Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1991 May 15;88(10):4235–4239. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.10.4235

Endothelin as an autocrine factor in the regulation of parathyroid cells.

Y Fujii 1, J E Moreira 1, C Orlando 1, M Maggi 1, G D Aurbach 1, M L Brandi 1, K Sakaguchi 1
PMCID: PMC51633  PMID: 1852000

Abstract

Endothelin, originally purified from porcine aortic endothelial cells, is widely distributed in tissues and is recognized as a product of epithelial cells, glial cells, and neurons in addition to endothelial cells. We found evidence by mRNA content and immunoreactivity that this peptide is synthesized in rat parathyroid epithelial cells (PT-r cells) and bovine parathyroid chief cells. The peptide synthesized by PT-r cells comigrated with synthetic endothelin 1 in reverse-phase HPLC and was diluted out in radioimmunoassay in parallel with the synthetic peptide. Bovine parathyroid endothelial cells (BPE-1 cells) did not express this peptide. Preproendothelin 1 mRNA expression by PT-r cells and endothelin 1 peptide production were regulated by calcium. Shifts in extracellular calcium either from high to low concentrations or vice versa elicited similar evanescent increases in expression of mRNA with a peak at 1 h. Synthesis of the peptide seems to be controlled by mRNA expression, and peptide in the medium appears to be continuously degraded or taken up by cells because its concentration in the medium showed a time course similar to that of mRNA expression. PT-r cells also bear a single class of receptors highly specific for endothelin 1, suggesting an autocrine regulation by endothelin 1 of the parathyroid. The facile regulation of endothelin concentrations in the medium by shifts in extracellular calcium concentration and possible autocrine regulation by endothelin 1 suggest that this peptide may mediate, at least in part, effects of calcium on the parathyroid system.

Full text

PDF
4235

Images in this article

4236Image
on p.4236
4236Image
on p.4236
4237Image
on p.4237
4237Image
on p.4237
4237Image
on p.4237
4237Image
on p.4237

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Auguet M., Delaflotte S., Chabrier P. E., Pirotzky E., Clostre F., Braquet P. Endothelin and Ca++ agonist Bay K 8644: different vasoconstrictive properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Oct 14;156(1):186–192. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80822-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Badr K. F., Munger K. A., Sugiura M., Snajdar R. M., Schwartzberg M., Inagami T. High and low affinity binding sites for endothelin on cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jun 15;161(2):776–781. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92667-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baley P. A., Resink T. J., Eppenberger U., Hahn A. W. Endothelin messenger RNA and receptors are differentially expressed in cultured human breast epithelial and stromal cells. J Clin Invest. 1990 Apr;85(4):1320–1323. doi: 10.1172/JCI114570. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Black P. N., Ghatei M. A., Takahashi K., Bretherton-Watt D., Krausz T., Dollery C. T., Bloom S. R. Formation of endothelin by cultured airway epithelial cells. FEBS Lett. 1989 Sep 11;255(1):129–132. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81075-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Boarder M. R., Marriott D. B. Characterization of endothelin-1 stimulation of catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1989;13 (Suppl 5):S223–S224. doi: 10.1097/00005344-198900135-00066. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brandi M. L., Ornberg R. L., Sakaguchi K., Curcio F., Fattorossi A., Lelkes P. I., Matsui T., Zimering M., Aurbach G. D. Establishment and characterization of a clonal line of parathyroid endothelial cells. FASEB J. 1990 Oct;4(13):3152–3158. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.4.13.1698682. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Calvo J. J., Gonzalez R., De Carvalho L. F., Takahashi K., Kanse S. M., Hart G. R., Ghatei M. A., Bloom S. R. Release of substance P from rat hypothalamus and pituitary by endothelin. Endocrinology. 1990 May;126(5):2288–2295. doi: 10.1210/endo-126-5-2288. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chirgwin J. M., Przybyla A. E., MacDonald R. J., Rutter W. J. Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry. 1979 Nov 27;18(24):5294–5299. doi: 10.1021/bi00591a005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Clozel M., Fischli W., Guilly C. Specific binding of endothelin on human vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. J Clin Invest. 1989 May;83(5):1758–1761. doi: 10.1172/JCI114078. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cozza E. N., Gomez-Sanchez C. E., Foecking M. F., Chiou S. Endothelin binding to cultured calf adrenal zona glomerulosa cells and stimulation of aldosterone secretion. J Clin Invest. 1989 Sep;84(3):1032–1035. doi: 10.1172/JCI114226. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cozza E. N., Vila M. C., Gomez-Sanchez C. E. ET-1 receptors in C-6 cells: homologous down-regulation and modulation by protein kinase C. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1990 Apr 17;70(2):155–164. doi: 10.1016/0303-7207(90)90155-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Danielson P. E., Forss-Petter S., Brow M. A., Calavetta L., Douglass J., Milner R. J., Sutcliffe J. G. p1B15: a cDNA clone of the rat mRNA encoding cyclophilin. DNA. 1988 May;7(4):261–267. doi: 10.1089/dna.1988.7.261. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. DeLean A., Munson P. J., Rodbard D. Simultaneous analysis of families of sigmoidal curves: application to bioassay, radioligand assay, and physiological dose-response curves. Am J Physiol. 1978 Aug;235(2):E97–102. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1978.235.2.E97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Eglen R. M., Michel A. D., Sharif N. A., Swank S. R., Whiting R. L. The pharmacological properties of the peptide, endothelin. Br J Pharmacol. 1989 Aug;97(4):1297–1307. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1989.tb12592.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Emori T., Hirata Y., Marumo F. Specific receptors for endothelin-3 in cultured bovine endothelial cells and its cellular mechanism of action. FEBS Lett. 1990 Apr 24;263(2):261–264. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81388-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Fitzpatrick L. A., Brandi M. L., Aurbach G. D. Control of PTH secretion is mediated through calcium channels and is blocked by pertussis toxin treatment of parathyroid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Jul 31;138(2):960–965. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(86)80589-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Fitzpatrick L. A., Chin H., Nirenberg M., Aurbach G. D. Antibodies to an alpha subunit of skeletal muscle calcium channels regulate parathyroid cell secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(7):2115–2119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2115. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Fukuda Y., Hirata Y., Taketani S., Kojima T., Oikawa S., Nakazato H., Kobayashi Y. Endothelin stimulates accumulations of cellular atrial natriuretic peptide and its messenger RNA in rat cardiocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Nov 15;164(3):1431–1436. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91830-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Fukuda Y., Hirata Y., Yoshimi H., Kojima T., Kobayashi Y., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T. Endothelin is a potent secretagogue for atrial natriuretic peptide in cultured rat atrial myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Aug 30;155(1):167–172. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81064-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Galron R., Kloog Y., Bdolah A., Sokolovsky M. Functional endothelin/sarafotoxin receptors in rat heart myocytes: structure-activity relationships and receptor subtypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Sep 15;163(2):936–943. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92312-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Griendling K. K., Tsuda T., Alexander R. W. Endothelin stimulates diacylglycerol accumulation and activates protein kinase C in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 15;264(14):8237–8240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hirata Y., Yoshimi H., Takaichi S., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T. Binding and receptor down-regulation of a novel vasoconstrictor endothelin in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. 1988 Oct 24;239(1):13–17. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80536-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hirata Y., Yoshimi H., Takata S., Watanabe T. X., Kumagai S., Nakajima K., Sakakibara S. Cellular mechanism of action by a novel vasoconstrictor endothelin in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Aug 15;154(3):868–875. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(88)90220-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hu J. R., Berninger U. G., Lang R. E. Endothelin stimulates atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release from rat atria. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Dec 6;158(1-2):177–178. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90271-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Inoue A., Yanagisawa M., Kimura S., Kasuya Y., Miyauchi T., Goto K., Masaki T. The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Apr;86(8):2863–2867. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.8.2863. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Itoh Y., Yanagisawa M., Ohkubo S., Kimura C., Kosaka T., Inoue A., Ishida N., Mitsui Y., Onda H., Fujino M. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding the precursor of a human endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, endothelin: identity of human and porcine endothelin. FEBS Lett. 1988 Apr 25;231(2):440–444. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80867-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Komuro I., Kurihara H., Sugiyama T., Yoshizumi M., Takaku F., Yazaki Y. Endothelin stimulates c-fos and c-myc expression and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. 1988 Oct 10;238(2):249–252. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80489-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Koseki C., Imai M., Hirata Y., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T. Autoradiographic distribution in rat tissues of binding sites for endothelin: a neuropeptide? Am J Physiol. 1989 Apr;256(4 Pt 2):R858–R866. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.4.R858. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Kurihara H., Yoshizumi M., Sugiyama T., Takaku F., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T., Hamaoki M., Kato H., Yazaki Y. Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates the expression of endothelin mRNA by vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Mar 31;159(3):1435–1440. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92270-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lee M. E., de la Monte S. M., Ng S. C., Bloch K. D., Quertermous T. Expression of the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin in the human central nervous system. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jul;86(1):141–147. doi: 10.1172/JCI114677. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lee T. S., Hu K. Q., Chao T., King G. L. Characterization of endothelin receptors and effects of endothelin on diacylglycerol and protein kinase C in retinal capillary pericytes. Diabetes. 1989 Dec;38(12):1643–1646. doi: 10.2337/diab.38.12.1643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. MacCumber M. W., Ross C. A., Glaser B. M., Snyder S. H. Endothelin: visualization of mRNAs by in situ hybridization provides evidence for local action. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(18):7285–7289. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.18.7285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. MacCumber M. W., Ross C. A., Snyder S. H. Endothelin in brain: receptors, mitogenesis, and biosynthesis in glial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Mar;87(6):2359–2363. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.6.2359. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Marsden P. A., Danthuluri N. R., Brenner B. M., Ballermann B. J., Brock T. A. Endothelin action on vascular smooth muscle involves inositol trisphosphate and calcium mobilization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jan 16;158(1):86–93. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80180-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Martin E. R., Brenner B. M., Ballermann B. J. Heterogeneity of cell surface endothelin receptors. J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 15;265(23):14044–14049. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Masuda Y., Miyazaki H., Kondoh M., Watanabe H., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T., Murakami K. Two different forms of endothelin receptors in rat lung. FEBS Lett. 1989 Nov 6;257(2):208–210. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)81535-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Matsumoto H., Suzuki N., Onda H., Fujino M. Abundance of endothelin-3 in rat intestine, pituitary gland and brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Oct 16;164(1):74–80. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91684-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Morishita R., Higaki J., Ogihara T. Endothelin stimulates aldosterone biosynthesis by dispersed rabbit adreno-capsular cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Apr 28;160(2):628–632. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92479-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Munson P. J., Rodbard D. Ligand: a versatile computerized approach for characterization of ligand-binding systems. Anal Biochem. 1980 Sep 1;107(1):220–239. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90515-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Nakajo S., Sugiura M., Snajdar R. M., Boehm F. H., Inagami T. Solubilization and identification of human placental endothelin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Oct 16;164(1):205–211. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91703-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Nunez D. J., Brown M. J., Davenport A. P., Neylon C. B., Schofield J. P., Wyse R. K. Endothelin-1 mRNA is widely expressed in porcine and human tissues. J Clin Invest. 1990 May;85(5):1537–1541. doi: 10.1172/JCI114601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Ohta K., Hirata Y., Imai T., Kanno K., Emori T., Shichiri M., Marumo F. Cytokine-induced release of endothelin-1 from porcine renal epithelial cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Jun 15;169(2):578–584. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90370-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Orlando C., Brandi M. L., Peri A., Giannini S., Fantoni G., Calabresi E., Serio M., Maggi M. Neurohypophyseal hormone regulation of endothelin secretion from rabbit endometrial cells in primary culture. Endocrinology. 1990 Mar;126(3):1780–1782. doi: 10.1210/endo-126-3-1780. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Rakugi H., Nakamaru M., Saito H., Higaki J., Ogihara T. Endothelin inhibits renin release from isolated rat glomeruli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Sep 30;155(3):1244–1247. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81273-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Resink T. J., Hahn A. W., Scott-Burden T., Powell J., Weber E., Bühler F. R. Inducible endothelin mRNA expression and peptide secretion in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 May 16;168(3):1303–1310. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91171-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Saida K., Mitsui Y., Ishida N. A novel peptide, vasoactive intestinal contractor, of a new (endothelin) peptide family. Molecular cloning, expression, and biological activity. J Biol Chem. 1989 Sep 5;264(25):14613–14616. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Sakaguchi K., Santora A., Zimering M., Curcio F., Aurbach G. D., Brandi M. L. Functional epithelial cell line cloned from rat parathyroid glands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(10):3269–3273. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.10.3269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Sakamoto H., Sasaki S., Hirata Y., Imai T., Ando K., Ida T., Sakurai T., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T., Marumo F. Production of endothelin-1 by rat cultured mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Jun 15;169(2):462–468. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90354-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Sakamoto H., Sasaki S., Hirata Y., Imai T., Ando K., Ida T., Sakurai T., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T., Marumo F. Production of endothelin-1 by rat cultured mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Jun 15;169(2):462–468. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90354-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Samson W. K., Skala K. D., Alexander B. D., Huang F. L. Pituitary site of action of endothelin: selective inhibition of prolactin release in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Jun 15;169(2):737–743. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90393-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Shinmi O., Kimura S., Yoshizawa T., Sawamura T., Uchiyama Y., Sugita Y., Kanazawa I., Yanagisawa M., Goto K., Masaki T. Presence of endothelin-1 in porcine spinal cord: isolation and sequence determination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jul 14;162(1):340–346. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92001-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Simonson M. S., Dunn M. J. Cellular signaling by peptides of the endothelin gene family. FASEB J. 1990 Sep;4(12):2989–3000. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.4.12.2168326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Simonson M. S., Wann S., Mené P., Dubyak G. R., Kester M., Nakazato Y., Sedor J. R., Dunn M. J. Endothelin stimulates phospholipase C, Na+/H+ exchange, c-fos expression, and mitogenesis in rat mesangial cells. J Clin Invest. 1989 Feb;83(2):708–712. doi: 10.1172/JCI113935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Stojilković S. S., Merelli F., Iida T., Krsmanović L. Z., Catt K. J. Endothelin stimulation of cytosolic calcium and gonadotropin secretion in anterior pituitary cells. Science. 1990 Jun 29;248(4963):1663–1666. doi: 10.1126/science.2163546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Sugiura M., Inagami T., Hare G. M., Johns J. A. Endothelin action: Inhibition by a protein kinase C inhibitor and involvement of phosphoinositols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jan 16;158(1):170–176. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(89)80193-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Sugiura M., Snajdar R. M., Schwartzberg M., Badr K. F., Inagami T. Identification of two types of specific endothelin receptors in rat mesangial cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Aug 15;162(3):1396–1401. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)90829-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Takagi M., Matsuoka H., Atarashi K., Yagi S. Endothelin: a new inhibitor of renin release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Dec 30;157(3):1164–1168. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80996-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Takagi Y., Fukase M., Takata S., Yoshimi H., Tokunaga O., Fujita T. Autocrine effect of endothelin on DNA synthesis in human vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Apr 30;168(2):537–543. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)92354-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Takuwa N., Takuwa Y., Yanagisawa M., Yamashita K., Masaki T. A novel vasoactive peptide endothelin stimulates mitogenesis through inositol lipid turnover in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 15;264(14):7856–7861. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Tomobe Y., Miyauchi T., Saito A., Yanagisawa M., Kimura S., Goto K., Masaki T. Effects of endothelin on the renal artery from spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Aug 2;152(3):373–374. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90736-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Uchida Y., Ninomiya H., Saotome M., Nomura A., Ohtsuka M., Yanagisawa M., Goto K., Masaki T., Hasegawa S. Endothelin, a novel vasoconstrictor peptide, as potent bronchoconstrictor. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Sep 13;154(2):227–228. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90106-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Watanabe H., Miyazaki H., Kondoh M., Masuda Y., Kimura S., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T., Murakami K. Two distinct types of endothelin receptors are present on chick cardiac membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jun 30;161(3):1252–1259. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)91377-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Wiklund N. P., Ohlén A., Cederqvist B. Inhibition of adrenergic neuroeffector transmission by endothelin in the guinea-pig femoral artery. Acta Physiol Scand. 1988 Oct;134(2):311–312. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08495.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Withrington P. G., de Nucci G., Vane J. R. Endothelin-1 causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the blood perfused liver of the dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1989;13 (Suppl 5):S209–S210. doi: 10.1097/00005344-198900135-00060. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Yanagisawa M., Inoue A., Ishikawa T., Kasuya Y., Kimura S., Kumagaye S., Nakajima K., Watanabe T. X., Sakakibara S., Goto K. Primary structure, synthesis, and biological activity of rat endothelin, an endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(18):6964–6967. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.18.6964. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Yanagisawa M., Kurihara H., Kimura S., Tomobe Y., Kobayashi M., Mitsui Y., Yazaki Y., Goto K., Masaki T. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 1988 Mar 31;332(6163):411–415. doi: 10.1038/332411a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Yoshizawa T., Kimura S., Kanazawa I., Uchiyama Y., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T. Endothelin localizes in the dorsal horn and acts on the spinal neurones: possible involvement of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels and substance P release. Neurosci Lett. 1989 Jul 31;102(2-3):179–184. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(89)90075-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Yoshizawa T., Shinmi O., Giaid A., Yanagisawa M., Gibson S. J., Kimura S., Uchiyama Y., Polak J. M., Masaki T., Kanazawa I. Endothelin: a novel peptide in the posterior pituitary system. Science. 1990 Jan 26;247(4941):462–464. doi: 10.1126/science.2405487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Yoshizumi M., Kurihara H., Morita T., Yamashita T., Oh-hashi Y., Sugiyama T., Takaku F., Yanagisawa M., Masaki T., Yazaki Y. Interleukin 1 increases the production of endothelin-1 by cultured endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990 Jan 15;166(1):324–329. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91948-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Zinn K., DiMaio D., Maniatis T. Identification of two distinct regulatory regions adjacent to the human beta-interferon gene. Cell. 1983 Oct;34(3):865–879. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90544-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. de Nucci G., Thomas R., D'Orleans-Juste P., Antunes E., Walder C., Warner T. D., Vane J. R. Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9797–9800. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.24.9797. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES