Abstract
Transcription of the POL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes DNA polymerase alpha, the DNA polymerase required for the initiation of DNA replication, has previously been shown to be cell cycle regulated. To understand how the POL1 gene senses cell cycle position, we have investigated the cis-acting elements that respond to the factors that govern cell cycle progression. In this report we demonstrate that a region of 54 nucleotides containing the repeated element ACGCGT, which conforms to an Mlu I restriction endonuclease recognition site, contains all information necessary for transcriptional activation and cell cycle responsiveness. Although oligonucleotides lacking either one or both of the repeated Mlu I sites can function as an upstream activating sequence, the presence of at least one Mlu I site stimulates expression and, moreover, is absolutely essential for cell cycle regulation. A synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to a 19-base-pair sequence in the POL1 promoter containing one Mlu I site can function as an autonomous cell cycle-responsive upstream element (upstream activation sequence) with temporal regulation indistinguishable from that previously described for the POL1 gene. Thus, the Mlu I site is an essential part of a cis-acting element responsible for the observed periodic activation. This sequence differs from previously defined cell cycle-responsive transcriptional control elements in the yeast HO endonuclease and histone genes. We also present evidence for a negative regulatory element in the 5' flanking region of the Mlu I upstream activation sequence.
Full text
PDF




Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Andrews B. J., Herskowitz I. Regulation of cell cycle-dependent gene expression in yeast. J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 25;265(24):14057–14060. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bauer G. A., Burgers P. M. Molecular cloning, structure and expression of the yeast proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Jan 25;18(2):261–265. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.2.261. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boulet A., Simon M., Faye G., Bauer G. A., Burgers P. M. Structure and function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC2 gene encoding the large subunit of DNA polymerase III. EMBO J. 1989 Jun;8(6):1849–1854. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03580.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Breeden L., Nasmyth K. Cell cycle control of the yeast HO gene: cis- and trans-acting regulators. Cell. 1987 Feb 13;48(3):389–397. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90190-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Emr S. D., Vassarotti A., Garrett J., Geller B. L., Takeda M., Douglas M. G. The amino terminus of the yeast F1-ATPase beta-subunit precursor functions as a mitochondrial import signal. J Cell Biol. 1986 Feb;102(2):523–533. doi: 10.1083/jcb.102.2.523. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Foiani M., Lindner A. J., Hartmann G. R., Lucchini G., Plevani P. Affinity labeling of the active center and ribonucleoside triphosphate binding site of yeast DNA primase. J Biol Chem. 1989 Feb 5;264(4):2189–2194. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guarente L. Yeast promoters and lacZ fusions designed to study expression of cloned genes in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:181–191. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01013-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hadwiger J. A., Wittenberg C., Richardson H. E., de Barros Lopes M., Reed S. I. A family of cyclin homologs that control the G1 phase in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Aug;86(16):6255–6259. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.16.6255. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harshman K. D., Moye-Rowley W. S., Parker C. S. Transcriptional activation by the SV40 AP-1 recognition element in yeast is mediated by a factor similar to AP-1 that is distinct from GCN4. Cell. 1988 Apr 22;53(2):321–330. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90393-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hasegawa H., Sakai A., Sugino A. Isolation, DNA sequence and regulation of a new cell division cycle gene from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast. 1989 Nov-Dec;5(6):509–524. doi: 10.1002/yea.320050610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson L. M., Snyder M., Chang L. M., Davis R. W., Campbell J. L. Isolation of the gene encoding yeast DNA polymerase I. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):369–377. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90042-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnston L. H., White J. H., Johnson A. L., Lucchini G., Plevani P. The yeast DNA polymerase I transcript is regulated in both the mitotic cell cycle and in meiosis and is also induced after DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jul 10;15(13):5017–5030. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.13.5017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lucchini G., Brandazza A., Badaracco G., Bianchi M., Plevani P. Identification of the yeast DNA polymerase I gene with antibody probes. Curr Genet. 1985;10(4):245–252. doi: 10.1007/BF00365620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McIntosh E. M., Atkinson T., Storms R. K., Smith M. Characterization of a short, cis-acting DNA sequence which conveys cell cycle stage-dependent transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Jan;11(1):329–337. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.1.329. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McIntosh E. M., Ord R. W., Storms R. K. Transcriptional regulation of the cell cycle-dependent thymidylate synthase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Nov;8(11):4616–4624. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.11.4616. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McNeil J. B., Smith M. Transcription initiation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae iso-1-cytochrome c gene. Multiple, independent T-A-T-A sequences. J Mol Biol. 1986 Feb 5;187(3):363–378. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90439-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mendenhall M. D., Jones C. A., Reed S. I. Dual regulation of the yeast CDC28-p40 protein kinase complex: cell cycle, pheromone, and nutrient limitation effects. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):927–935. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90519-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nasmyth K., Seddon A., Ammerer G. Cell cycle regulation of SW15 is required for mother-cell-specific HO transcription in yeast. Cell. 1987 May 22;49(4):549–558. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90457-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Osley M. A., Gould J., Kim S., Kane M. Y., Hereford L. Identification of sequences in a yeast histone promoter involved in periodic transcription. Cell. 1986 May 23;45(4):537–544. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90285-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pizzagalli A., Valsasnini P., Plevani P., Lucchini G. DNA polymerase I gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: nucleotide sequence, mapping of a temperature-sensitive mutation, and protein homology with other DNA polymerases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(11):3772–3776. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.11.3772. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Plevani P., Francesconi S., Lucchini G. The nucleotide sequence of the PRI1 gene related to DNA primase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Oct 12;15(19):7975–7989. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.19.7975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sprague G. F., Jr, Herskowitz I. Control of yeast cell type by the mating type locus. I. Identification and control of expression of the a-specific gene BAR1. J Mol Biol. 1981 Dec 5;153(2):305–321. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90280-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sternberg P. W., Stern M. J., Clark I., Herskowitz I. Activation of the yeast HO gene by release from multiple negative controls. Cell. 1987 Feb 27;48(4):567–577. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90235-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Taylor G. R., Lagosky P. A., Storms R. K., Haynes R. H. Molecular characterization of the cell cycle-regulated thymidylate synthase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1987 Apr 15;262(11):5298–5307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- White J. H., Barker D. G., Nurse P., Johnston L. H. Periodic transcription as a means of regulating gene expression during the cell cycle: contrasting modes of expression of DNA ligase genes in budding and fission yeast. EMBO J. 1986 Jul;5(7):1705–1709. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04414.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- White J. H., Green S. R., Barker D. G., Dumas L. B., Johnston L. H. The CDC8 transcript is cell cycle regulated in yeast and is expressed coordinately with CDC9 and CDC21 at a point preceding histone transcription. Exp Cell Res. 1987 Jul;171(1):223–231. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(87)90265-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]