Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study is to evaluate the demographic characteristics of critically ill patients and to determine intensive care unit (ICU) mortality and its predictors.
METHODS:
This study was undertaken in the Istanbul Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital Medical ICU. Between May 2012 and January 2013, 111 patients (53 female, 58 male; mean age, 73.79±14.73, mean length of ICU length stay, 9.1±10.7; prevalence of geriatric patients, 77.5%) were admitted to the ICU. The common indications for ICU admission, prevalence of mechanical ventilation support, hematological and biochemical parameters and their effects on mortality were assessed.
RESULTS:
The common indications for ICU admission were hemodynamic instability (48.6%), respiratory failure (27.9%) and sepsis (15.3%). Hypertension (46.8%) was the most common comorbidity. Prevalance rates of heart failure and diabetes mellitus were 32.4% and 25.2% respectively. Mortality rate was 52.3% in all patients. Approximately 80% of all deaths was observed within the first fifteen-day. In additon, mortality rate (85.7%) was prominent within patients in need of the mechanical ventilation support. Mechanical ventilation requirement, increased ferritin and vitamin B12 levels were independent risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients (p<0.01, for all).
CONCLUSION:
Mortality rate was higher in medical ICU. Herein, increased prevalence of geriatric population, concomitant comorbidities and mechanical ventilation requirements may play role.
Keywords: Comorbidity, mechanical ventilation, medical intensive care unit, morbidity
Intensive care units (ICUs) are special treatment units managed by specially trained health personnel, and designed for the monitorization, and treatment of life-threatening organ failures which can be seen during the course of acute, and chronic diseases [1]. Most of the patients are monitored while intubated, or in some cases after extubation. Some neurological diseases (Alzheimer, stroke, cerebral palsy etc.), and life-threatening complications of respiratory tract infections, intoxications, and sepsis are frequently monitored in intensive care units [2, 3]. In intensive care units all-cause mortality rates are higher relative to other services. Age, primary disease, the severity of disease-related complications can be among causative factors [4]. In addition to these factors the association of mortality with acute phase reactants as C-reactive protein, albumin, and ferritin has been reported [5-7].
Our aim was to determine demographic characteristics of patients hospitalized in intensive care unit of the department of internal medicine, and also mortality rates, and prognostic parametres on mortality.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 111 patients aged >18 years with their medical files who were hospitalized in intensive care unit of Department of Internal Medicine of Göztepe Training and Research Hospital from the May 2nd, 2012 (inauguration date of ICU) up to January 1st, 2013 were retrospectively examined. The investigation was conducted according to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by Göztepe Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee (29/H-12/28/2012).
Study design: From patient registration forms, information about age, gender, diagnosis at admission to the intensive care unit, length of ICU stay, requirement for, and duration of mechanical ventilation, clinical, and laboratory data, and outcomes of the patients (ratio of ICU survivors and non-ICU survivors patients) were recorded. Diagnoses of admission were retrieved from patient files, and examined based on their ICD codes. Epicrises were scrutinized in detail, and associated comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, hypertension, chronic renal failure) were recorded. Admision diagnoses of the patients were investigated in consideration of their ICD codes indicated in their medical files. Associated comorbidities indicated in their detailed epicrises (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, hypertension, chronic renal failure) were recorded. Admission diagnoses were categorized as hemodynamic instability (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, heart rate >120/min due to any cause apart from sepsis, acute or chronic respiratory failure. sepsis, and respiratory failure.
Laboratory parameters: Data related to whole blood counts, biochemical test results (urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, AST, ALT, total protein, albumin, CRP, BNP, sedimentation rate, vitamin B12, folat, ferritin, iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, INR, procalcitonin) were recorded. In all patients, all-cause mortality rates, diagnosis at admission, length of hospital stay, incidence of comorbidities, number (%) of patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation, hematological, and biochemical data, and their correlations with mortality were evaluated. The patients were categorized as those with duration of hospitalization shorter or longer than 15 days, and compared based on age, indication for hospitalization, presence of comorbidities, requirement for mechanic ventilation, and mortality rates.
Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows V.21.0 program. Normality of distribution of variables was checked by using Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±SD. Classifiable data were analyzed using chi-square test, numerical data with Mann-Whitney U test. Independent factors predicting mortality were demonstrated using logistic regression (backward stepwise, LR) test, level of significance, estimated relative risk (odds ratio-OR), and 95% confidence CI) interval. Statistical significance was set at a level of p<0.05 within 95% confidence interval.
RESULTS
Mean age of the study participants was 73.79±14.73 years (min-max: 21–93) with a similar gender distribution (p>0.05). Geriatric patients (>65 years) consisted 77.5% (n=86) of ICU population. The associated comorbidities in order of decreasing frequency were as follows: hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic renal failure. (Table 1). The patients were most frequently hospitalized in ICU with indications of hemodynamic disorder (48.6%), respiratory failure (27.9%), and sepsis (15.3%). The patients were mostly referred to ICU from inpatient services (79.3%) followed by direct referrals from the emergency service (18.9%), and an external center (1.8%).
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, and comorbidities
| n | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean±SD) | 73.79±14.73 | |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 53 | 47.7 |
| Male | 58 | 52.3 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Hypertension | 52 | 46.8 |
| Congestive heart failure | 36 | 32.4 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 28 | 25.2 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 17 | 15.3 |
| Chronic renal failure | 16 | 14.4 |
SD: Standard deviation.
All-cause mortality rate among patients hospitalized in ICU was 52.3%, and 79.3% of deaths occurred within the first 15 days of hospitalization. All-cause mortality rate among patients receiving IMV support was 85.7 percent.
Less than half of the ICU patients (44.1%) required mechanical ventilation. Distribution of these patients according to their indications for hospitalization is given in Figure 1. Most (93.5%) of the patients with respiratory distress, 64.7% of those with sepsis, and 16.6% of the individuals with hemodynamic instability required invasive mechanical ventilation.
Figure 1.
Frequency of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) use among intensive care unit patients based on their diagnoses of admission.
Median duration of hospitalization was 9.1 (min-max: 1–49) days. Some (15.3%) patients were hospitalized for more than 15 days. Hemodynamic instability was more frequently seen in patients hospitalized for more than 15 days (p=0.003), while respiratory failure, and requirement for mechanical ventilation were more often encountered in these patients (p=0.01, and p=0.002, respectively) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Factors effective on the length of intensive care unit stay
| ≤15 days (n=85) | >15 days (n=17) | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Age, year (mean±SD) | 72.3±14.9 | 77.3±15.7 | 0.21 | ||
| Hemodynamic instability | 49 | 57.6 | 3 | 17.6 | 0.003 |
| Respiratory failure | 19 | 22.4 | 12 | 70.6 | 0.01 |
| Sepsis | 14 | 16.5 | 2 | 11.8 | 0.62 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 13 | 15.3 | 4 | 23.5 | 0.4 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 26 | 30.6 | 2 | 11.8 | 0.11 |
| Congestive heart failure | 32 | 37.6 | 4 | 23.5 | 0.26 |
| Chronic renal failure | 13 | 15.3 | 3 | 17.6 | 0.8 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 35 | 41.2 | 14 | 82.4 | 0.002 |
| Mortality | 46 | 54.1 | 12 | 70.6 | 0.21 |
SD: Standard deviation.
The correlation between IMV, and length of ICU stay is presented in Figure 2. Median duration of hospitalization among patients who received, and did not receive IMV support was 7 (IQR 2–18), and 4 (IQR 2–8) days, respectively. As is seen, IMV support prolonged hospital stay of the patients (p=0.002).
Figure 2.
Comparison of median lengths of hospital stays in patients who received, and did not receive invasive mechanic ventilation support.
Biochemical, and hematological data of the study participants are given in Table 3. When compared with ICU survivors; higher serum urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, ferritin, vitamin B12 levels (for all p<0.05) and lower total protein, and albumin levels (for both p<0.05) were detected in non-ICU survivors.
Table 3.
Biochemical parametres among patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit
| All patients | Non-ICU Survivors | Survivors | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SD | ||
| Hemoglobin (n=102) | 9.74±1.85 | 9.44±1.7 | 9.98±1.9 | >0.05 |
| Hemotocrit (n=102) | 30.2±5.6 | 29.23±5.3 | 30.99±6.0 | >0.05 |
| Platelet (n=102) | 203.8±147.7 | 187.39±159.5 | 219.52±114.5 | >0.05 |
| MPV (n=102) | 10.3±2.0 | 10.63±2.5 | 9.93±1.2 | >0.05 |
| Leukocyte (n=102) | 12.6±8.0 | 13.45±9.3 | 11.54±6 | >0.05 |
| Ferritin (n=102) | ||||
| Median | 238 | 494 | 143 | <0.05 |
| IQR | 95–655 | 116–903 | 85–259 | |
| Sedimentation rate (n=95) | 55.32±32.2 | 55.95±33.8 | 54.36±29.8 | >0.05 |
| CRP (n=111) | 12.27±12.7 | 14.35±15 | 10.26±9.8 | >0.05 |
| Folic acid (n=101) | 6.36±4.4 | 6.05±4.7 | 7.08±4.4 | >0.05 |
| Vitamin B12 (n=102) | ||||
| Median | 345 | 505 | 198 | <0.05 |
| IQR | 182–719 | 241–1094 | 139–364 | |
| Glucose (n=102) | 152.9±101.3 | 148.08±114 | 155.90±88.4 | >0.05 |
| Urea (n=110) | 102.8±64.7 | 120.47±73 | 77.95±45.9 | <0.05 |
| Uric acid (n=110) | 8.1±11.6 | 7.47±8.3 | 8.87±15.4 | >0.05 |
| Creatinine (n=110) | 2.1±1.7 | 2.38±1.8 | 1.56±1.32 | <0.05 |
| Sodium (n=110) | 139.4±8.8 | 139.59±10 | 139.52±7.5 | >0.05 |
| Potassium (n=110) | 4.1±0.9 | 4.06±0.9 | 4.21±0.92 | >0.05 |
| T. bilirubin (n=104) | 11.1±17.9 | 14.26±20 | 8.27±14.8 | <0.05 |
| GGT (n=103) | 61.8±70.9 | 76.38±82.9 | 49.59±56.5 | >0.05 |
| Protein (n=98) | 5.78±30 | 5.49±1.03 | 6.08±0.9 | <0.05 |
| Albumin (n=99) | 2.90±0.98 | 2.58±0.74 | 3.20±0.68 | <0.05 |
| HbA1c (n=45) | 6.35±1.5 | 6.06±1 | 6.77±2.06 | >0.05 |
SD: Standard deviation; MPV: Mean platelet volume IQR: Interquartile range; CRP: C-reactive protein; GGT: Gamma glutamyl transferase.
Independent predictors of mortality were requirement for IMV, higher ferritin, and vitamin B12 levels (Tables 4, 5; Figure 3). The best cut-off value of vitamin B12 was 282 mg/dL which predicted mortality with 74% sensitivity, and 70.7% specificity. On the other hand, the best cut-off value of ferritin was 212 mg/dL which predicted mortality with 70.3% sensitivity, and 63.4% specificity (Table 6).
Table 4.
Factors affecting mortality rates of the ICU inpatients
| B | OR (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.048 | 1.000–1.098 | 0.052 |
| Invasive mechanical | |||
| ventilation | 18.462 | 4.750–71.760 | <0.001 |
| Ferritin | 1.002 | 1.000–1.004 | 0.028 |
| Vitamin B12 | 1.002 | 1.001–1.004 | 0.007 |
ICU: Intensive care units; OR: Odds ratio.
Table 5.
Vitamin B12, and Ferritin values based on the area under ROC curve analysis
| AUC | SE | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 | 0.732 | 0.053 | 0.629–0.835 | <0.001 |
| Ferritin | 0.712 | 0.053 | 0.608–0.815 | <0.001 |
AUC: Area under the curve; SE: Standard error.
Figure 3.
Factors effecting mortality rates in the intensive care unit.
Table 6.
Cut -off values of vitamin B12, and ferritin levels for the prediction of mortality rates
| Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPD (%) | NPD (%) | Accuracy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12 (≥282 mg/dL) | 74 | 70.7 | 76.9 | 67.4 | 72.6 |
| Ferritin (212 mg/dL) | 70.3 | 63.4 | 71.6 | 60.4 | 67.3 |
PPD: Positive cut-off value; NPD: Negative cut-off value.
DISCUSSION
In this study, higher all-cause mortality rates in patients hospitalized in intensive care unit were observed which might be attributed to increased number of geriatric patients consulting to ICUs, associated comorbidities, and frequent need for IMV.
Elder patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit constitute privileged, and very complex patient group. Generally elder patients are hospitalized because of acute exacerbations of underlying chronic health problems or multiorgan disorders. As reported in many literature studies 46% of the patients hospitalized in ICUs are elder people [4]. In patients hospitalized in ICU a significant increase in all-cause mortality rates have been observed [8, 9, 10, 11]. In our study, mean age of the patients hospitalized in ICU was 73.9±14.7 years, and 77.5% of all patients were in the geriatric age (>65) group.
Uysal et al. reported an overall ICU mortality rate of 43 percent [4]. However in our study overall ICU mortality rate was 52.3 percent. In an international multi-centered prospective study (n=15.757) mechanical ventilator had been used in 33% of the cases with a mean duration of 5.9±7.2 days. Besides average ICU mortality rate was reported as 31% among patients who had received mechanical ventilation therapy for more than 12 hours [12]. In our study, mechanical ventilator was used in 44.1% of the patients for a mean period of 12.7±13.5 days, ICU mortality rate among mechanical ventilator users was 85.7 percent.
Altıay et al. performed a study to determine factors related to mortality rates in ICU patients, and observed that presence of arrhytmia, requirement for cardiotonic drugs, need for mechanical ventilation, and its duration had independent effects on all-cause mortality [13]. In our study, we also determined the impact of mechanical ventilation on mortality per se.
Higher ferritin levels may stem from acute phase reactions regulated by cytokines [14]. In a study by Rogers et al. the authors had demonstrated that interleukin-1 (IL-1) accelerates transcription process of ferritin [15]. In our study, higher ferritin values were detected as one of the independent factors which had an impact on mortality rates. Higher ferritin levels may be associated with significant clinical conditions, and from this perspective it can be accepted as a marker of a nonspecific disease.
Very scarce number of studies have been performed on higher vitamin B12 values. In a study performed by Andrès E et al. the authors indicated that higher vitamin B levels can be paradoxically seen in cases with functional cobalamine insufficiency, and added that its elevated levels can be detected in cases with severe disease states as a diagnostic marker of prognosis at an early stage of the disease [16]. In our study, the patients did not receive vitamin B12 treatment during their ICU stay or previously as disclosed from patient files. Statistically significantly higher vitamin B12 levels were detected in non-ICU survivors patients who had not received vitamin B12 replacement when compared with those ICU survivors.
While evaluating the outcomes of our study, some limitations should be considered. Relatively lower number of our patient population because of recent inauguration of our intensive care unit, inability to apply prognostic scoring systems as APACHE (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation), Glasgow coma, retrospective retrieval of patient data from hospital registration system, and missing information in patient data charts are limitations of our study.
In conclusion, increased number of geriatric patients, and frequent requirement of IMV might have a role in higher all-cause mortality rates detected in the intensive care unit of the department of internal medicine. In addition, among predictors of mortality, higher vitamin B12, and ferritin levels are remarkable. Therefore, larger-scale studies which will demonstrate the correlation between vitamin B12, and ferritin levels and mortality in critically ill patients should be performed.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.
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