The mechanistic data presented in this interesting review suggests that long-term exposure to safe levels of ultra-violet radiation (UVR) has protective effects against the development of obesity and cardiovascular dysfunction beyond those induced by the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3 through factors such as the induction of cutaneous NO secretion [1]. Evidence from studies achieving comparable vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations) is quoted [2], where features of metabolic syndrome were better suppressed by the UVR doses used than by supplementation. However, higher vitamin D status has been shown to have similar beneficial effects, for example on serum lipids [3], even without weight loss, and on insulin resistance [4]. Since homeostatic mechanisms come into effect both in the skin, and systemically, as vitamin D provision increases [5], it would be helpful to the authors’ arguments if UVR treated mice did not show evidence of increased homeostatic mechanism activity in comparison with the supplemented animals, despite the comparable achieved 25OHD findings. For example, in comparing data from animals treated with UVR, can the authors tell us whether or not serum parathyroid hormone values achieved were lower, or whether the serum calcium or serum calcitriol contents were higher than they were in the supplemented group? The absence of differences in these bio-markers of vitamin D provision and activity after treatment with UVR or vitamin D supplementation, where comparable serum 25OHD concentrations were achieved, would strengthen the authors’ arguments considerably.
Conflicts of Interest
Barbara J. Boucher has no conflict of interest. William B. Grant receives funding from Bio-Tech Pharmacal, Inc. (Fayetteville, AR, USA) and the Vitamin D Society (Woodstock, ON, Canada) and has received funding recently from the Vitamin D Council (San Luis Obispo, CA, USA). Harjit Pal Bhattoa has no conflict of interest.
References
- 1.Fleury N., Geldenhuys S., Gorman S. Sun exposure and its effects on human health: Mechanisms through which sun exposure could reduce the risk of developing obesity and cardiometabolic dysfunction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2016;13:999. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13100999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Geldenhuys S., Hart F.H., Endersby R., Jacoby P., Feelisch M., Weller R.B., Matthews V., Gorman S. Ultraviolet radiation suppresses obesity and symptoms of metabolic syndrome independently of vitamin D in mice fed a high-fat diet. Diabetes. 2014;63:3759–3769. doi: 10.2337/db13-1675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Lorvand Amiri H., Agah S., Mousavi S.N., Hosseini A.F., Shidfar F. Regression of non-alcoholic fatty liver by vitamin D supplement: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Arch. Iran. Med. 2016;19:631–638. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Von Hurst P.R., Stonehouse W., Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient—A randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2010;103:549–555. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509992017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Deluca H.F. Historical overview of vitamin D. In: Feldman D., Pike J.W., Adams J.S., editors. Vitamin D. 3rd ed. Volume 1. Elsevier Inc.; San Diego, CA, USA: 2011. pp. 3–12. [Google Scholar]