G	A	G	T	T	G	A	A	G	G	T	G
MUCC 456	G	A	G	T	T	G	A	A	G	G	T	G
MUCC 455	G	A	G	T	T	G	A	A	G	G	T	G
Teratosphaeria novaehollandiae
BRIP59486	A	G	T	C	C	A	C	T	A	A	C	C
BRIP59488	A	G	T	C	C	A	C	T	A	A	C	C
BRIP63523	A	G	T	C	C	A	C	T	A	A	C	C
BRIP63523	A	G	T	C	C	A	C	T	A	A	C	C
AQISWA201513	A	G	T	C	C	A	C	T	A	A	C	C

Haplotype network

Haplotype networks constructed in TCS software resulted in ten haplotypes (H-1–H-10) amongst the isolates used in this study (Fig. 1B): Teratosphaeria destructans was represented by one haplotype, H-1 (six isolates from Asia, AAA); T. tiwiana from Tiwi Islands was represented by three haplotypes (H-2,two isolates, ABB; H-3, six isolates, BBB; and H-4, six isolates BBC); the new Teratosphaeria isolates were represented by five haplotypes: H-5 (two isolates from the Kimberly region in WA and one from the NT, CCD); H-6 (one isolate from the NT, CCE); H-7 (two isolates from the NT, CDD); H-8 (four isolates from the Pilbara, WA, CED); and H-9 (four isolates from Derby, WA, DFD); and T. viscida was represented by one haplotype, H-10 (four isolates from Queensland, EGF).

Three different haplotypes (H-2, H-3, H-4) were observed in the population from Tiwi Island, but none of them were shared with the phylogenetically closely related T. destructans (H-1).

Five haplotypes were detected in the population from WA and NT. Only one haplotype was shared among isolates from WA and the NT (H-5), and none of the haplotypes were shared with the closely related T. viscida (H-10).

Morphological examination did not show any major differences between the Teratosphaeria isolates obtained in this study. This situation is common in species lacking a known sexual morph. However, the combination of phylogenetic inference and haplotype analysis provides robust evidence that isolates from Tiwi Island, NT and WA are distinct from both T. destructans and T. viscida. They are therefore described as new species here.

TAXONOMY

Teratosphaeria novaehollandiae V. Andjic, T.I. Burgess, A. Maxwell, sp. nov.

MycoBank MB815681

(Fig. 2I–L)

Etymology: Name refers to original Dutch name for the geographic western half of Australia, where the fungus was collected.

Diagnosis: Distinguished from T. viscida (cfr. Figs. 2 I–L and 2 M–P) in not producing highly hydrophobic and viscous spore masses. In vivo, T. novaehollandiae produces shorter conidia (33–40 μm) than those of T. viscida (47–60 μm). In vitro, T. novaehollandiae produce shorter conidia (27–31 μm) than T. viscida (35–40 μm). Unlike T. viscida, T. novaehollandiae does not produce a synasexual morph with chlamydospore-like structures in culture. Based on phylogenetic analyses of sequence data obtained for the ITS2, tef1 and tub2 gene regions, T. novaehollandiae has 12 fixed polymorphic sites across three gene regions which distinguish it from the closely related T. viscida (Table 3).

Type: Australia: Western Australia: Kununurra, isolated from leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Apr. 2012, A. Maxwell & V. Andjic (BRIP 59486 – holotype).

Description: Leaf spots circular to irregular, 2.5–35 mm diam, single to confluent, pale to medium brown with a red brown border on the top surface, and light brown from below. Conidiomata pycnidial, hypophyllous, single, dark brown to black. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidia solitary, 1–3-septate, hyaline to pale brown, slightly verruculose, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, thick-walled, base truncate sometimes with marginal frill, apex obtuse, (20–)33–40(–62) × (1.5–)2–3.5(–4.0) (mean = 38 × 2.5 μm).

Culture characteristics: Colonies 35 × 25 mm after 1 mo at 25 °C in the dark on MEA, white 5YR 8/1 to pink 5YR 8/4 on the upper surface, olive grey 5YR 7/1 on reverse. Mycelium subhyaline to pale brown, septate, branched. Conidiomata pycnidial, single, dark brown to black, globose to subglobose, unilocular: wall of textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells not seen in culture. Conidia solitary, 1–3-septate but mostly 3-septate, hyaline to subhyaline, slightly verruculose, cylindrical, straight to slightly curved (22–)27–30(–41) × (1–)2–2.5(–4) (mean = 30 × 2.5 μm).

Additional material examined: Australia: Western Australia and Northern Territory: Kununurra and Bachelor, isolated from E. camaldulensis, Apr. 2012, A. Maxwell & V. Andjic (BRIP 59487, BRIP 59488 = CBS 141552, BRIP 59490, and BRIP 59481); Western Australia: Pilbara isolated from Eucalyptus victrix, Aug. 2013, G. Hardy (BRIP 63522, BRIP 63523 = CBS 141554, AQISWA 201403, AQISWA 201404); Derby, isolated from leaves of Eucalyptus sp., July 2006, T.I Burgess & M.J. Wingfield (BRIP 64754, culture not viable).

Teratosphaeria tiwiana V. Andjic, T.I. Burgess, A. Maxwell, sp. nov.

MycoBank MB815680

(Fig. 2 E–H)

Etymology: Named after Tiwi Island, the type locality.

Diagnosis: Distinguished from T. destructans (cfr. Fig. 2 E–H v. A–D) by producing slightly shorter conidia and in septa number. In vivo, T. tiwiana produces shorter and less curved conidia (35–40 μm) than those of T. destructans (38–65 μm). In contrast to T. destructans, whose conidia is 1–3-septate, the conidia of T. tiwiana are 1–2-septate (Fig. 2C, G). Based on multi-gene phylogeny T. tiwiana can be distinguished from T. destructans with 6 bp differences across three gene regions.

Type: Australia: Northern Territory: Tiwi Island, isolated from leaves of Eucalyptus hybrids E. grandis × E. urophylla, Aug. 2007, T.I. Burgess (BRIP 63496– holotype; BRIP 63496 = CBS 141549– ex-type cultures).

Description: Leaf spots circular to irregular, 3–20 mm diam, single to confluent, pale to medium brown with red brown border on the top surface, light brown below. Conidiomata pycnidial, hypophyllous, single, dark brown. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidia solitary, 1–2-septate, predominantly with 1-septum, pale brown, slightly verruculose, cylindrical, straight to variously curved, thick-walled, base truncate, sometimes with marginal frill, apex obtuse, (26.5–)35–40(–44.5) × (2–)2.5–3.0(–3.5) (mean = 35 × 2.8 μm).

Culture characteristics: Colonies 25 × 25 mm after 1 mo at 25 °C in the dark on MEA, white 5YR 8/1 to pink 5YR 8/4 on the upper surface, olive grey 5YR 7/1 on reverse. Mycelium subhyaline to pale brown, septate, branched. Conidiomata, if present, pycnidial, single, dark brown to black, globose to subglobose, unilocular: wall of textura angularis. Conidiogenous cells not seen in culture. Conidia solitary, 0–1-septate, subhyaline to pale brown, slightly verruculose, cylindrical, straight to variously curved (25–)35–40(–56.5) × (2–)2.5–3(–3.5) (mean = 38 × 3.0 μm), lateral branches occasionally present as secondary conidia.

Additional specimens examined: Australia: Northern Territory: Tiwi Island, isolated from E. grandis and E. urophylla hybrids, Aug. 2007, T.I. Burgess (BRIP 63492 = CBS 141553, BRIP 63491 = CBS 141551, BRIP 63493, BRIP 63494, BRIP 63497 = CBS 141550, BRIP 63495 = CBS 141548, BRIP 63524).

DISCUSSION

We describe two new cryptic Teratosphaeria species isolated from Eucalyptus in northern Australia: T. tiwiana and T. novaehollandiae. Australian isolates previously described as T. destructans were re-examined and are here assigned to these two new taxa. Teratosphaeria destructans s. str., therefore, has not been correctly recorded in Australia, and remains restricted to South-East Asia and Africa.

The two new Teratosphaeria species could not be morphologically distinguished, thus the description was based on data inferred from multi-gene phylogeny: applying the Genealogical Concordance for Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR; Taylor et al. 2000) criteria, and noting the haplotype analysis of combined sequence data for the ITS2, tub2 and tef1 gene regions. The GCPSR concept uses the phylogenetic concordance of multiple unlinked genes to indicate a lack of genetic exchange and thus evolutionary independence of lineages (Geiser et al. 1998, Taylor et al. 2000, Starkey et al. 2007, Cai et al. 2011). It is a useful criterion for the discrimination of species when other species recognition criteria (morphological, physiological, reproduction, host specificity) fail (Cai et al. 2011). GCPSR has already proved to be a valuable tool for recognising cryptic species in Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Phyllosticta, and Fusarium species complexes (Glienke et al. 2011, Damm et al. 2012, Shivas & Cai 2012, Gomes et al. 2013, Hansen & Olariaga 2015).

Teratosphaeria tiwiana, a cryptic species similar to T. destructans, was isolated from non-endemic juvenile eucalypt leaves from a clonal taxa trial from Tiwi Island, NT, Australia. Previously, based on symptoms, conidial morphology and multilocus sequence data, the isolates from Tiwi Island had been identified as T. destructans although they grouped separately from T. destructans from Asia (Burgess et al. 2007). As a consequence, T. destructans was removed from the NAQS target list for exotic invasive plant pathogens. This study included more isolates from Tiwi Island than the initial study, and re-evaluated the relationship between Australian and Asian isolates using multi-locus sequence data and haplotype analysis. The DNA sequence analysis obtained in this study was in agreement with the findings in Burgess et al. (2007); there were 6 bp differences amongst isolates across three gene regions. In that previous study, it was thought that 6 bp difference was within the normal limits of infraspecies variation and the isolates from Australia were identified as T. destructans However, multigene phylogeny and haplotype analysis obtained in the present study provided sufficient evidence to support the separation of Australian isolates as a separate species described here as T. tiwiana. According to the Genealogical Concordance Concept of Dettman et al. (2003), a clade is recognised as an independent evolutionary lineage if the clade was present in the majority of the single locus genealogies and the clade is identified from the majority rule consensus tree regardless of its bootstrap or posterior probability support. In this study, the T. tiwiana clade was recovered in all three single strict consensus trees satisfying the criterion of genealogical concordance (data not shown); the clade was monophyletic in the phylogenetic trees inferred from single gene regions and from the combined dataset; and the lineage was supported by Bayesian analyses. Furthermore, T. tiwiana isolates showed sequence variation and were split in three haplotypes, while the sequences of T. destructans isolates were identical and contained only one haplotype. The haplotypes were not shared between these two species. This suggests that T. tiwiana is an endemic Australian cryptic species.

Teratosphaeria novaehollandiae was found on amenity plantings of an unidentified native Eucalyptus species in Derby, endemic E. camaldulensis woodlands in northern WA and the NT, and on E. victrix in the Pilbara, WA. These isolates were collected from adult and juvenile eucalypt foliage across an extensive area of northern Australia and where present caused minor to moderate levels of damage to Eucalyptus leaves. The sequences of T. novaehollandiae were variable and split into five haplotypes. Two haplotypes contained isolates from northern WA, one haplotype contained isolates from NT, one contained isolates from Pilbara and one contained isolates from Derby, WA. Despite having unique haplotypes, isolates from across northern WA and the NT could not be consistently split into separate phylogenetic species.

In a previous study, based on conidial morphology and phylogenetic analysis, isolates from Derby (WA) were assigned to T. destructans (Burgess et al. 2007). We have now re-evaluated the taxonomic position of the Derby isolates using multigene sequence data including haplotype analysis. The results obtained in this study have demonstrated that all isolates from Derby grouped together and were separated from Asian and Australian isolates previously named as T. destructans (i.e. T. tiwiana). The Derby isolates clustered within the T. novaehollandiae clade, which was well supported (1.00 Posterior probabilities) and was distinct from both T. destructans and T. viscida. The Derby isolates were not consistently separated from other isolates within T. novaehollandiae and are therefore here recognised as the new cryptic species T. novaehollandiae.

Sequence data and ex-type cultures are now available for for eight Teratosphaeria species described from eucalypts and for which a kirramyces-like asexual morph is known. Conidia range in size from the shortest T. novaehollandiae (33–40 μm) to the longest, T. destructans (50–65 μm), pigmentation and septation also varies, but generally conidia are septate. These species produce lesions on leaves with various symptoms. All except T. destructans have been reported in Australia. The expansion of eucalypt plantation forestry into the subtropics of Australia has led to the discovery of many new Teratopshaeria species, and it appears to be the dominant fungal genus on subtropical eucalypt leaves. Currently, the two species newly described in this study are not causing any significant damage to Australian eucalypt plantations, but the threat they may pose to the forestry industry is unknown.