Abstract
Purpose: The exact detection and delineation of the intraprostatic tumour burden is crucial for treatment planning in primary prostate cancer (PCa). We compared 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) for diagnosis and tumour delineation in patients with primary PCa based on slice by slice correlation with histopathological reference material.
Methodology: Seven patients with histopathologically proven primary PCa underwent 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and MRI followed by radical prostatectomy. Resected prostates were scanned by ex-vivo CT in a special localizer and prepared for histopathology. Invasive PCa was delineated on a HE stained histologic tissue slide and matched to ex-vivo CT to obtain gross tumor volume (GTV-)histo. Ex-vivo CT including GTV-histo and MRI data were matched to in-vivo CT(PET). Consensus contours based on MRI (GTV-MRI), PSMA PET (GTV-PET) or the combination of both (GTV-union/-intersection) were created. In each in-vivo CT slice the prostate was separated into 4 equal segments and sensitivity and specificity for PSMA PET and mpMRI were assessed by comparison with histological reference material. Furthermore, the spatial overlap between GTV-histo and GTV-PET/-MRI and the Sørensen-Dice coefficient (DSC) were calculated. In the case of multifocal PCa (4/7 patients), SUV values (PSMA PET) and ADC-values (diffusion weighted MRI) were obtained for each lesion.
Results: PSMA PET and mpMRI detected PCa in all patients. GTV-histo was detected in 225 of 340 segments (66.2%). Sensitivity and specificity for GTV-PET, GTV-MRI, GTV-union and GTV-intersection were 75% and 87%, 70% and 82%, 82% and 67%, 55% and 99%, respectively. GTV-histo had on average the highest overlap with GTV-union (57±22%), which was significantly higher than overlap with GTV-MRI (p=0.016) and GTV-PET (p=0.016), respectively. The mean DSC for GTV-union, GTV-PET and GTV-MRI was 0.51 (±0.18), 0.45 (±0.17) and 0.48 (±0.19), respectively. In every patient with multifocal PCa there was one lesion which had both the highest SUV and the lowest ADC-value (mean and max).
Conclusion: In a slice by slice analysis with histopathology, 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI showed high sensitivity and specificity in detection of primary PCa. A combination of both methods performed even better in terms of sensitivity (GTV-union) and specificity (GTV-intersection). A moderate to good spatial overlap with GTV-histo was observed for PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI alone which was significantly improved by GTV-union. Further studies are warranted to analyse the impact of these preliminary findings for diagnostic (multimodal guided TRUS biopsy) and therapeutic (focal therapy) strategies in primary PCa.
Keywords: Prostate cancer, PSMA PET/CT, multiparametric MRI, histopathology.
Introduction
The accurate detection and delineation of intraprostatic tumour burden is important for diagnosis and treatment planning for patients with primary prostate cancer (PCa). Although PCa is mostly a multifocal disease, there is growing evidence that dominant intraprostatic lesions (DILs) may be responsible for metastatic and recurrent PCa 1, 2. Focal therapy (e.g. radiotherapy, cryotherapy, laser therapy) targeting the DIL is of growing importance for the treatment of localized PCa 3.
Most of the ongoing studies use multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to define the gross tumour volume (GTV) for focal therapies 4. However, our group 5 and others 6, 7 have validated the performance of radiolabelled tracers targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) through comparison with histology, and have reported good results. PSMA is a transmembrane protein and it is expressed in PCa cells up to 1000 times higher than in normal prostate tissue 8. For ligand binding to an extracellular domain of PSMA, specific inhibitors are used 9. In this study we used a urea-based PSMA inhibitor conjugated with the chelator HBED-CC according to Eder et al. (68Ga-Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC) 10. Eiber et al. examined the value of 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/MRI hybrid imaging in 53 patients based on histological correlation on a sextant basis. The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was calculated for mpMRI (0.73), PSMA-PET/CT (0.83) and PSMA PET/MRI (0.88), respectively 11.
In this study seven patients underwent mpMRI and 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT before radical prostatectomy. We applied a procedure similar to that described by Grosu et al. 12 to match the histopathologic specimen after prostatectomy with ex-vivo CT. Subsequently, ex-vivo CT (including histopathology information, GTV-histo) and mpMRI data were matched to in-vivo CT, which was derived from PSMA PET/CT. GTV-PET, GTV-MRI and the combination of both (GTV-union/-intersection) were created in analogy to the situation prior to targeted diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT, mpMRI and the combination of both for detection and delineation of the tumour in patients with primary PCa based on histopathological reference on a slice by slice level.
Methods and Materials
Study design and patient population
We analysed data from a prospective, single institution study of 10 patients. Inclusion criteria were histopathologically proven primary adenocarcinoma of the prostate, pre-therapeutic 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and intended radical prostatectomy. Exclusion criteria were neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and previously performed transurethral resection of the prostate. MpMRI was not mandated in the original trial protocol, but was also performed in 7 patients. Mean patient age was 64 years (range 52-74) and mean serum PSA at imaging was 22.9 ng/ml (median 10.6, range 6.1-51.1, Table 1). Three patients had intermediate and four patients had high risk PCa, according to D'Amico's risk criteria 13. Mean time between PET and MRI scan was 34±30 days. Patients underwent radical prostatectomy on average within 18±23 days after the last imaging examination. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient, and the institutional review board approved this study.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Patient | Age (y) | PSA (ng/ml) | TNM | Gleason score | mpMRI (Tesla) | PCa (% of prostate tissue) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 67 | 6.07 | pT3a pN1 cM0 | 3+4 (7a) | 3 | 28 |
| 2 | 60 | 49 | pT2c pN1 cM0 | 3+4 (7a) | 1.5 | 56 |
| 3 | 59 | 9.15 | pT2c pN0 cM0 | 4+3 (7b) | 3 | 4 |
| 4 | 52 | 51.13 | pT3b pN1 cM0 | 5+4 (9) | 3 | 42 |
| 5 | 61 | 10.57 | pT2c pN0 cM0 | 3+4 (7a) | 3 | 15 |
| 6 | 74 | 8.82 | pT2c pN0 cM0 | 3+4 (7a) | 1.5 | 3 |
| 7 | 73 | 25.52 | pT2c pN0 cM0 | 3+4 (7a) | 1.5 | 4 |
| Mean | 64 | 22.89 | 22 | |||
| SD ± | 8 | 19.61 | 21.02 |
Abbrevations: PCa = prostate cancer. MpMRI = multiparametric MRI.
MR Imaging
MR images were acquired either on a 3 Tesla system (Trio Tim, Siemens, Germany / 4 patients) or on a 1.5 Tesla system (Aera and Avanto, Siemens, Germany / 3 patients). Both were equipped with surface phased array (Body Matrix) in combination with an integrated spine array coil. No endo-rectal RF coil was used. Following MR image data were included in this study:
T2-weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) images in the axial, sagittal and coronal planes with TR = 5500 ms (3 T)/ 8650-9400 ms (1.5 T); TE = 103-108 ms (3 T) / 111-119 ms (1.5 T); refocusing flip angle = 150°; field of view = 150 × 150 mm; slice thickness = 3 mm without gap; matrix: 192 × 192.
DWI with an echo planar imaging sequence in transverse orientation with TR = 3500 ms (3 T)/ 2800-3840 ms (1.5 T); TE = 73 ms (3 T) / 61-87 ms (1,5 T); flip angle = 90°; field of view = 250 × 250 mm (3 T) / (300 x 300) - (400 x 338) (1,5 T); slice thickness = 3 mm (3T) / 3-6 mm (1.5 T); slice gap: 0 mm (3 T) / 0-1,5 mm (1,5 T); matrix: 160 × 160 (3 T) / (192 x 162) - (160 x 160) (1.5 T), b values: 50, 400, 800 s/mm² (3 T) / 0; 100; 400; 800 or 0, 250, 500, 800 s/mm² (1,5 T).
DCE-MRI was acquired with dynamic 3D fast low-angle shot sequence in transverse orientation with TR = 5,13 ms (3 T)/ 4,65 - 4,1 ms (1,5 T); TE = 2,45 ms (3 T) / 1,58 - 1,6 ms (1,5); flip angle = 12° (3T) / 12° - 15° (1,5T); field of view = 260 x 260mm (3 T) / (260 x 260) - (400 x 387) (1,5 T); partition thickness = 3 mm (3T) / 2-3 mm (1.5 T); matrix: 192 × 192 (3 T) / (192 x 192) - (384 x 372) (1,5 T). Measurements were performed before, during and after an intravenous bolus injection of 0.2 ml/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine (Multihance, Bracco Imaging, Italy) at an infusion rate of 1 ml/s. 36 contrast-enhanced sets of 3D data were acquired sequentially at a temporal resolution of 9 s (3 T) / 7 s (1.5 T). No standardization algorithms for pre-processing 14 were used in the current study.
PET/CT Imaging
Radiolabelling of PSMA-HBED-CC with 68GaCl3 was done using a fully automated synthesis module (Eckert & Ziegler, Germany) in combination with sterile single-use cassettes. The decay-corrected yield was >95% and the radiochemical purity of the final product was ≥97%.
The patients fasted for at least 4 hours before the administration of the radiopharmaceutical and were asked to void before starting the PET scan. 1 hour post injection, patients underwent the whole body PET scan. Scans were either performed with a 64-slice GEMINI TF PET/CT or a 16-slice GEMINI TF BIG BORE PET/CT (both Philips Healthcare, USA, pixel size 2x2x2 mm). Both scanners were cross-calibrated to ensure the comparability of the quantitative measurements. At the time of the PET scan, a contrast-enhanced diagnostic CT (120 kVp, 100-400 mAs, dose modulation, pixel size 1.172x1.172x2 mm) or a low-dose CT (120 kVp, 25 mAs, pixel size 1.172x1.172x2 mm) for attenuation correction (depending on previous CT scans and contraindications) was performed. The uptake of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC was quantified using standardized uptake values (SUV).
Histopathology/PET/CT/MRI image coregistration
Coregistration between PET/CT, MRI images and histopathology was performed in analogy to our published protocol 5, 12 (Figure 1). The resected prostates were fixed in a customized localizer (Medical Physics Laboratory) with a 4 mm grid and scanned using an ex-vivo CT (16-channel Phillips Brilliance Big Bore, Germany) was performed. Subsequently, the prostates were sectioned in a customized cutting device (Medical Physics Laboratory). Parallel 4-mm step-sections were cut perpendicular to the urethra at the same angle as the ex-vivo CT slices. PCa tissue was delineated on each histopathological slice using black ink. Histopathological slices were manually matched to the ex-vivo CT using MITK software (MITK Workbench 2014.10.00; German Cancer Research Center) with the guidance of the 4 mm grid and radiopaque markers within the prostate. The histopathological PCa contours were digitized from the step-sections to corresponding ex-vivo CT slices and automatically interpolated in MITK to create GTV-histo. A careful manual coregistration with additional non-rigid deformation between ex-vivo CT (including GTV-histo) and in-vivo CT (PET/CT scan) was performed in MITK. After registration, the overlap of the prostatic gland in ex-vivo and in-vivo CT was evaluated in 3 patients (low, intermediate and high tumor burden) by median distance (MD) and dice similarity (DSC). MD was calculated by:
Figure 1.
The resected prostate was embedded in agar in a localizer with a 4 mm marker profile and ex-vivo CT was performed by using reference points on the localizer for orientation (A). In a cutting device 4 mm step sections were cut (B). Whole-mount sections and ex-vivo CT images were merged under the guidance of markers on the localizer (C). Ex-vivo and in-vivo prostate were registered manually by two specialists in consensus (D).
 |
Where 
represented the distances of all points a in contour A to contour B. Additionally, the DSC was calculated by: 
. MD was below the PET image resolution (range: 1.2 to 1.7 mm). The DSC ranged from 0.83 to 0.88, which translated into an excellent overlap. Visual assessment of the contours showed that no anatomically implausible deformations took place.
In-vivo PET/CT datasets (including GTV-histo) of each patient were imported into the radiation treatment planning system (iPLAN RT image 4.1; BrainLAB, Germany). Axial TSE-, DWI- (ADC maps) and DCE-MRI images were automatically matched with in-vivo CT images using mutual information registration in iPlan. If visual assessment showed anatomical mismatch, a manual adjustment was performed based on anatomical markers. For alignment between PET and CT scans the preset registration was used. Thus, CT/PET/MRI and histopathology data were registered in the same reference frame which is a prerequisite for evaluating them comparatively slice by slice.
Generation of contours
Image analysis was done in iPLAN. Two experienced radiologists (HCR and TK) delineated GTV-MRI in consensus using T2W, DWI and DCE-sequences to characterize each lesion. Areas with visually determined PI-RADs v2 15 score ≥ 4 were included in the analysis. With respect to PI-RADs v2 criteria and score for delineation of peripheral zone lesions, DWI images were of top priority and in case of score 3 lesions, DCE images were used to obtain final PI-RADS category (e.g. if focal and early enhancement was present, the lesion or part of it was classified with score 4 and enclosed to the GTV). T2W-TSE images were primarily used for delineation of transition zone lesions. According to PI-RADs v2 TZ-lesions with score 3 at T2W were classified as score 4 if DWI suggested markedly hyperintense signal on high b-value DWI/markedly hypointense signal on ADC. These suspicious areas were enclosed to the GTV.
GTV-PET was delineated in consensus by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians (TIB and PTM) using window levels from 0-5 SUV. Any focal uptake distinctly higher than local background was considered to represent PCa. A union volume (GTV-union) and an intersection volume (GTV-intersection) between GTV-PET and GTV-MRI were created for each patient.
Slice by slice analysis
We calculated sensitivity and specificity for PSMA PET, mpMRI and the combined volumes (GTV-union/-intersection) based on histology reference data. The prostate in each in-vivo CT slice was divided into 4 equal segments (Figure 2) and the analysis was performed visually using the GTVs obtained. A mean of 48 segments (±14) per patient were analysed.
Figure 2.
A shows a transverse CT image (from PSMA PET/CT scan) with projected GTVs (green: histology, red: consensus GTV PSMA PET, yellow: MRI) for patient 4. The blue cross was placed in the middle of the prostate to separate each CT slice into four quadrants to analyse sensitivity and specificity. Haematoxylin and eosin gross section histopathology shows a large tumour focus in the right lobe and small foci in the left peripheral zone (B). Transverse T2-weighted image (C) shows a slightly hypointense signal with restricted diffusion in the apparent ADC map (D). PSMA PET image (E) shows intense focal uptake located in the right lobe. The blue contour represents the prostatic border in the corresponding CT scan.
Analysis of spatial overlap
We calculated the percentage of GTV-histo which overlapped with the imaging derived GTVs and the DSC was calculated.
Detection of dominant intraprostatic lesions
Some preclinical and clinical studies indicated that low ADC-values in DWI-MRI 16 and high SUV values in PSMA PET 6, 17, 18 may indicate potential DILs. In the case of multiple lesions in PET (4/7) and MRI (4/7) we defined the lesion with the highest SUV value (mean and max) as GTVDIL-PET and the lesion with the lowest ADC-value (mean and max) as GTVDIL-MRI. Subsequently, the corresponding lesion in histology was defined as GTVDIL-histo (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Pictures from left to right show: transverse PET images, CT images (both from 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT scan), ADC-MR images from patient 5. PET and CT images are presented with projected GTVs (green: histology, red: SUV30, yellow: MRI). The blue contour represents the prostate border in the corresponding CT scan. In the upper row the entire histopathologically defined PCa was taken into account. In the lower row only the lesions with the highest SUVmean (PET) or ADC-value (ADC-MRI) were projected. The corresponding lesion in histology was defined as GTV-histo.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with MATLAB (MATLAB R2014a, The MathWorks, USA) and Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft, Redmond, USA). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Spearman's Rho test were used with a threshold for statistical significance of <0.05.
Results
I Sensitivity and specificity
PCa was detected by 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and by mpMRI in all patients. GTV-histo was observed in 225 of 340 segments (66.2%). Sensitivity and specificity for GTV-PET and GTV-MRI were 75% and 87 %, 70% and 82%, respectively (Table 2). GTV-PET identified 24 PCa-involved segments classed as negative by mpMRI, whereas 21 true positive segments were observed by GTV-MRI classed as negative by PET. GTV-union had the highest sensitivity (82%) and the lowest specificity (67%), whereas GTV-intersection had the highest specificity (99%) and the lowest sensitivity (55%). PCa localization, post prostatectomy Gleason score, amount of prostatic tumour tissue, and serum PSA level before imaging had no correlation with sensitivity of PSMA PET/CT and MR imaging (Table 3).
Table 2.
Correlation metrics.
| Parameter | % of GTV-histo in overlap | DSC | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GTV-MRI | 42 (±18) | 0.48 (±0.19) | 70 (±22) | 82 (±19) |
| GTV-PET | 45 (±24) | 0.45 (±0.18) | 75 (±11) | 87 (±16) |
| GTV-union | 57 (±22) | 0.51 (±0.18) | 82 (±14) | 67 (±36) |
| GTV-intersection | 22 (±17) | 0.38 (±0.21) | 55 (±25) | 99 (±2) |
Abbreviations: DSC = Sørensen-Dice coefficient. GTV = gross tumor volume, which was based on MRI, PSMA PET or the combination (union or intersection) of both.
Table 3.
Influence of clinical parameters on Sensitivity of PSMA PET and mpMRI.
| Patient | Sensitivity MRI | Sensitivity PET | Localization of GTV-histo | Gleason score | PCa (% of prostate tissue) | PSA (ng/ml) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.61 | 0.87 | a, m, b | 7a (3+4) | 28 | 6.07 |
| 2 | 0.68 | 0.83 | a, m ,b | 7a (3+4) | 56 | 49 |
| 3 | 0.33 | 0.78 | a | 7b (4+3) | 4 | 9.15 |
| 4 | 0.94 | 0.80 | a, m, b | 9 (5+4) | 42 | 51.13 |
| 5 | 0.69 | 0.54 | a, m | 7a (3+4) | 15 | 10.57 |
| 6 | 0.63 | 0.63 | m, b | 7a (3+4) | 3 | 8.82 |
| 7 | 1 | 0.8 | a | 7a (3+4) | 4 | 25.52 |
The influence of localization of GTV-histo, post prostatectomy Gleason score, amount of prostatic tumour tissue and serum PSA level before imaging on sensitivity of PSMA PET/CT and MRI was evaluated. No correlation was found for Gleason score, amount of prostatic tumour tissue and serum PSA level using Spearman's Rho test (p > 0.05 for all parameters). No correlation was found for PCa localization using Wilcoxon rank-sum test (p > 0.05). Abbreviations: the localization of PCa was classified as a = apical, m = mid-gland, b = base.
II Spatial overlap with GTV-histo
Mean volumes were 7.1±8.6 ml (GTV-PET), 5.3±5.9 ml (GTV-MRI), 9.1±9.8 ml (GTV-union) and 3±3.9 ml (GTV-intersection), respectively, and mean GTV-histo was 7.3±7.5 ml. GTV-histo had the highest mean overlap with GTV-union, 57±22% (Table 2, Figure 4), which was significantly higher than overlap with GTV-MRI (p=0.016) and GTV-PET (p=0.016), respectively. The mean DSC for GTV-union, GTV-intersection, GTV-PET and GTV-MRI was 0.51±0.18, 0.38±0.21, 0.45±0.17 and 0.48±0.19, respectively.
Figure 4.
The percentage overlaps between GTV-histo and the GTVs defined by imaging are shown in A. The middle bars represent the mean values and the upper and lower bars the standard deviations. The overlap with GTV-histo was significant higher for GTV-union compared to GTV-MRI, GTV-PET and GTV-intersection (p<0.05) in Wilcoxon signed-rank test. B shows haematoxylin and eosin gross section histopathology with two large tumour foci in each side of the prostate of patient 7. An axial CT image (from PSMA PET/CT scan) with projected GTVs (green: histology, red: PET, yellow: MRI, blue: contour of prostate gland in in-vivo CT) is presented in C. In the lower row ADC-MRI (D) and T2w-MRI (E) are presented with corresponding GTV-MRI. F shows GTV-PET projected on the corresponding axial PSMA PET slice. In the left lobe GTV-PET overlaps better with GTV histo than does GTV-MRI. In the right lobe GTV-MRI has a higher coverage of GTV-histo.
III Detection of the DIL
68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI depicted the same lesion (Figure 3) as the DIL in all patients (4 out of 7) with multifocal PCa. Each lesion with the highest SUVmean or SUVmax corresponded to the lesion with the lowest mean or maximum ADC-value. For all DILs the average SUVmean and SUVmax were 4.47±0.75 and 8.16±3.36, respectively, whereas the mean ADC-value and the maximum ADC-value were 0.880±0.08 mm2/sec and 1.680±0.16 mm2/sec, respectively. Mean GTVDIL-PET and GTVDIL-MRI was 2.5±1.7 ml and 1.3±1.2 ml, respectively. Mean GTVDIL-histo was 2.7±2 ml, whereas mean GTV-histo was 3.51±2.4 ml in these patients.
Discussion
Numerous studies postulated a good performance for mpMRI in detection and delineation of primary PCa 19 and current guidelines propose mpMRI for local staging in primary PCa 20. Our group compared histology (biopsy), 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI for GTV delineation in patients with primary PCa and reported discrepant results in half of the patients 21. Based on a method described by Grosu et al. 12, we compared 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and histology after prostatectomy on a voxel level and demonstrated a high spatial overlap with a mean area under the ROC curve of 0.83 5.
This is the first study performing a slice by slice comparison between 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT, mpMRI and whole-mount histopathology. We could confirm the good performance of mpMRI and PSMA PET/CT, respectively, for localization and delineation of primary PCa, which was further enhanced by multimodal imaging using combined PSMA PET and mpMRI information. These findings may be implemented in treatment (focal therapy) and diagnostic (PET/MRI-guided biopsy) strategies for primary PCa.
In detail, the addition of GTV-PET and GTV-MRI to GTV-union increased sensitivity (82%) compared with PSMA PET (75%) or mpMRI (70%) alone. Two studies reported lower sensitivities for PSMA PET (64% and 49%), mpMRI (58% and 44%) and PSMA PET/MRI (76%, only 11), although the relationship between the observed sensitivities is similar 11, 22. In total, 225 segments involved PCa. Of these 24 (10.7%) and 21 (9.3%) were identified by PSMA PET/CT or mpMRI, respectively, while classed as negative by the other imaging modality. This finding is consistent with Eiber et al. 11 who stated that each method is able to identify PCa-involved areas classed as negative by the other modality. A meta-analysis of recent studies calculated a pooled sensitivity for mpMRI of 78% (64.9-95%) 19. The specificity was slightly higher for PSMA PET than for mpMRI or GTV-union (87%, 82%, 67% respectively). This finding is similar to three recent studies 6, 11, 22, which reported higher specificities for PSMA PET (94-96%) than for mpMRI (82-94%). The range for sensitivity and specificity is likely due to a lack of standardization in data acquisition and in data analysis.
Combined 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and MR imaging led to increased overlap with GTV-histo (GTV-union 57%, GTV-PET 45%, and GTV-MRI 42%), which was statistically significant. The average GTV increased when it was delineated by PET (7.1 ml) compared to mpMRI (5.3 ml). This finding is consistent with previous studies 21, 23. Physical properties of PET (e.g. spill-over effect) may serve as a possible explanation. The addition of PET and mpMRI (GTV-union) led to an average volume of 9.1 ml, which was larger than mean GTV-histo (7.3 ml). Likewise, the average DSC was similar for GTV-PET (0.45), GTV-MRI (0.48) and GTV-union (0.51). Chang et al. reported similar DSC values of 0.52 and 0.37 for manually delineated 11C-choline PET/CT and MRI contours, respectively 24. Focal therapy approaches targeting GTV-union may possess an overtreatment of healthy tissue (lower specificity and larger volumes). Thus, we also analysed intersection volumes (GTV-intersection) between PET and mpMRI, which showed a low average overlap with 27% of GTV-histo and a low sensitivity (55%) but a high specificity of 99%. It should be mentioned that mean GTV-intersection (3 ml) was significantly smaller than mean GTV-histo (7.3 ml). A previous study compared 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI for GTV delineation within the prostate in 22 patients with primary PCa. On average, 40% of the PET based volume was in intersection with MRI based GTVs 21. Thus, the existence of complementary information between PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI could serve as a possible explanation for the small intersection volumes. A mismatch in coregistration between MRI and PET/CT images may have also led to small GTV-intersection. In the future, studies should evaluate whether these intersection regions may host higher Gleason scores, increased tumour stem cells 25, or hypoxic regions, which may be predictors for biochemical failure after radiation therapy 26. The intersection volumes may contain a high probability of significant PCa and may be treated more intensely in order to improve tumour control. Additionally to the solely visual definition of GTV-PET, we applied an automatic threshold of 30% of SUVmax within the prostate to define GTV-PET30%. This threshold was derived from a previous voxel-wise correlation between PSMA PET/CT and histology using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) requesting a sensitivity ≥0.9 5. The analyses were performed in the same patient population and were likewise not used for comparison with MR imaging. We observed an increased overlap with GTV-histo (58%) and an increase in sensitivity (83%) but a decrease in specificity (65%). The union volume between GTV-MRI and GTV-PET30% had a sensitivity of 88% and overlapped with 70% of GTV-histo.
Our data indicated a potential advantage of 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT over mpMRI in terms of mean overlap with GTV-histo, specificity and sensitivity. It should be mentioned that ex-vivo CT (including GTV-histo) was matched to in-vivo CT derived from combined PSMA PET/CT scans. MR images were subsequently matched to in-vivo CT. Thus, a potential error in coregistration between MRI and in-vivo CT may mislead the correlation with histology. Chang et al. compared mpMRI with choline PET/CT for GTV-delineation in primary PCa based on histological reference data using a similar approach to our study, with the difference that histology was directly matched to MR images 24. They reported a DSC of 0.37 for manually delineated MRI contours, which was lower than the DSC for GTV-MRI in our study (0.42). However, MRI had a higher sensitivity than GTV-PET in 3 out of 7 patients. Further studies are warranted to characterize patient populations (e.g. by tumor localization, Gleason score or PSA levels) in which the combined usage of PSMA PET and mpMRI is necessary or only one image modality is sufficient. In our study no clinical parameter had a significant correlation with sensitivity of mpMRI or PSMA PET/CT. This may be due to the limited number of cases and relatively small variability, since 5 of 7 patients had a Gleason 7a (3+4).
In addition to the global PCa distribution, we examined the value of 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI for detecting of the potential DIL. There are no conclusive data on which histopathological parameters should be used to define DIL. Stamey and co-workers have established the hypothesis that prognosis may be related mainly to the volume and histological grade of the largest cancer in the prostate 27, 28. However, the lesion with the highest Gleason score may not always be the lesion that endangers the patient the most. As shown by Haffner et al. 29, even a Gleason 6 (3+3) lesion may be eventually lethal. Thus, we used parameters derived from multimodal imaging to depict the potential DIL which reflects the situation before focal therapy. Interestingly, in the case of multifocal disease, both modalities depicted the same DIL in all patients, which was always the largest lesion in histology. Pucar et al. proved that local recurrence after radiation therapy occurred at the site where MRI showed the primary tumour 1. Currently no analogous data are available for PSMA PET/CT. Especially in patients with multifocal PCa, multimodal imaging would improve the diagnostic certainty and make it possible to deliver a treatment escalation to the DIL. Additionally, future studies should establish whether multimodal imaging-guided biopsies enhance the detection rate of significant PCa 30.
Our study is limited by the small number of patients and the use of different MRI scanners (1.5 and 3 Tesla). However, we confirmed the data of Eiber et al. 11 using ex-vivo CT for coregistration, which allowed a higher resolution (318 segments in 53 patients vs 340 segments in 7 patients) for data analysis. A known problem in most imaging-pathology correlation studies is the uncertainty in the accuracy of coregistration. One source of inaccurate coregistration is non-linear shrinkage of the prostate due to histopathological preparation. We accounted for this by using non-rigid registration between in- and ex-vivo CTs. There is no ground truth of registration accuracy since the scans were real patient scans. Thus, validation of the registration accuracy was done by comparing prostate contours found in ex-vivo CT (including GTV-histo) and in-vivo CT. We found a good overlap between prostate contours in terms of DSC (mean 0.85) and MD (mean 1.4 mm). However, CT based registration may be impeded by low soft tissue contrast of CT imaging. The usage of ex-vivo MR imaging instead of ex-vivo CT may increase the preciseness of registration 31. An additional source of inaccurate coregistration is a possible discrepancy in slice angles between imaging and pathological specimens. By using ex-vivo CT scans in a localizer and a customized cutting device for the prostatectomy specimen, all tissue slices had the same cutting angel as the ex-vivo CT slices. Bladder and bowel motion cause potential movement of the prostate in-vivo. Therefore, exact co-registration of MRI with PET/CT images is difficult. To minimize geometrical errors we used automatic 3D matching tools. Combined PET/MRI scanners may offer a potential benefit due to simultaneous image acquisition 11. The mentioned systematic uncertainties in coregistration could serve as an explanation for the discrepancy between the good sensitivities/specificities for GTV-MRI and GTV-PET in the segment based analysis and the moderate spatial overlap with GTV-histo, which resulted in low DSC values. Park et al. reported registration errors between 2.26-3.74 mm using ex-vivo MRI for MRI/histology registration 31. A registration error between 2-4 mm would influence the spatial overlap between the GTVs but not necessarily the sensitivity/specificity in the segment base analysis. In order to account for errors in image coregistration, a previous study applied a 5 mm 3D isotropic margin around each GTV 24. In analogy to that study we applied a 2.5 mm isotropic margin around each GTV. This led to a slight increase in overlap between enlarged GTV-histo and enlarged GTV-PET (53%), GTV-MRI (46%) and GTV-union (65%), respectively. In a recent study we processed histopathological data on PET resolution to evaluate PET with histology in the same reference frame 5. Non-processed histopathology models were used in the current study to analyse the coverage of raw PCa lesions and for better comparability with MR images.
Conclusion
Our study performed a slice by slice evaluation between 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT, mpMRI, and histolopathology. For PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI we demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity for PCa detection. The addition of mpMRI and PSMA PET/CT (GTV-union) increased the sensitivity. The specificity increased if the intersection volume between mpMRI and PSMA PET/CT was considered. For GTV-delineation, the addition of MRI and PET to GTV-union had a significant higher overlap with PCa in histology than both imaging modalities alone. These preliminary findings could have a significant impact on focal therapy approaches as well as for guided biopsy in primary PCa.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank N. Nanko and his team for the construction of the localizer and the cutting advice. We would like to thank C. Nolden for his skillful support for spelling and grammar.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent to participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Informed consent to publish
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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