Secondary Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Infection, Japan, 2010–2012

Abstract

To evaluate the potential public health risk caused by secondary Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in Japan, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of STEC isolated from healthy adults during 2010–2012. Although prevalence among healthy adults was high, most STEC organisms displayed characteristics rarely found in isolates from symptomatic patients.

Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC), which is characterized by production of the Shiga toxin (Stx) or possession of the Stx-encoding genes, is a notable human pathogen that causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (1,2). In Japan, STEC infection is a notifiable disease, and ≈3,500–4,500 (2.7–3.5/100,000 population) annual cases of STEC infection (including asymptomatic carriers) have been reported since 2006 (3–5). For ≈50%–60% of these notifiable cases, serotype and Stx type of laboratory-confirmed STEC isolate and clinical manifestations associated with STEC infection are reported (3). To date, most STEC isolates from asymptomatic carriers collected in Japan were isolated during laboratory-based investigation of outbreaks or intrafamilial infections, together with those from sporadic patients. Therefore, we believe that the characteristics of such STEC isolates could be similar to those from ill patients. We conducted a large-scale study to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of STEC isolated from healthy adults in Japan to evaluate the potential public health risk of infection due to secondary STEC infection.

The Study

A total of 2,774,824 fecal samples were collected from 472,734 healthy adults throughout Japan during April 2010–March 2012; these samples were examined at Japan Microbiological Laboratory Co., Ltd. (Sendai, Japan) (Technical Appendix). These healthy persons included food handlers and those who worked in childcare and eldercare facilities; each person was tested >1 times over 2 years. When >1 STEC isolate from the same patient had the same serotype and virulence factor type, we used the first detected isolate in this study. Of 472,734 healthy adults examined, 398 (0.08%) were positive for STEC. Therefore, the estimated incidence rate of asymptomatic carriers among healthy adults was 84.2/100,000 population, indicating that asymptomatic STEC infections are highly prevalent among healthy adults.

A total of 399 STEC organisms were isolated from 398 healthy adults. O-serogrouping showed that 339 isolates comprised 61 different O serogroups; 60 isolates were O serogroup untypeable (Technical Appendix Table). Two isolates obtained from the same person >12 months apart belonged to serogroups O103 (first isolate) and O91 (second isolate). The dominant O serogroup of isolates from healthy adult carriers was O91 (n = 89, 22.3%), followed by O103 (n = 23, 5.8%). Of STEC infection cases associated with patients reported during 2010–2011 in Japan, 97.4% were caused by either STEC O157 (68.8%), O26 (16.9%), O111 (3.9%), O145 (3.1%), O103 (2.8%), or O121 (1.9%) isolates (4,5). In this study, STEC O157 (n = 13), O26 (n = 6), O145 (n = 2), O103 (n = 23), and O121 (n = 1) isolates were detected, but STEC O111 isolates were not (Technical Appendix Table). Therefore, the STEC isolates belonging to these 6 O serogroups represented only 11.3% of all isolates from healthy adults. These results show that the prevalence of O serogroups among STEC from healthy adults was clearly different from that among symptomatic patients.

We also determined the stx type of STEC isolates and investigated the presence of virulence factors (Technical Appendix). Of 399 STEC isolates, 201 (50.4%) harbored the stx1 gene only (stx1 type), 160 (40.1%) harbored the stx2 gene only (stx2 type), and 38 (9.5%) harbored both stx1 and stx2 genes (stx1/stx2 type) (Table 1). Adherence factors that contribute to virulence of STEC, eae, saa, and Eib, were detected in 55 (13.8%), 125 (31.3%), and 102 (25.6%) isolates, respectively (Table 1) (6–8). No STEC isolate harbored >2 of these adherence genes/factors; aggR was not detected in any isolates; and 117 (29.3%) isolates did not contain any adherence genes/factors.

Table 1. Serogroups, stx genes, and virulence genes of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy adults, Japan, 2010-–2012.

Serogroup	No. isolates	No. isolates that possessed each gene type
		stx1	stx1/stx2	stx2	eae	saa	Eib
O91	89	84	5			11	77
O103	23	23			22
O8	15	1		14		2
O113	15		2	13		10
O128	15	4	8	3		8	5
O110	13			13
O157	13	1	4	8	13
O146	10	2	4	4		8	1
O174	9		1	8		1
O100	8			8		1
O181	8	2		6		7
O55	7	7				1
O76	7	7			1	5
O26	6	6			6
O74	6			6		6
O112	5			5		1	2
O115	5	5
O183	5	4	1			3
O93	4	3		1		2
O156	4	4			4
O163	4	2		2		1
O186	4	2	2			4
O38	3		1	2		3
O78	3	2	1			3
O159	3			3
O166	3			3		2
O168	3			3
O171	3	1		2		1
O6	2	1		1		1
O18	2	1		1			1
O22	2	1		1		1
O25	2			2
O28	2			2		2
O87	2	1		1
O101	2			2
O109	2	2				1
O119	2	2				2
O130	2			2		2
O145	2	1	1		2
O150	2	2				2
O178	2	1		1		2
O2	1			1
O5	1		1				1
O15	1			1
O53	1			1
O65	1	1				1
O75	1		1			1
O77	1	1
O82	1	1				1
O96	1		1			1
O105	1			1		1
O108	1	1				1
O117	1	1
O121	1			1	1
O136	1	1
O137	1	1				1
O149	1		1			1
O175	1			1
O177	1	1			1
O179	1			1		1
O185	1			1
O untypeable	60	21	4	35	5	23	15
Total	399	201	38	160	55	125	102

The combination of stx2 and eae genes in STEC is considered a risk factor for high virulence of STEC because these 2 genes are often found together in STEC isolates associated with severe disease such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (9). To investigate the prevalence of such risk factors among STEC isolates from healthy adults, we analyzed eae-positive isolates (n = 55). In this study, all STEC isolates belonging to 1 of 6 major O serogroups (O157:H7/H-, O26:H11, O111:H-, O103:H2/H11, O145:H-, O121:H19) frequently found in patient-derived isolates were positive for the eae gene, except for an O103:H2 isolate (Table 2; Technical Appendix). O156:H-/HUT (n = 4), O76:H7 (n = 1), O177:H- (n = 1), and O-untypeable (n = 5) isolates were also positive for the eae gene. From analysis of stx1, stx2, and their subtypes, 16 of 55 eae-positive isolates harbored the stx2 gene; their stx2 subtypes were stx2a (n = 5), stx2c (n = 10), and stx2e (n = 1) (Table 2; Technical Appendix Table). stx2a and stx2c were the stx2 subtypes most commonly found in patient-derived isolates (10,11). The STEC isolates harboring both eae and stx2 occupied 4% of all STEC isolates from healthy adults. Therefore, we estimated that the incidence rate of healthy asymptomatic carriers infected with STEC isolates harboring both eae and stx2 was 3.4/100,000 population (16/472,734 isolates). These results highlight the potential risk of serious STEC infection, which may be transmitted by secondary transmission from asymptomatic carriers.

Table 2. Serotypes and stx types of eae-positive Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli isolates from healthy adults, Japan, 2010–2012.

Serotype		No. eae-positive isolates*	No. stx-positive isolates†
			stx1	stx1/stx2	stx2
O103:	H2	21	21
	H11	1	1
O157:	H7	10		2 (stx2a)	8 (stx2a [1], stx2c [7])
	H-	3	1	2 (stx2c)
O26:	H11	6	6
O156:	H-	2	2
	HUT	2	2
O145:	H-	2	1	1 (stx2a)
O76:	H7	1	1
O121:	H19	1			1 (stx2a)
O177:	H-	1	1
O	Yntypeable	5	3		2 (stx2c [1], stx2e [1])
Total		55	39	5	11

*The number of eae-negative isolates among the same serotype: O103:H2 (1), O76:H19 (5), O76:H- (1).
†The name of the positive subtype is in parentheses; the number subtype-positive isolates are in brackets.

Conclusions

We found that the incidence rate of STEC infection in healthy asymptomatic carriers was 84.2/100,000 population. This finding suggests that the risk of secondary transmission to susceptible persons may be higher than originally thought. However, many STEC isolates from healthy adults belong to O serogroups that are rarely found in STEC isolates from symptomatic patients, and >80% of those isolates did not have the eae gene that is frequently detected in STEC isolates from symptomatic patients.

Recently, STEC outbreaks caused by isolates from 6 major O serogroups (O157:H7/H-, O26:H11, O111:H-, O103:H2/H11, O145:H-, O121:H19) have been frequently reported in childcare facilities in Japan (12). Person-to-person transmission is considered a major route of infection in such outbreaks, and many adult family members identified in such outbreaks had asymptomatic cases (12). In addition, those who work within child- and elder-care facilities are possibly more likely to be exposed to STEC organisms than are the general population because STEC organisms are more likely to be shed in higher numbers in children and elders from such facilities (13). We found that STEC O157:H7/H-, O26:H11, O103:H2, O121:H19, and O145:H- were isolated from asymptomatic carriers. These findings suggest that a portion of STEC infection due to these serotypes may be caused by secondary transmission through asymptomatic carriers.

Although the prevalence of STEC O157, O26, and O111 in retail raw foods is monitored by the National Food Surveillance System in Japan, prevalence of STEC belonging to other O serogroups in foods is unknown. In 1 study regarding STEC strains from food-producing animals in Japan during 1999–2001, of the bovine isolates, 30.6% belonged to serotypes frequently implicated in human disease, and 37% harbored the eae gene (14). Isolates with such serotypes and eae were not found among the isolates from swine (14). Many STEC isolates from food-producing animals, as with those from healthy adults, displayed characteristics rarely found in patient-derived isolates (14). Food handlers may be at a greater risk of STEC transmission through food preparation, because they are more likely to be exposed to organisms from food-producing animals than the general population (15).

Our findings provide scientific evidence that can be useful in the management of STEC infection, in particular, in detecting asymptomatic carriers in Japan. Such identification could result in a decrease in asymptomatic carriers and in secondary transmission of STEC organisms.

Technical Appendix

Material and methods of study of secondary Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli infection (STEC), Japan, 2010–2012, including a table showing stx2 subtypes of STEC isolates.

Biography

Dr. Morita-Ishihara is a senior researcher in the Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo. Her research has focused on the surveillance of pathogenic E. coli by molecular epidemiology analysis and the analysis of pathogenicity mechanisms.