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. 2016 Oct 18;5(12):e1248327. doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1248327

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

PD-1/PD-L1 blockade promotes Th9 differentiation by IL-4 and TGF-β. (A) Serum levels of TGF-β from melanoma patients (“Res” representing responders, “Non” non-responders) before (pre) and after (post) treated with nivolumab evaluated by ELISA. (B) The frequency of IL-4-producing Th2 cells in the peripheral blood of healthy controls (HC), melanoma patients before treatment (pre), and those after treatment (post). (C) Th9 differentiation assay by IL-4 and TGF-β. The frequency in CD4+ T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. (D) The histogram shows the expression levels of CXCR3 and CCR5 on CD8+ T cells in the presence or absence of anti-IL-9 neutralizing antibody. The bar graph shows MFI levels of CXCR3 and CCR5 on CD8+ T cells. (E) The histogram shows the expression levels of granzyme B and perforin in CD8+T cells in the presence or absence of anti-IL-9 neutralizing antibody. The bar graph shows the frequency of granzyme B or perforin positive cells out of CD8+ T cells.