Acute pancreatitis patient registry to examine novel therapies in clinical experience (APPRENTICE): an international, multicenter consortium for the study of acute pancreatitis

Abstract

Background

We have established a multicenter international consortium to better understand the natural history of acute pancreatitis (AP) worldwide and to develop a platform for future randomized clinical trials.

Methods

The AP patient registry to examine novel therapies in clinical experience (APPRENTICE) was formed in July 2014. Detailed web-based questionnaires were then developed to prospectively capture information on demographics, etiology, pancreatitis history, comorbidities, risk factors, severity biomarkers, severity indices, health-care utilization, management strategies, and outcomes of AP patients.

Results

Between November 2015 and September 2016, a total of 20 sites (8 in the United States, 5 in Europe, 3 in South America, 2 in Mexico and 2 in India) prospectively enrolled 509 AP patients. All data were entered into the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) database by participating centers and systematically reviewed by the coordinating site (University of Pittsburgh). The approaches and methodology are described in detail, along with an interim report on the demographic results.

Conclusion

APPRENTICE, an international collaboration of tertiary AP centers throughout the world, has demonstrated the feasibility of building a large, prospective, multicenter patient registry to study AP. Analysis of the collected data may provide a greater understanding of AP and APPRENTICE will serve as a future platform for randomized clinical trials.

Introduction

The annual global incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) ranges from 13 to 45/100,000 and has increased substantially over time across nations [1]. As a consequence, the number of AP-related hospital admissions has doubled in the past 3 decades, and AP is now one of the leading causes of gastrointestinal-related hospitalizations, with direct annual costs of up to US$2.6 billion in the US [2-4].

The implementation in clinical practice of early and goal-directed fluid resuscitation, intensive care for organ failure, nutritional optimization, antibiotics that penetrate pancreatic tissue, minimally invasive techniques for pancreatic debridement, and a “step-up” approach, has likely contributed to a decrease in AP-related case fatality over the last 40 years [1,3]. Several pharmacologic therapies have been tested in randomized controlled trials and have failed to show any significant benefit in the management of AP [5-8]. Investigation of other promising experimental treatments has been confined to pre-clinical and small clinical studies [9-12]. As a consequence, no specific drug therapy is available to mitigate local and systemic complications in AP [13]. With the discovery of novel molecular targets in the pathogenesis of AP, the advent of new experimental disease-specific drugs is expected [14]. Therefore, a collaborative, multicenter network is a fundamental requirement for translating experimental drug development into large-scale randomized controlled trials.

With the goal of serving as a platform to examine novel therapies for AP, we have organized the “Acute Pancreatitis Patient Registry to Examine Novel Therapies in Clinical Experience” (APPRENTICE). To move toward this objective, we have recognized the importance of creating an electronic prospective registry from high-volume international centers with expertise in pancreatic diseases, in order to describe the current trends of demographics, risk factors, clinical profile, treatment patterns, and outcomes of AP around the world. In addition, the establishment of this unique international collaboration will allow us to use it as a platform for future randomized clinical trials that can translate new therapies in less time and with a diversified patient population. It could also serve as a repository for proteomic and genomic data in patients with AP.

Herein, we describe the study methodology and report preliminary demographic results from the cohort.

Materials and methods

Development of APPRENTICE and participating centers

The idea of starting an international prospective registry in AP was developed during the AP working group at PancreasFest 2014 (July 2014, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) under the sponsorship of the Collaborative Alliance for Pancreatic Education and Research (CAPER). APPRENTICE members have since maintained collaborative communications via e-mail, teleconferences (webinars), and face-to-face meetings at annual conferences of gastrointestinal societies. Expertise was sought from APPRENTICE members and founders of other pancreatitis multicenter research consortia (NAPS2 and INSPPIRE) [15,16]. The University of Pittsburgh has led this initiative from the beginning and serves as the coordinating center. An analysis and publication committee of 5 members from four different continents has been established. This committee is in charge of collecting research ideas, setting deadlines, and deciding on the authorship of future publications. Finally, a strategy has been developed to apply for grant funding in the near future.

The initial requirements for a center to participate in APPRENTICE include a letter from their local Institutional Board Review (IRB) or Ethics Committee and a signed data-use agreement form to be submitted to the University of Pittsburgh, which serves as the “umbrella” IRB. To date, 20 tertiary referral centers with established expertise in pancreatic disorders from 9 countries have joined the consortium.

Subject recruitment

Standardized inclusion and exclusion criteria have been developed to ensure the uniformity of the study population. The diagnosis of AP is based on the presence of at least 2 of the following 3 features: abdominal pain characteristic of AP, serum amylase and/or lipase at least 3 times the upper limit of normal, and characteristic findings of AP on abdominal imaging. To be eligible, participants must be adults (≥18 years old), willing to participate, and enrolled within 7 days from symptom onset. Patients with AP following trauma, a history of chronic pancreatitis, organ transplantation, pancreatic cancer, or any type of cancer that required chemotherapy/radiation in the past year, are excluded. Subjects fulfilling the entry criteria at the study sites are offered participation by the site investigator. Prior to enrollment, study subjects sign an informed consent form based on local IRB requirements.

Site investigators are responsible for identifying patients with AP during their hospital admission. The methodology for prompt early detection of candidates may vary from center to center. Thus, the APPRENTICE prospective cohort likely represents a fraction of all consecutive patients admitted to each center, depending on the availability of resources at each site.

Development of questionnaires

An initial draft of the study questionnaires was prepared in the autumn of 2014. This was opened to comments and feedback from the entire consortium in monthly webinars. Subsequently, during a 4-month pilot phase (November 2015-February 2016), the study questionnaires were further updated until a final version was approved before the main phase of the study was started. Information on demographics, etiology, pancreatitis history, comorbidities, clinical characteristics, early prognostic markers, severity classification, healthcare utilization, treatment strategies, and hospital course has been organized into 260 variables. Anonymized data are collected prospectively by the site investigator or research coordinator, based on interactions with the patient and a review of the medical records.

In addition, enrolled patients are contacted within 60-120 days after hospital discharge to complete a follow-up questionnaire, adding approximately 30 more variables to the registry. This takes place during a clinic visit or through a telephone call. The follow-up questionnaire mainly focuses on recurrent attacks of AP, the need for delayed intervention, and the potential development of AP-related complications.

Questionnaires

• a) Demographics, past history, and etiology

  Demographic information includes age, sex, race, weight, height, body mass index, and waist circumference measurement. Smoking history is classified as never smoker (<100 cigarettes or 5 packs in lifetime), former smoker (>6 months without smoking), and current smoker (within the last 6 months). The total years of smoking and the average number of cigarettes per day are recorded. Alcohol consumption is classified as never (<20 drinks in lifetime), former (>6 months without drinking), and current (within the last 6 months). In addition, the average number of drinks on a drinking day, the average drinking days per week, the total years of alcohol consumption, and the date of last drink are obtained.

  In the section on personal history, information about the prior history of AP is recorded, including number of episodes, baseline triglyceride levels, and cholecystectomy status. The burden of comorbidities is measured using the Charlson Comorbidity Index [17]. Information is sought regarding any first-degree relative with a history of AP, chronic pancreatitis, or cystic fibrosis. Any use of statins, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs within the last week, or other recently started medications is also recorded.

  The dates of symptom onset and initial hospital admission are recorded. If the patient is transferred from another hospital, the date of transfer is also registered. The primary etiology of AP is classified as biliary, alcoholic, idiopathic, hypertriglyceridemic, subsequent to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), or other. A secondary etiology of AP is recorded in selected cases when 2 causes coexist. For example, in patients with alcoholic or biliary AP who also have hypertriglyceridemia, hypertriglyceridemia is deemed to be the secondary etiology. In addition, the timing with which triglycerides are measured in relation to the disease onset, and their highest level within the first 48 h after presentation are recorded.

• b) Biomarkers of severity, hospital admission and outcomes

  Vital signs, pain intensity assessment based on a visual scale, physical findings, and laboratory markers (white cell count, hematocrit, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, lipase level) are obtained upon initial hospital admission, and after 1, 2, and 7 days. In patients who meet the criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), the timing of onset and the duration of SIRS (<48 vs. ≥48 h) are also entered.

  Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), in addition to the reason for ICU admission, the length of stay, and death while in the ICU are recorded. The total length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality are also entered. The cause of death is classified as either unrelated or related to pancreatitis. The patients’ perspective on the hospital stay is assessed by asking how often they are treated with courtesy and respect, and how often their pain is controlled. Possible answers are never, sometimes, usually, and always.

  The severity of AP is defined based on the revised Atlanta classification [18] and the determinant-based classification [19]. The definition of organ failure used by the modified Marshall scoring system is used [20]. The timing of the onset of organ failure, the first failing system(s), and the duration of organ failure are recorded. Data on cardiovascular failure (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg not fluid responsive, pH<7.3, or use of inotropes), respiratory failure (PaO₂/FiO₂<300, or the need for intubation), and renal failure (serum Cr>1.8 mg/dL or >169 µmol/L, or the need for hemodialysis) are recorded.

  Use of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) during the hospital admission or within 1 month of follow up is recorded. The CT performed closest to the seventh day of admission is entered to classify the pancreatic findings as normal, interstitial, or necrotizing AP. The extent of pancreatic necrosis (<30%, 30-50%, >50%) and findings of peripancreatic necrosis are included. Whether pancreatic necrosis evolves into walled-off necrosis is also recorded, with precise timing of the finding and the largest diameter of the collection in cm. Any diagnosis of infected pancreatic necrosis and extra-pancreatic infection during the hospitalization is noted.

• c) Early and delayed management

  Data on intravenous fluids early during hospital admission are recorded. The type and volume (total in mL) of intravenous fluid received within first 6 and 24 h are entered. Opioid use, route of administration, type of opioid, dose of opioid and other analgesic use within the first, second, third, and seventh days of initial hospital admission is recorded. The total days of opioid used are also entered. The type, route, timing, and tolerance of the initial feeding attempt are recorded. A similar approach is followed for the second and third feeding routes. Oral tolerance is defined as patients who tolerated oral feedings for more than 24 h.

  Pancreatic interventions are classified as early (within 2 weeks from initial admission) and late (after 2 weeks from initial admission). Data are organized by the type (drainage or drainage/debridement) and mode (laparotomy, minimally invasive surgery, percutaneous, and endoscopic) of intervention. Data on early and delayed interventions are recorded. Data on ERCP or cholecystectomy during the hospital admission are entered, as well as the indication for ERCP. The date of each intervention is entered systematically.

• d) Follow up

  Efforts are made to contact the enrolled patients close to 90 days after hospital discharge for follow up. Pain, pain intensity (based in a visual scale), pain frequency (number of days in last 7 days), and nausea/vomiting within the last 7 days from the day of contact are recorded. Changes on smoking and drinking habits are measured. Patients are asked whether they continue drinking alcohol, the average number of drinks on a drinking day, and the number of days that they drink on a week. In addition, whether they continue smoking, and the number of cigarettes per day is also recorded.

  To assess the clinical course at follow up, patients are asked whether they required emergency visits or hospitalizations due to pancreatitis symptoms, or if they developed a documented recurrent attack of AP, new-onset diabetes, or overt steatorrhea. Use of medications such as oral anti-diabetics, insulin, and pancreatic enzymes is also assessed. Patients are also asked if they underwent cholecystectomy after the hospital discharge.

Database management and study initiation

All the data are prospectively recorded and stored in REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) by study personnel at each participating center. REDCap is a frequently used program for clinical, basic, and translational research [16,21]. This novel software allows collaborative access to data across different centers around the world. To ensure confidentiality, each subject’s information is anonymized and assigned a study code before entry into REDCap. Every electronic form is accessible only to IRB-approved research team members, who have a username and password for the web application. Each entry field contains real-time validation codes, integrity checks, and other mechanisms to ensure data quality.

Data are stored centrally in the REDCap coordinating site at the University of Pittsburgh. A data quality monitoring team at the coordinating center verifies the quality and the completeness of the data, identifies discrepancies in entered data, eliminates duplicate patient entries, and provides feedback to participating centers so as to optimize data entry.

After submission of a request for the database service to REDCap, a working web-based electronic data collection application was developed for the project. Using this prototype application, the metadata spreadsheet was tested during a pilot phase that involved 10 centers (9 domestic and 1 international). In this 4-month phase, 57 patients were enrolled to test every aspect of the data collection process. Starting April 2016, the REDCap system has been advanced to production status for the main phase, aiming to prospectively enroll at least 1000 AP patients. An outline of the steps of APPRENTICE, from study conception to study initiation is presented in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.

APPRENTICE methodology flowchart

REDCap offers several other advantages. While it facilitates some statistical analysis, it also allows the export of data for use with common statistical packages. It provides a file repository for storing and sharing documents (e.g. study protocol). There is also a data dictionary available for researchers. Finally, this software is free of charge, which allows an adequate platform for unfunded investigator-initiated research projects like APPRENTICE.

The APPRENTICE analysis and publication committee has developed authorship guidelines, which have been approved by all participating centers. Site investigators who want to use the registry to answer a specific research question have been submitting their proposals to the analysis and publication committee. After obtaining approval, they will proceed with the project once enrollment is completed. The number of patients recruited by center will be taken into consideration during project assignment. Investigators assigned a project will be required to have a manuscript ready for publication within 6 months.

Results

A total of 509 subjects (52% women) have been recruited from November 2015 to September 2016. The distribution of patients per site is shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2.

Distribution of patients enrolled across APPRENTICE centers UPMC, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; MUSC, Medical University of South Carolina; AGH, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, India; PGIMER, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India; LUHS, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania; UEHB, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania; AUH, Attikon University Hospital, Greece; UMPIHCN, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu” Cluj-Napoca, Romania; SUR, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; HNI, Hospital Nacional de Itauguá, Paraguay; HNPAP, Hospital Nacional “Profesor A. Posadas”, Argentina; HGADCA, Hospital General de Agudos “Dr. Cosme Argerich”, Argentina; UANL, Universidad Autónoma de Nueva León, Mexico; INCMNSZ, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico

Demographics and disease etiology in all the study participants and by continent are shown in Table 1. The mean age of participants is 51 years (SD=19, median 50). Participants are older in European centers (58±18 years) and younger in Asia (45±14 years). About half (47%) of the population is white and a third (33%) is Hispanic.

Table 1.

Preliminary analysis of the distribution of demographics and etiology of AP in each of the continents from the APPRENTICE registry

The leading cause of AP in all the continents is biliary (46%), but the proportion varies widely, from 26% in US to 82% in South America. Idiopathic is the second most common etiology (17%), followed by alcoholic (14%), post-ERCP (12%), and hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (5%). Alcoholic etiology is less frequent in South America (0%) and Mexico (6%), compared with Europe (20%) and Asia (32%). Moreover, post-ERCP pancreatitis is the second most common cause of AP in the US (24%), whereas it is infrequent in other continents. Both idiopathic and hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis appear to have a homogeneous distribution across continents. The proportion of participants with a sentinel attack of AP is 75%, with more cases of recurrent AP enrolled in the US (39%).

Discussion

There are several examples of international collaborations that have contributed to expanding the field of AP. Two different groups, the AP Classification Working group and the Pancreatitis Across Nations Clinical Research and Education Alliance (PANCREA) have recently developed two severity classification systems that have changed the current landscape of AP [18,19]. For decades, worldwide experts in the pancreas field have attempted to reunite and propose recommendations for the management of different aspects of AP [22-24]. However, with only a few exceptions, international collaborations have not led to original prospective studies or randomized controlled trials [25].

Constructing an international prospective registry of well-phenotyped AP patients is the first step towards our goal of systematically characterizing AP throughout the world and advancing the management of AP. This strategy will provide information on care needs, therapies delivered and outcomes in real-world practice. The advantages of an international rather than a local approach include better external validity, and a larger study population within a shorter period of time. We have established the feasibility of collaboration among 20 centers spread over 9 countries and 4 continents. Collaborative academic researchers will be able to use the final database as a powerful research tool to answer clinical questions.

A similar approach has been taken by the INSPPIRE group to advance the understanding of pediatric pancreatitis [16]. Their initial work has yielded several lessons useful for other international pancreatitis collaborations. Similarly to our study, it was unfunded at the beginning, but funding from the National Institutes of Health was subsequently secured for further research. REDCap has been used successfully as their electronic data capture method, demonstrating its utility in multicenter pancreas research studies. Their prospective data from around 300 children have served to advance our understanding of the current status of pediatric pancreatitis, with published reports in high-impact journals [26,27].

Conducting large-scale prospective randomized trials can be tedious and expensive. Consequently, owing to both the cost and the regu­latory burden, many new and existing interventions for AP have not been evaluated rigorously, and the most influential trials have enrolled limited numbers of participants from certain geographical areas [28-30]. Registry-based randomized clinical trials have become a powerful tool for increasing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of clinical trials [31]. By including a randomization module in a large prospective regis­try, with unselected consecutive enrollment, important features of a randomized controlled trial can be combined with the inclusiveness and efficiency of a large prospective clinical registry. Benefits of the linkage to a registry might include the capacity to identify eligible patients, to enroll larger patient populations, and to conduct long-term follow up at low cost. In addition, developing a registry will build the infrastructure within participating centers for the early identification and rapid enrollment of patients admitted with AP.

To our knowledge, this is the first international prospective registry of adult patients with AP. Furthermore, there is no previous experience from prospective registry-based randomized trials in the field of pancreatic disorders. Therefore, our platform may serve as an innovative strategy to translate novel therapies, discover new biomarkers for the prediction of severity, and create an international bank of proteomics and genomic information.

However, APPRENTICE has limitations. First, the different distribution of etiologies between continents is difficult to interpret from our preliminary data. This may be a consequence of intrinsic differences in demographics and risk exposures between populations. Selection and referral bias are also possible, as we recruit patients from tertiary care centers. Consecutive enrollment has been challenging, especially in centers that do not have an automatic or well-established method for identifying AP patients during hospital admission. Therefore, the distribution of etiologies seen in our cohort may not match the distribution of all patients admitted to each site during the study period, and our cohort may represent a random sampling of patients with AP in our practices rather than a true longitudinal cohort. Some of these considerations may explain, for example, why higher rates of post-ERCP pancreatitis are observed in the US compared with other continents. A validation of the APPRENTICE cohort will be needed for the interpretation of future reports. Second, even though the questionnaires were refined by experts during the pilot phase, they may not capture some important confounding factors, outcomes or details in interventions. Third, collecting information in an electronic database, entered by different research personnel, can be problematic. The quality of the data entered depends on the study coordinators entering complete and reliable information for every patient. We have worked on minimizing this problem and ensuring high data quality by giving training to investigators entering data, performing a 4-month pilot period of data collection, addressing issues regularly through webinars, and verifying the quality and completeness of data periodically by the monitoring group.

In summary, APPRENTICE has demonstrated to be a robust and effective international collaboration, extending to four different continents, that has been successfully enrolling patients with AP worldwide. Future research using this platform will provide information on epidemiologic trends, current therapies, care needs, and outcomes between geographical regions in real-world practice. Furthermore, APPRENTICE may prove to be critical in developing personalized medicine approaches, and integrating randomized clinical trials of novel therapies in AP.

Summary Box.

What is already known:

• No specific drug therapy is available to mitigate complications of acute pancreatitis (AP)

• A collaborative, multicenter network is fundamental for translating experimental drug development in AP into randomized controlled trials

What the new findings are:

• APPRENTICE is an international collaboration that has successfully enrolled more than 500 patients with AP from four different continents

• This prospective registry will provide information on epidemiologic trends, current therapies, care needs, and outcomes of AP in real-world practice

• APPRENTICE will serve as a future platform for randomized clinical trials

Biography

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals Kolkata, India; Hospital Nacional de Itauguá, Paraguay; Hospital Nacional “Profesor Alejandro Posadas”, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Universidad Autónoma de Nueva León, Monterrey, Mexico; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán – Universidad Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico; Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Attikon University General Hospital, Athens, Greece; University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Hospital General de Argudos “Dr. Cosme Argerich”, Buenos Aires, Argentina; S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Eastern Maine Medical Center, Maine, Bangor, USA; Stanford University, Stanford, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, California, USA; Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Institute de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL - Fundación FISABIO), Alicante, Spain; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Ohio, USA