Abstract
Background and aims. To determine whether reduction of CA125 levels is a predictive factor for cytoreduction to no visible residual disease (NVRD) and chemotherapeutic sensitivity in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC), primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery (NAC-IDS).
Methods. This was a single-team-based study of advanced EOC, primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma patients diagnosed between 1996 and 2015 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Patients were treated with NAC-IDS by one gynecologic oncologist. Demographic data, CA125 levels, radiographic data, and chemotherapy and surgical-pathologic information were obtained. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate variables associated with optimal cytoreduction to NVRD and chemotherapy-sensitivity.
Results. One hundred and eighteen patients met the study inclusion criteria. Thirty-seven (31.4%) patients underwent resection to NVRD. The median serum CA125 level at presentation and before IDS was 1814.5 U/ml and 205.9 U/ml, respectively. In the univariate analysis, histology, a preoperative CA125 of ≤200 U/ml and a >80% reduction of CA125 between presentation and IDS were significantly associated with the likelihood of NVRD (P=0.014, 0.000, 0.000, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that, of the various CA125 parameters tested, preoperative CA125 ≤200 U/ml was the only independent predictor of NVRD (odds ratio 3.667, 95% confidence interval 1.337-10.057; P=0.012). Preoperative CA125 ≤200 U/ml was also significantly associated with chemotherapy-sensitive disease in the univariate analysis (P=0.037).
Conclusions. EOC patients who received NAC-IDS and had a preoperative CA125 level of ≤200 U/ml were highly likely to be cytoreduced to NVRD and to exhibit chemotherapeutic sensitivity.
Keywords: epithelial ovarian cancer, CA125, interval debulking surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Introduction
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from all gynecological malignancies 1. The standard treatment for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma is primary debulking surgery (PDS) followed by platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy 2-4. Following the recent publication of two randomized controlled phase III trials investigating neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in advanced EOC 5, 6, some gynecologists have recommended NAC followed by interval debulking surgery (NAC-IDS) as an alternative treatment for advanced EOC. The two trials (EORTC-GCG/NCIC-CTG and CHORUS) found that progression-free survival and overall survival were similar in the PDS and NAC-IDS arms, implying non-inferiority of NAC-IDS compared with PDS. One study (CHORUS) also showed that surgical morbidity and mortality were significantly reduced in the NAC-IDS arm.
To the best of our knowledge, the clinical characteristics that determine the optimal timing of IDS in patients with advanced EOC, primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma are not clearly defined. Computed tomography (CT) scans and preoperative CA125 levels are the most common methods of predicting cytoreductive outcome 7. However, CT is limited by its low sensitivity and lack of reproducibility, suggesting that CA125 levels might have better predictive value 8, 9. One study concluded that advanced EOC patients with preoperative CA125 levels <100 U/ml were more likely to achieve no gross residual disease after treatment with NAC-IDS 10. Another study reported that a CA125 level of <75 U/ml was an independent predictive factor for complete IDS 11.
Chemotherapeutic sensitivity is a common concern in patients with advanced EOC, primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma, however, clinical biomarkers to predict sensitivity to chemotherapy have not been established 12. One study showed that a >80% change of CA125 between presentation and surgery was significantly associated with sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy, although it was not an independent predictor 10. As more studies focus on the power of both absolute and changes in CA125 levels to predict survival, the relationship between CA125 and chemotherapeutic sensitivity needs to be clinically validated in EOC, primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma.
The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of CA125 changes to predict cytoreduction to no visible residual disease (NVRD) in advanced EOC, primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma patients who received NAC-IDS. We also sought to identify an appropriate preoperative CA125 level that could predict cytoreduction to NVRD in our study population. Our secondary aim was to analyze whether CA125 changes during NAC could predict chemotherapeutic sensitivity in these patients.
Material and methods
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China.
Study population
We identified 118 consecutive patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III and IV EOC, primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma who were treated with NAC-IDS by a single gynecologic oncologist and gynecological oncology team in Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 1996 and April 2015. Patients with borderline malignancy of the ovary were excluded. Demographic data, CA125 levels, radiographic data, and chemotherapy and surgical-pathologic information were obtained from the patients' individual medical records.
Patients were administered between 1 and 7 cycles of NAC according to the gynecologic oncologist's decision. Two main chemotherapy regimens were employed: (1) paclitaxel (175 mg/m2 intravenous injection [IV]) and a platinum-based drug (cisplatin at 70 mg/m2 intraperitoneal injection [IP] or carboplatin at area under the curve of 4-6 IV) and (2) PAF-C (cisplatin 100 mg IP, cytosine arabinoside 300 mg IP, fluorouracil 750 mg IP, and cyclophosphamide 400 mg IV administered on days 1 and 2). Serum CA125 levels were measured with a commercially available radioimmunoassay. The same assay was used throughout the study period.
In early medical records, the residual tumor mass was recorded as one of four sizes; not visible, <2 cm, >2 cm, and large mass. Therefore, we could not determine whether the patients with <2 cm residual disease were optimally cytoreduced. However, the concept of optimal cytoreduction fluctuates, and debulking to NVRD has a survival advantage over optimally debulking to ≤1 cm of macroscopic disease 13. Therefore, we divided the patients into two groups of NVRD and visible residual disease (VRD) for the statistical analyses.
Disease recurrence was defined as a rising CA125 level or the appearance of new lesions by CT scan. Chemotherapy-sensitive recurrence was defined as recurrence at least 6 months after postoperative chemotherapy; chemotherapy-resistant recurrence was defined as recurrence less than 6 months after postoperative chemotherapy, and chemotherapy-refractory disease was defined as disease that progressed or was stable during initial chemotherapy.
Statistical analysis
CA125 continuous variables were converted to categorical variables using the median value as the cutoff. Categorical variables were compared between groups by the Pearson chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate for the category size. A logistic regression model comparing the two groups of patients was used to evaluate independent predictive factors and to estimate their covariate-adjusted odds. All statistical tests were two-tailed with the significance level set at P < 0.05. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 20.0 software (IBM Inc., Chicago, IL).
Result
Study population and clinicopathological characteristics
We identified 118 consecutive patients for analysis in this study. Patient characteristics are listed in Table 1. The median age was 55 years (range 36-76 years). One hundred patients (84.7%) had stage IIIc disease and 18 (15.3%) had stage IV disease. One hundred and one patients (85.6%) had papillary serous histology. Thirty-seven patients (31.4%) achieved cytoreduction to NVRD. Seventy-six patients (64.4%) received paclitaxel and platinum-based NAC, and 33 patients (28.0%) received PAF-C. Of the remaining 9 patients, 3 received single-agent cisplatin and 6 received one of the following treatments: single-agent paclitaxel, paclitaxel and topotecan, paclitaxel and fluorouracil, cisplatin and docetaxel, cisplatin and cyclophosphamide, pemetrexed and nedaplatin. One hundred and fifteen patients (97.5%) received between 1 and 3 cycles of NAC, of whom 42 (35.6%) received 1 cycle, 50 (42.4%) received 2 cycles, and 23 (19.5%) received 3 cycles. Only 3 (2.5%) patients received more than 4 cycles.
Table 1.
Patient Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Total, n(%)/median(range) |
|---|---|
| Age(years) | 55(36-76) |
| Primary site of disease | |
| Ovary | 107(90.7) |
| Paritoneum | 3(2.5) |
| Fallopian tube | 8(6.8) |
| FIGO Stage | |
| III | 100(84.7) |
| IV | 18(15.3) |
| Tumor Grade | |
| G1 | 4(3.4) |
| G2 | 11(9.3) |
| G3 | 98(83.1) |
| UnKnown | 5(4.2) |
| Histology | |
| Serous | 101(85.6) |
| Endometrioid | 3(2.5) |
| Clear cell | 6(5.1) |
| Mucinous | 1(0.9) |
| Others | 7(5.9) |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | |
| TC/TP | 76(64.4) |
| PAF-C | 33(28.0) |
| Others | 9(7.6) |
| Cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy | |
| 1 | 42(35.6) |
| 2 | 50(42.4) |
| 3 | 23(19.5) |
| ≥4 | 3(2.5) |
| CA125U/ml presentation | 1814.5(56.6-56541.0) |
| CA125U/ml≤1800U/ml presentation | |
| Yes | 60(50.8) |
| No | 58(49.2) |
| CA125U/ml after the 1st NAC | 844.0(18.5-25000.0) |
| CA125U/ml≤850U/ml after the 1st NAC | |
| Yes | 57(48.3) |
| No | 54(45.8) |
| UnKnown | 7(5.9) |
| Reduction CA125U/ml after the 1st NAC(%) | 32.4(-324.9-98.9)** |
| Reduction CA125U/ml>30% after the 1st NAC | |
| Yes | 59(50.0) |
| No | 52(44.1) |
| UnKnown | 7(5.9) |
| CA125U/ml preoperatively | 205.9(9.3-10971.0) |
| CA125≤200U/ml preoperatively | |
| Yes | 58(49.2) |
| No | 60(50.8) |
| Reduction CA125U/ml presentation to preop (%) | 80.9(-152.0-99.5)** |
| Reduction CA125U/ml>80% presentation to preop | |
| Yes | 61(51.7) |
| No | 57(48.3) |
| Residual disease | |
| No visible residual | 37(31.4) |
| Residual disease≤2cm | 62(52.5) |
| Residual disease>2cm | 19(16.1) |
| Chemotherapeutic sensitive disease* | |
| Chemotherapeutic sensitive | 43(53.1) |
| Chemotherapeutic resistant or refractory | 38(46.9) |
*Some patients did not measure; **-342.9% and -152.0% means the CA125 levels increased by 342.9% and 152.0%.
The median CA125 levels at diagnosis, after the first cycle of NAC, and before IDS were 1814.5 U/ml (range 56.6-56541.0 U/ml), 844.0 U/ml (18.5-25000.0 U/ml), and 205.9 U/ml (9.3-10971.0 U/ml), respectively. The median reduction of CA125 level after the first NAC and between presentation and IDS was 32.4% (range -324.9%-98.9%) and 80.9% (-152.0%-99.5%), respectively (-342.9% and -152.0% means the CA125 levels increased by 342.9% and 152.0%). CA125 levels were not obtained from 7 patients (5.9%) after the first cycle of NAC and they were excluded from the CA125 analysis thereafter.
Reduction of CA125 as a predictor of NVRD
Table 2 shows clinicopathological factors and the ability of reductions in serum CA125 levels to predict cytoreduction to NVRD. By univariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with cytoreduction to NVRD were histology, a preoperative CA125 of ≤200 U/ml and a >80% reduction of CA125 between presentation and surgery. When these three variables were entered unto the multivariable model, only a preoperative CA125 of ≤200 U/ml was an independent predictor (odds ratio 3.667, 95% confidence interval 1.337-10.057; P=0.012).
Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of associated with optimal cytoreduction.
| Variables | No visible residual disease(n=37) | Visible residual disease(n=81) |
Univariate P value | Multivariate P value | Multivariate OR(95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age(years) | 0.824 | |||||
| ≤55 | 20 | 42 | ||||
| >55 | 17 | 39 | ||||
| FIGO Stage | 0.844 | |||||
| III | 31 | 69 | ||||
| IV | 6 | 12 | ||||
| Histology | 0.014 | 0.256 | 3.491(0.403-30.216) | |||
| Serous | 36 | 65 | ||||
| None serous | 1 | 16 | ||||
| CA125U/ml≤1800U/ml presentation | Yes | 18 | 42 | 0.747 | ||
| No | 19 | 39 | ||||
| CA125U/ml≤850U/ml after the 1st NAC* | Yes | 19 | 38 | 0.526 | ||
| No | 15 | 39 | ||||
| Reduction CA125U/ml>30% after the 1st NAC* | Yes | 17 | 42 | 0.685 | ||
| No | 17 | 35 | ||||
| CA125≤200U/ml preoperatively | Yes | 29 | 29 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 3.667(1.337-10.057) |
| No | 8 | 52 | ||||
| Reduction CA125U/ml>80% presentation to preop | Yes | 28 | 33 | 0.000 | 0.059 | 2.540(0.965-6.683) |
| No | 9 | 48 |
Reduction of CA125 as a predictor of platinum-based chemotherapy sensitivity
We further studied whether some clinicopathological factors and reductions in serum CA125 levels could predict sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapy. At the time of analysis, 81 patients (68.6%) had relapsed. Forty-three patients (53.1%) had chemotherapy-sensitive recurrence and 38 (36.9%) had either chemotherapy-resistant recurrence or chemotherapy-refractory disease. As presented in Table 3, univariate analysis showed no significant association between sensitivity to chemotherapy and age, FIGO stage, pretreatment CA125 levels <1800 U/ml, CA125 <850 U/ml after the first NAC cycle, >30% reduction of CA125 after the first NAC cycle, and >80% reduction of CA125 between presentation and surgery. In the univariate analysis, histology and CA125 ≤200 U/ml preoperatively was two significant predictive factor for chemotherapy-sensitive disease (P=0.023 and P=0.037, respectively). However, a preoperative CA125 of ≤200 U/ml was not an independent predictor for chemotherapy sensitivity in the multivariate analysis (odds ratio 2.086, 95% confidence interval 0.781-5.570; P=0.142).
Table 3.
Univariate analyses of associated with chemotherapeutic sensitive disease.
| Variables | chemotherapeutic sensitive(n=43) | chemotherapeutic resistant or refractory (n=38) | Univariate P value | Multivariate P value | Multivariate OR(95%CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age(years) | 0.873 | |||||
| ≤55 | 23 | 21 | ||||
| >55 | 20 | 17 | ||||
| FIGO Stage | 0.249 | |||||
| III | 38 | 30 | ||||
| IV | 5 | 8 | ||||
| Histology | 0.023 | 0.092 | 3.046(0.834-11.122) | |||
| Serous | 39 | 27 | ||||
| None serous | 4 | 11 | ||||
| CA125U/ml≤1800U/ml presentation | Yes | 17 | 22 | 0.099 | ||
| No | 26 | 16 | ||||
| CA125U/ml≤850U/ml after the 1st NAC* | Yes | 25 | 16 | 0.145 | ||
| No | 15 | 19 | ||||
| Reduction CA125U/ml>30% after the 1st NAC* | Yes | 20 | 19 | 0.711 | ||
| No | 20 | 16 | ||||
| CA125≤200U/ml preoperatively | Yes | 21 | 10 | 0.037 | 0.142 | 2.086(0.781-5.570) |
| No | 22 | 28 | ||||
| Reduction CA125U/ml>80% presentation to preop | Yes | 22 | 13 | 0.124 | ||
| No | 21 | 25 |
*Some patients did not measure.
Discussion
In the current study, we evaluated the power of various parameters associated with CA125 to predict the likelihood of achieving cytoreduction to NVRD in patients with advanced EOC, primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma treated with NAC. Our data suggest that a preoperative CA125 level of ≤200 U/ml and a >80% reduction of CA125 level between presentation and IDS are useful predictors of cytoreduction to NVRD in EOC, primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma patients receiving NAC-IDS, but preoperative CA125 ≤200 U/ml is the only independent predictor. Conversely, there were no significant differences between the NVRD and VRD groups in the CA125 level at presentation, CA125 ≤850 U/ml after the first NAC cycle, or >30% reduction of CA125 after the first NAC cycle.
Numerous studies conducted since 1975 have reported that 'optimal cytoreduction', as opposed to 'suboptimal cytoreduction', improves the prognosis for patients with advanced EOC; however, the appropriate cutoff level separating the two has remained controversial 14-16. The definition of optimal cytoreduction in the 1970s was <2 cm, but this was changed to >3 cm by the Gynecologic Oncology Group in the 1980s 14, 17. Since 1986, the most common definition of optimal cytoreduction has been ≤1 cm 18, 19. However, studies performed over the past 10 years have suggested that NVRD should be the goal of “optimal cytoreduction” 13, 20, 21. In our study, 84.9% of patients with advanced EOC, primary carcinoma of fallopian tube and peritoneal carcinoma who underwent NAC-IDS were optimally cytoreduced when the threshold was 2 cm, but using the definition of “optimal cytoreduction” in the setting of NAC as resection to NVRD, 31.4% of our patients reached this target.
CA125 levels are widely used to predict optimal cytoreduction in PDS; however, the accuracy of prediction and the ideal threshold remain controversial 22-24. A few studies have reported the predictive value of changes in CA125 levels during NAC, but as the use of NAC to treat advanced EOC patients increases, the threshold CA125 level changes. Rodriguez et al. suggested that a preoperative CA125 of ≤100 U/ml may be useful in predicting optimal cytoreduction to no gross residual disease in patients treated with NAC 10. Pelissier et al. reported that a CA125 level of <75 U/ml after the third cycle of NAC is an independent predictor of complete IDS 11. In these studies, surgery was performed by different gynecological oncologists, and the concept of “optimal cytoreduction” may have varied from operator to operator. Our data were collected by one operator at one center, suggesting minimal variation in surgical skill. We also analyzed various CA125 reduction parameters to determine which best predicted “optimal cytoreduction”. Among the five parameters analyzed, the percentage change and the absolute level of CA125 after the first cycle of NAC were not associated with “optimal cytoreduction”, suggesting that evaluation of CA125 levels after a single cycle may have little predictive value. However, we found that a preoperative CA125 of ≤200 U/ml was an independent predictor of optimal cytoreduction to NVRD in patients treated with NAC. In our hospital, this standard has helped us to identify EOC patients who are likely to achieve cytoreduction to NVRD.
Drug resistance is a critical issue in the treatment of EOC. Many studies have reported biomarkers that predict chemotherapeutic sensitivity, and some have even been clinically accepted. Unfortunately, none of the biomarkers have been clinically validated for use in EOC 25. In our study, we analyzed the relationship between five parameters of CA125 reduction and chemotherapeutic sensitivity and found that a preoperative CA125 of ≤200 U/ml was the only predictor of chemotherapy-sensitive disease in EOC patients with NAC-IDS, though, it was not the independent predictor. This suggests that preoperative CA125 ≤200 U/ml may be useful in predicting chemotherapy-sensitive disease in patients treated with NAC, whereas patients with preoperative CA125 levels >200 U/ml after NAC should be closely monitored for signs of drug resistance.
There were several limitations to our study. First, the retrospective nature of the study design makes selection bias inevitable. Second, we analyzed data from patients treated by only one operator to maintain consistency in the surgical procedure, but this also limits the representation of the results. Finally, the duration of our study is too long to control the effects of medical progress, such as changes in chemotherapy. Therefore, the results of our current study should be confirmed in a large, well-designed prospective study.
In summary, we observed that CA125 reduction can predict cytoreduction to NVRD in advanced EOC patients who received NAC-IDS. In our study, a CA125 level of ≤200 U/ml before IDS was not only an independent predictor of cytoreduction to NVRD but also a predictor of chemotherapeutic sensitivity among patients with EOC who received NAC-IDS.
References
- 1.Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z. et al. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64:9–29. doi: 10.3322/caac.21208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Bristow RE, Tomacruz RS, Armstrong DK. et al. Survival effect of maximal cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian carcinoma during the platinum era: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1248–59. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2002.20.5.1248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Ozols RF, Bundy BN, Greer BE. et al. Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel compared with cisplatin and paclitaxel in patients with optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:3194–200. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2003.02.153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Shih KK, Chi DS. Maximal cytoreductive effort in epithelial ovarian cancer surgery. J Gynecol Oncol. 2010;21:75–80. doi: 10.3802/jgo.2010.21.2.75. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Vergote I, Tropé CG, Amant F. et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary surgery in stage IIIC or IV ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:943–53. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0908806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Kehoe S, Hook J, Nankivell M. et al. Primary chemotherapy versus primary surgery for newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer (CHORUS): an open-label, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2015;386:249–57. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62223-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Chi DS, Zivanovic O, Palayekar MJ. et al. A contemporary analysis of the ability of preoperative serum CA-125 to predict primary cytoreductive outcome in patients with advanced ovarian, tubal and peritoneal carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112:6–10. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.10.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Axtell AE, Lee MH, Bristow RE. et al. Multi-institutional reciprocal validation study of computed tomography predictors of suboptimal primary cytoreduction in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:384–9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.7800. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Salani R, Axtell A, Gerardi M. et al. Limited utility of conventional criteria for predicting unresectable disease in patients with advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;108:271–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.11.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Rodriguez N, Rauh-Hain JA, Shoni M. et al. Changes in serum CA-125 can predict optimal cytoreduction to no gross residual disease in patients with advanced stage ovarian cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125:362–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.02.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Pelissier A, Bonneau C, Chéreau E. et al. CA125 kinetic parameters predict optimal cytoreduction in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Gynecol Oncol. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;135:542–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.09.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Miyamoto M, Takano M, Iwaya K. et al. High-temperature-required protein A2 as a predictive marker for response to chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancers. Br J Cancer. 2015;112:739–44. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2015.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Bookman MA, Brady MF, McGuire WP. et al. Evaluation of new platinum-based treatment regimens in advanced-stage ovarian cancer: a Phase III Trial of the Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1419–25. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.19.1684. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Griffiths CT. Surgical resection of tumor bulk in the primary treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1975;42:101–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Eisenhauer EL, Abu-Rustum NR, Sonoda Y. et al. The addition of extensive upper abdominal surgery to achieve optimal cytoreduction improves survival in patients with stages IIIC-IV epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103:1083–90. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.06.028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Bristow RE. Predicting “unresectable” ovarian cancer: Taking aim at a moving target. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;100:449–50. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.01.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Omura GA, Blessing JA, Ehrlich CE. et al. A randomized trial of cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin with or without cisplatin in advanced ovarian carcinoma. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer. 1986;57:1725–30. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19860501)57:9<1725::aid-cncr2820570903>3.0.co;2-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Hoskins WJ, McGuire WP, Brady MF. et al. The effect of diameter of largest residual disease on survival after primary cytoreductive surgery in patients with suboptimal residual epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170:974–80. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70090-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Armstrong DK, Bundy B, Wenzel L. et al. Intraperitoneal cisplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:34–43. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052985. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Chi DS, Eisenhauer EL, Lang J. et al. What is the optimal goal of primary cytoreductive surgery for bulky stage IIIC epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC)? Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103:559–64. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.03.051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Winter WE 3rd, Maxwell GL, Tian C. et al. Prognostic factors for stage III epithelial ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3621–7. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.10.2517. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Vorgias G, Iavazzo C, Sawopoulos P. et al. Can the preoperative Ca-125 level predict optimal cytoreduction in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma? A single institution cohort study. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112:11–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.09.020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Arits AH, Stoot JE, Botterweck AA. et al. Preoperative serum CA125 levels do not predict suboptimal cytoreductive surgery in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008;18:621–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01064.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Kang S, Kim TJ, Nam BH. et al. Preoperative serum CA125 levels and risk of suboptimal cytoreduction in ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. J Surg Oncol. 2010;101:13–7. doi: 10.1002/jso.21398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Tian C, Sargent DJ, Krivak TC. et al. Evaluation of a chemoresponse assay as a predictive marker in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer: further analysis of a prospective study. Br J Cancer. 2014;111:843–50. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.375. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]