Abstract
This retrospective clinical study aimed to assess patient’s satisfaction with removable partial dentures (RPDs), as retention, chewing ability, aesthetics during the observation period.
Material and Methods:
A total of 63 patients with RPDs, participated in this study. The following data was collected: Kennedy classification, denture design, denture support, satisfaction and success of RPD.
Result:
The results showed that 73.6% of patients were wearing RPD for the first time and were finally satisfied. According to the denture support of RPDs, clasp-retained quadrangular RPDs were 100% effective, followed by triangular dental support 81% and linear dental support 47.7%.
Comparison of RPDs with attachment with RPDs with claps assessed through Fisher exact test, confirmed statistically significant difference (P=0.008), despite retention; however, chewing ability and aesthetics showed no statistically significant difference with X 2 test on patient’s satisfaction with RPD with or without attachment.
Conclusion:
Patients often would prefer not showing the anterior buccal clasps of RPD, therefore are generally satisfied more with RPD with attachment based on level of retention, chewing ability and aesthetics.
Keywords: Removable partial denture, Retention, Chewing ability, Aesthetics, Buccal clasps
INTRODUCTION
Removable partial denture (RPD) remains the primary form of dental restoration in Kosovo’s population, since it is one of the cheapest treatment options for patients who are unable to afford treatment with implants either due to anatomical or economic reasons [1, 2]. This relates to the fact that Kosovo is a country which is underdeveloped and has low levels of income compared to people in the developed countries.
According to De Van's, the main purpose of partial denture therapy should always be “conservation of that which remains, not the meticulous replacement of what has been lost”. Therefore the RPDs are an acceptable form of treatment that provides an increased spectrum of restorative options: maintaining or improving phonetics, establishing or increasing masticatory efficiency, stabilizing dental relationships and developing the required aesthetics [3]. RPDs can be retained and stabilized with clasps and variety of attachment components which have the ability to resist denture dislodgement [4]. RPD retentive clasp arms must be capable of flexing and returning to original forms; [5] on the other hand the attachment-retained cast partial dentures facilitate both aesthetic and functional replacement of missing teeth and both retentive elements should satisfactorily retain RPDs [6].
Satisfaction with RPD depends on individuality of patients, attitude towards RPD, previous RPD experience, encouragement for denture and design and fabrication procedure for RPD [7-9]. Retention, chewing ability, aesthetics, seem to be the most important factors for RPD acceptance [10, 11]. Patient’s dissatisfaction with removable partial denture also depends on some of reasons such as risk to local damage of the remaining teeth, for e.g. caries, periodontal disease, plaque accumulation, oral candidiasis, denture stomatitis, etc. [12-16]. Also, RPD is an aesthetic problem for most people and can affect the appearance and interpersonal communication [17, 18].
The aim: This retrospective clinical study aimed to assess patient’s satisfaction with removable partial dentures (RPDs), for retention, chewing ability, aesthetics during the observation period.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
A sample of 63 patients, aged from 40 to 64 years with RPD has participated in this study. The research was approved by the Institutional Ethic Committee of the University Dentistry Clinical Center of Kosovo. Informed consent was obtained from each subject participating in this study.
Inclusion criteria were patients with partially RPDs wearers, no parafunctional habits, no known disabilities that may have an effect on RPD maintenances, opposing natural teeth or opposing RPDs wearers. Ninety-one RPDs were examined, and each prosthesis was considered a statistically independent case, since some patients had RPD in both jaws, there were a total of 91 RPDs. In this study, 73.6% of patients had taken RPD for the first time and were satisfied with it. Also patients with second RPDs and third RPDs were satisfied with the new RPDs. The subjects were selected at the Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, and University of Prishtina in Kosovo. Specialist of prosthodontics assessed Kennedy classification, denture design, denture support, satisfaction and success of RPD.
The RPD classifications were proposed by Dr. Edward Kennedy in 1925 [19]. The main factor in the classification system, according to Kennedy, is its ability to demonstrate the location of denture support in relation to the space without teeth. In the present study the most common class was found to be the Kennedy Class I with 34 patients. Kennedy’s modification with one further edentulous area IIA had 12 patients and IA had 11 patients. In Kennedy Class II there were 10 patients, Kennedy’s modification with two further edentulous areas IIB there were 4 patients and IB there were 3 patients, followed by Class IV where there were 3 patients and IVA there were 2 patients and the least prevalent was Class IIIA and IIIB with 1 patient. On the basis of the principles, concepts and practice, classification should allow immediate visualization of large type connector and its relation with the remaining teeth and soft tissue [20].
Denture design for each subject should be based on the biomechanics factors, giving priority to principles such as retention, stability and support. There were seventy-five RPDs with clasp-retained extra coronal direct and indirect retainers Ney claps and sixteen RPDs with extracoronal precision attachment with Ceka, is still a common practice for patients. The framework casts were made by cobalt-chrome-molbiden alloys (Co-Cr-Mo).
Denture support of the RPDs was classified point and linear, triangular and quadrangular design according to Steffel in 1962 [21].
Satisfaction and success of RPDs was derived by questions; subjects were asked about their general satisfactions with retention, chewing ability, aesthetics, using scale that ranged from 4-excellent to 1-bad, as is common in our society and in Kosovo’s educational system. The level of RPDs acceptance was classified as excellent, good, medium and bad. Excellent indicates the absence of any difficulty on chewing ability, retention and aesthetics and bad indicate more impairment on retention, chewing ability and aesthetics. Success of RPD was graded in three categories based on its function/condition: complete success, partial success and failure.
The survey data were organized and analyzed using (SPSS) 19 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinoiss, USA) and MS Excel (Microsoft Office, Windows 2007, USA). Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05.
RESULTS
The basic descriptive statistics showed comparison of gender and age Table 1. RPD denture support and distribution of denture arch and Kennedy Classification are presented in Tables 2 and 3 respectively.
Table 1. Comparison of gender and age.
|
Age group
(year) |
Gender | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | M | ||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| <40 | 1 | 3.6 | - | - | 1 | 1.6 | |
| 40-64 | 19 | 67.9 | 18 | 50.0 | 37 | 57.8 | |
| 65+ | 7 | 28.6 | 18 | 50.0 | 26 | 40.6 | |
| Gjithsej | N | 27 | 100.0 | 36 | 100.0 | 63 | 100.0 |
| % | 43.8 | - | 56.3 | - | 100.0 | - | |
| Mean ± SD | 57.2 ± 10.3 | 64.5 ± 7.7 | 61.4 ± 9.6 | ||||
| Rank | 34 - 75 | 46 - 79 | 34 - 79 | ||||
Table 2. RPD Denture support according to Steffel and distribution of denture arch (n=91).
| N | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Support | ||
| Quadrangular | 6 | 6.5 |
| Triangular | 21 | 22.8 |
| Linear | 44 | 47.8 |
| Over one point | 4 | 4.3 |
| Total RPD with clasp | 75 | 81.5 |
| RPD with attachments | 16 | 17.4 |
| Arch | ||
| Maxilla | 41 | 44.6 |
| Mandible | 50 | 55.4 |
Table 3. Distribution of kennedy classification.
|
Kennedy
Classification |
Total | |
|---|---|---|
| N | % | |
| I | 34 | 37.4 |
| I A | 11 | 12.1 |
| I B | 3 | 3.3 |
| II | 10 | 11.0 |
| II A | 12 | 13.2 |
| II B | 4 | 4.4 |
| IIIA | 1 | 1.1 |
| III B | 1 | 1.1 |
| IV | 3 | 3.3 |
| IV A | 2 | 2.2 |
| Subtotal | 10 | 11.0 |
| Total | 91 | 100.0 |
The results showed that 73.6% of patients have taken RPDs for the first time and were finally satisfied with it. Also, 14.3% patients with second RPDs and 12.1% with third RPDs have opted for RPDs again (Table 4).
Tabela 4. According to pair of RPD’s wearing.
| RPD was | RPDs |
RPDs
with atachment |
Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| The first RPDs | 55 | 73.3 | 12 | 75.0 | 67 | 73.6 |
| The second RPDs | 12 | 16.0 | 1 | 6.3 | 13 | 14.3 |
| The third RPDs | 8 | 10.7 | 3 | 18.8 | 11 | 12.1 |
| Total | 75 | 100.0 | 16 | 100.0 | 91 | 100.0 |
According to the denture support of RPDs, patients with RPDs with clasp-retained quadrangular denture support have effect on the success rate. However, the Spearman’s rank correlation confirmed no statistically significant difference between success of dental support of RPDs (r = 0. 104, P = 0.325) (Table 5). Otherwise the RPDs with attachment retained were almost Kennedy Class I, linear dental support.
Table 5. Patient’s success of RPD’s with clasp-retained according to denture support.
|
Patient’s
success |
Quadrangular | Triangular | Linear | One point | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Full | 6 | 100.0 | 17 | 81.0 | 21 | 47.7 | - | - |
| Partial | - | - | 4 | 19.0 | 19 | 43.2 | 4 | 100.0 |
| Failure | - | - | - | - | 4 | 9.1 | - | - |
| Total | 6 | 100.0 | 21 | 100.0 | 44 | 100.0 | 4 | 100.0 |
| r =0.104, P=0.325 | ||||||||
After insertion the great majority of patients were very satisfied with the RPDs. According to the denture design of RPDs with Fisher exact test we confirmed statistically significant difference (P=0.008) of patient’s success of RPDs with attachment compared to RPDs with claps (Table 6).
Table 6. Patient’s success of RPDs.
|
Patient’s
success |
RPDs |
RPDs
with atachment |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | |
| Full | 44 | 58.7 | 15 | 93.8 |
| Partial | 27 | 36.0 | 1 | 6.3 |
| Failure | 4 | 5.3 | - | - |
| Total | 75 | 100.0 | 16 | 100.0 |
| Fisher test | P=0.008 | |||
Retention, chewing ability, aesthetics had no statistically significant difference with X 2 test of patient’s satisfaction of RPD with or without attachment (Tables 7-9). Because of the small number of patients with RPD with attachment, the difference has not been significant and the results must be judged carefully.
Table 7. Patient's satisfaction with denture retention according to design of RPDs.
| Retention | RPDs |
RPDs
with atachment |
Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Excellent | 20 | 37.7 | 5 | 50.0 | 25 | 39.7 |
| Good | 23 | 43.4 | 5 | 50.0 | 28 | 44.4 |
| Medium | 6 | 11.3 | - | - | 6 | 9.5 |
| Bad | 4 | 7.5 | - | - | 4 | 6.3 |
| Total | 53 | 100.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 63 | 100.0 |
| X2=2.28, P=0.319 | ||||||
Table 9. Patient’s satisfaction with aesthetics according to denture design of RPDs.
| Aesthetics | RPDs |
RPDs
with atachment |
Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Exellent | 21 | 39.6 | 5 | 50.0 | 26 | 41.3 |
| Good | 30 | 56.6 | 4 | 40.0 | 34 | 54.0 |
| Medium | 2 | 3.8 | 1 | 10.0 | 3 | 4.8 |
| Total | 53 | 100.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 63 | 100.0 |
| X2=0.06, P=0.794 | ||||||
DISCUSSION
Rehabilitation of patients with removable partial dentures (RPD) is a continuous process and requires attention to the specific needs of the patients, especially in Kennedy class I and II. Patients should be physically and psychologically prepared to accept a treatment with RPDs [22, 23]. The most common class of partial edentulous in the present study were Kennedy Class I followed by Class II, Class IV and least prevalent was Class III. In support to our findings, Anderson et al. [24] and Deo K. [25] showed similar result. Despite our survey, Bharathi M et al. [26] concluded that Kennedy Class III is more frequent type followed by Class I, Class II and Class IV.
The satisfaction of patients is also influenced by denture support. Patients with RPDs with clasp-retained quadrangular denture support have full 100% effect on the success rate, followed by triangular dental support 81% and linear dental support with 47.7%. Based on Kennedy classification, patients with Class III and IIA were more satisfied with RPDs.
Patients with previous RPDs experience would be expected to be more satisfied [27]. However, in this study, 73.6% of patients have taken RPDs for the first time and for that reason experience did not show significant association with RPD use. Past experience alone may not be a highly predictive indicator of future satisfaction [28].
Based on denture design of RPD we confirmed statistically significant difference (P=0.008) of patient’s success of RPDs with attachment compared with RPDs with claps which agree with the results of Owall B [29]. The results of this study, considering patient’s satisfaction were better when we used combination with fixed partial dentures retained with attachment (93.8%) compared with RPDs retained with claps (58.7%). Similar results reported that the presence of anterior teeth in an RPD could influence patient’s satisfaction [30].
According to the results of this study retention, chewing ability, aesthetics proved no statistically significant difference with X 2 test of patient’s satisfaction based on denture design of RPD. Most of the patients (50.0%) rated the retention and the aesthetics with their RPDs retained with attachment as “excellent” compared with RPDs retained with claps (37.7%). Patient’s satisfaction with chewing ability according to denture design of RPD was “good” in (70.0%) of patients with their RPDs retained with attachment compared with RPDs retained with claps (52.8%). This finding is in agreement with the results of Cosme DC et al., which stated that the great majority of patients were very satisfied with RPDs [31].
It has been suggested that RPDs use does not necessarily improve patient satisfaction unless it increases occlusal units [32]. Patients with at least 25 intact teeth are more satisfied with any type of prosthesis than patients with 1 to 24 intact teeth [33]. Other studies have shown that improved aesthetics is more important inspiration for patients to wear RPDs than function [34, 35]. According to Yen YY et al., denture satisfaction is useful for assessing the effect of denture treatment on the OHRQoL of elderly individuals wearing RPD [36]. In addition loss of retention of the dentures may have impaired the patients' ability to chew causing dissatisfaction [37]. Treatment with removable partial dentures is an ongoing process and requires careful attention to the specific needs of the patient.
CONCLUSION
Regarding quality of dentures, patients are generally satisfied more with RPD with attachment based on level of retention, chewing ability and aesthetics, because they prefer not showing the anterior buccal clasps of RPD. They showed positive attitude toward removable partial denture, even nowadays some patients are unable to afford complicated treatments with implants, therefore RPD can be considered as an economical treatment choice for elderly patients and totally fulfill their expectations. If patient expectations are realistic, then acceptance of the RPDs could be improved; potentially satisfaction and success rates.
Table 8. Patient’s satisfaction with chewing ability according to denture design of RPDs.
|
Chewing
ability |
RPDs |
RPDs
with atachment |
Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Excellent | 14 | 26.4 | 2 | 20.0 | 16 | 25.4 |
| Good | 28 | 52.8 | 7 | 70.0 | 35 | 55.6 |
| Medium | 9 | 17.0 | 1 | 10.0 | 10 | 15.9 |
| Bad | 2 | 3.8 | - | - | 2 | 3.2 |
| Total | 53 | 100.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 63 | 100.0 |
| X2=1.09, P=0.579 | ||||||
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
KSH and LD collected all the data from the patients, participated in the writing of the manuscript and in the statistical analysis. TPK, TB, EA ZLK, and ATD were principal investigators and participated in all phases of the manuscript and advised how to conduct the statistical analysis. KSH has been the supervisor of the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and participated in the bibliography review.
The authors acknowledge all the patients of the University Dentistry Clinical Center, Pristina, Kosova that have facilitated in this study.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest.
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