Effect of Consultation and Educating in Preparation Classes for Delivery on Pregnancy Consequences: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Abstract

Background

Care during pregnancy and performing consultation for delivery preparation play an important role in improving pregnant women’s knowledge.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of consultation and instruction in the preparation classes for delivery on pregnancy consequences, including choosing the type of delivery, the performed type of delivery, and infant’s weight.

Methods

This study was conducted in 2015 on 170 pregnant women who had been referred to the prenatal clinic in Hamedan. The participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Eight sessions of consultation for delivery preparation were held for the women in 20 to 36 weeks of pregnancy. The control group received only the routine care. After 37 weeks of pregnancy, the participants answered a questionnaire. The infant’s weight was measured after birth. Data were analyzed Using SPSS-21 and McNemar–Bowker Test, independent t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher exact test.

Results

Results showed a significant statistical difference between the two groups concerning their selective and performed delivery (p<0.001). The weight of infants in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of those in the control group (p<0.001).

Conclusion

The findings of this study showed that the consultation for delivery preparation had a positive effect on some pregnancy consequences such as selecting the type of delivery performed and infant’s weight.

Trial registration

The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the IRCTID: IRCT2015012513405N9.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

1. Introduction

Although medical progress has increased the immunity of delivery, simultaneously different types of intervention in delivery have been so developed that the concept of delivery as a physiological phenomenon has been lost (1). Over the recent years all over the world, including in Iran, caesarean has become an increasingly popular process. For example, in the United States, caesarean delivery has progressed from 4.5% in 1965 to 38% in 2007 (2–5). Based on DHS in 2000, the rate of caesarean in Iran has been 35%; based on IMES in 2005, it has been 40.4%; and based on MIDHS in 2010, the last statistics in Iran, it has been 45.55% of all type of delivery (6). The method of delivery can positively affect the mother and infant’s health (7). Generally, the medical-intervention abuse in the process of natural delivery leads to caesarean statistical increase and, consequently, to the increase of its side effect. During the last 30 years, caesarean has not improved the results of pregnancy and delivery. The purpose of caesarean was primarily to save the mother’s life in the case of problematic deliveries. Its use, however, has increased during years (8). During the recent decade, the increasing rate of caesarean and the changes in the reasons for its use has become a serious problem concerning mother and infants’ health and as an extra economic load upon the health and medication systems of the country (9). Nowadays, in most advanced countries of the world, adapting new policies about mother and infant’s health and doing interventions, attempts have been made to reduce the caesarean rate. The high statistics and figures of caesarean in the country and our distance from the World Health Organization (doing caesarean to the extent of 15% until 2010) have made researchers and authorities of women public health so worried that, in Iran and other countries simultaneously, a lot of attempts have been in regards to physiological delivery classes during pregnancy and physiological delivery. The principles of physiological delivery have been developed based on the evidence of the World Health Organization (10). The principle of physiological management has been preventive and supportive, hence causing caesarean to be reduced to the extent of 4% and the mortality of mother and infant to be the least (11, 12). According to the Office of the Ministry Of Health, maternal factors are involved in the caesarean increase in Iran. Factors include fear of pain and intolerable anxiety of natural delivery (13). Using modern delivery methods such as nonmedical and supportive treatments (14), which are taught in consultation classes, we can change delivery to a pleasant occurrence for the mothers via improving the psychological and emotional aspects of delivery; reducing the severity of pain and fear, we can decrease tendency toward caesarean. Hence, delivery-preparation counseling meetings have been suggested to primarily be held comprehensively in all clinics and hospitals to teach the performance of physiological delivery to all midwives and pregnant mothers, which will be an effective step toward the improvement of the delivery process in the country via elevating the medical staffs’ knowledge, believing in the suitability of the method, and creating the spirit of self-believing in pregnant mothers to deliver naturally (15). Care during pregnancy and delivery-preparation consultation, which are an important duty in midwifery, may be effective in increasing a pregnant woman’s knowledge. Midwives may provide the pregnant women with valuable pieces of information during their pregnancy through consultation. Because the educational scope of delivery-preparation classes, including nutrition and physical activities, affect the pregnancy consequences, we may correct incorrect health behaviors, improve the pregnancy consequences, and change the pregnancy period and delivery to a pleasant memory through midwifery education and consultation based on GATHER principles (establishing relationship, interaction, presenting useful and suitable pieces of information, explaining various pregnancy and delivery issues, following the mothers up in counseling and educational meetings). Because providing pregnant women with education and consultation before, during, and after delivery is considered as the crucial duty of the midwives, the educational and counseling role of the midwives is important and undeniable and can affect the performance of the pregnant woman. Therefore, this study has dealt with the effect of consultation and education in the classes for delivery preparation on the delivery consequences, including the selection of the type of delivery, the type of delivery performed, and the infant’s weight.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Trial design and participants

This study was included a randomized clinical trial, which was conducted in January 2015 to June 2015. This study was performed on the pregnant women who, regarding pregnancy care, had been referred to the prenatal clinic of Fatemieh Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. Based on information from the article performed by Jamilian et al. (16) and considering α = 0.05 and power = 90% and accounting for 10% loss in the samples, 85 participants were calculated for each group.

2.2. Selection criteria

The inclusion criteria were including mono-fetus pregnancy, gestational age of 20–23 weeks, not experiencing repeated abortion, not experiencing caesarean in multi-pa patients, not having taken part in similar educational classes, having normal BMI, not being affected with the side effect of pregnancy period such as placenta previa, preeclampsia, diabetes mellitus, and not being affected with chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and epilepsy. Absence in more than one session of counseling was exclusion criterion.

2.3. Interventions

Prenatal care files of pregnant women were studied, after receiving a written introduced from the Hamedan University of Medical Sciences and an introduction letter of the ethics committee and permission from the clinic, and selected women were the criteria for inclusion. Instruments used to collect the data were demographic questionnaires and the balance of weighing the infant. The researcher-made demographic questionnaire consisted of 26 items in regards to demographic and midwifery information of participants during their previous and current pregnancy. Ten faculty member validated the questionnaire. The validity of the weighing balance also was confirmed by its manufacturer and standard trade mark. To be exact in every measurement, a standard weight was used, and the balance was calibrated at the beginning and after 10 times of weighing. Before any educational meeting, some items of the demographic questionnaire were administered to the groups as a pretest in the form of interviewing. Then, the intervention group was exposed to eight sessions of delivery preparation. The educational program or syllabus covered anatomy and physiology of the patient’s genital organs, personal health, nutrition, warning signs, and mental health during and after pregnancy and delivery. It also included the explanation of advantages and disadvantages of types of delivery and painlessness, issues related to after delivery, infant and breast feeding, teaching breathing exercises, massage, and exercises during pregnancy via face-to-face group teaching, educational CD, practical teaching of exercises, and booklets. In each class, mostly 10 mothers took part. The educational materials were taught theoretically and practically to the mothers in 90 minutes by a well-educated midwife, who holds a certificate in physiological delivery performance based on the principles of GATHER consultation. The control group received only the pregnancy routine care. Finally, the questionnaire was administered to the two groups at the end of 37 weeks of pregnancy. The infant’s weight was measured after birth. To this end, digital balance was used, and before each measuring its correctness was tested using a weight of 1 kg.

2.4. Outcomes

The primary outcomes were type of preferred delivery, type of performed delivery, and infant’s weight.

2.5. Randomization and blinding

Before the study, the allocation sequence was determined by one of the members of the research team not involved in the samples selection using four randomized blocking and tables of the computer random numbers; the participants were located randomly, with a ratio of 1:1 in the intervention and control groups. The codes related to each participant were located in opaque envelopes for hiding the allocation. Thus, the subjects were in A and B groups according to the specified sequence (Figure 1). Due to the type of performed intervention, it was not possible to blind the participants and the educator, but the data analyzer was not aware of the interventions provided to the groups.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram of the participants

2.6. Statistical methods

Using SPSS, version 21, the data were analyzed. To check the normality of the data, a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was run. To describe the participants’ personal characteristics, descriptive statistics (number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) were used. The inferential statistics run to test the hypotheses were McNemar-Bowker test, independent t-test, chi-square, and Fisher exact test. The significant criterion was considered to be p<0.05.

2.7. Research ethics

Before starting the study, 170 pregnant women were informed about its objectives and were selected to participate after obtaining written consent. We also observed all ethical issues in accordance with the last version of the Declaration of Helsinki. The Ethics Committee of Research Deputy of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences approved the study with the number P/6371/9/35/16 on March 2, 2015. This study also was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (irct.ir) with the ID: IRCT2015012513405N9. We were committed to keeping all of the participants’ information confidential. It should be noted that this study did not interfere in the process of routine care of participants.

3. Results

Table 1 shows that the age of 71.8% of the women in the intervention group and 60% in the control group ranged from 20 to 30 years old. The majority of the women in the both groups had received a high school diploma. More than 90% of the pregnant women in the two groups were housewives. The majority of participants in both groups belonged to the families whose monthly income was lower than 10 million Rials. The findings also showed that most of the women in the both groups had not previously experienced pregnancy. Before performing the act of consultation, the favorite delivery method was compared between the groups, and the result showed no significant difference (p = 0.11) between them. However, after consultation classes, a significant difference (p<0.001) was observed between the two groups as far as the selection of delivery method was concerned. The result also showed a significance difference (p<0.001) between selective methods of delivery before and after consultation as to the intervention group. This, however, was not the case concerning the control group (p=0.15) (Table 2). After educational classes and after delivery, the women in the two groups were compared as far as the performed delivery was concerned. The result showed a significant difference (p<0.001). There was also a significant difference (p=0.002) between the neonatal weight means in the two groups; that is, the weight of those who belonged to the intervention group was higher than that of those in the control group (Table 3).

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of participants, by groups

Variables		Intervention group; n = 85	Control group; n = 85	p-value
Age (year)	< 20	6 (7.0)	12 (14.1)	0.21
	20–30	61 (71.8)	51 (60.0)
	31–40	18 (21.2)	21 (24.7)
	>40	0 (0.0)	1 (1.2)
Education level	Elementary	12 (14.1)	20 (23.5)	0.19*
	Middle	15 (17.6)	18 (21.2)
	High school diploma	31 (36.5)	25 (29.4)
	Academic	27 (31.8)	22 (25.9)
Occupation	Housewife	78 (91.8)	82 (96.5)	0.33
	Employed	7 (8.2)	3 (3.5)
Household Income	<10 Million Rials	50 (58.8)	63 (74.1)	0.06
	10–20 Million Rials	33 (38.8)	22 (25.9)
	20–30 Million Rials	1 (1.2)	0 (0.0)
	> 40 Million Rials	1 (1.2)	0 (0.0)
Number of previous pregnancy	0	48 (56.5)	37 (43.5)	0.09
	1	26 (30.6)	30 (35.3)
	2	8 (9.4)	11 (12.9)
	3	3 (3.5)	5 (5.9)
	4	0 (0.0)	2(2.4)

^*Chi-square test, the rest Fisher’s exact test

Table 2.

Comparing the intervention and control groups in terms of desired delivery method

Desired delivery method	Intervention group; n (%)			Control group; n (%)			p-value
	Normal vaginal delivery	Physiologic delivery	Cesarean section	Normal vaginal delivery	Physiologic delivery	Cesarean section
Before intervention	54 (63.5)	5 (5.9)	26 (30.6)	45 (52.9)	2 (2.4)	38 (44.7)	0.11
After intervention	5 (5.9)	79 (92.9)	1 (1.2)	43 (50.6)	4 (4.7)	38 (44.7)	<0.001
p-value	<0.001			0.15

Table 3.

Comparing the intervention and control groups in terms of type of delivery and neonatal weight in birth

Type of delivery	Intervention group	Control group	p-value
Normal vaginal delivery	13 (15.3)	26 (36.0)	<0.001
Physiologic delivery	46(54.1)	0 (0.0)
Elective cesarean section	1 (1.2)	16 (18.8)
Emergency cesarean section	25 (29.4)	43 (56.0)
Neonatal weight in birth, gr	3224.47 ± 390.83	2994.71 ± 540.20	0.002

4. Discussion

The present study investigated the effect of consultation and education through classes for delivery preparation on choosing delivery method, type of performed delivery, and the newborn’s weight. The result showed that consultation during pregnancy can positively affect the three above-mentioned dependent variables. In this study, after the treatment, women’s tendency toward caesarean declined. The results of Tofighi Niaki et al. (17) also showed that receiving education while pregnant reduced women’s interest in caesarean to half. The results of this study showed that about 80% of the participants preferred natural delivery after receiving education; finally, 57.6% of them experienced natural delivery. Although only 1.2% of the participants under study had chosen caesarean, the follow-up, after delivery, revealed that 30% of patients in the intervention group had tolerated emergency caesarean. Thus, it can be stated that the high number of caesarean in the country is due to the factors, other than the mother’s choice, such as unnecessary interventions in the process of delivery. The result of this study is similar to that of Arefi et al. (18). The authors showed that receiving education could reduce the rate of caesarean in the intervention group significantly. Fear of delivery is one of the factors that leads to caesarean. This is verified by the study conducted by Storksen et al. (19). The results of their study showed that 80% of their participants were afraid of delivery, and, although this fear was related to elective caesarean and caesarean section, the majority of their participants did not go under caesarean operation. The main predictive variables were actually elective caesarean, risky medical factors, and negative experience of the previous delivery. However, via modern methods of delivery such as nonmedical and supporting treatments, which are taught in the meetings of consultation for delivery preparation, we can change delivery into a pleasant and enjoyable occurrence for the mother through the improvement of psychological and emotional aspects of delivery, and, through reducing the severity of pain and fear, we may decrease elective caesarean (15). Another finding of the present study was the higher weight of the infants whose mother were in the intervention group. This may be attributed to the effect of correct nutrition taught to the mothers in the group. Pregnancy is a special period of life when nutrition needs increase (20, 21). To enjoy the natural pregnancy period and its pleasant consequences, the mother should receive adequate nutrient-laden foods (20). Imbalance in diet may bring negative consequences to both mothers and their infants for a long time (21). Because pregnancy provides women with a suitable opportunity for education, we should elevate the knowledge of society concerning desirable nutrition behaviors in various period of time such as that of pregnancy (22). Unfortunately, those in service in health and prenatal centers do not consume time in which to educate pregnant women, hence leading to unsuitable nutrition among pregnant women. Mirmolaei et al. (22) showed that teachings and classes held for women during their pregnancy can positively affect nutrition behaviors. Garg and Kashyap (23) found that consultation and nutrition teaching improves the pregnant mother’s nutrition status. Shakeri et al. (24) came to the conclusion that the majority of pregnant mothers had suitable nutrition behaviors after taking part in educational classes, and there was a significant difference between the mean score of the intervention group and that of the control. Mourin et al.’s (25) study also showed that the effect of education on nutrition behavior was significant. Vakita and Myosh (26) concluded that nutrition education during pregnancy can significantly cause the mothers to receive some food groups (received energy and proteins). In many previous studies (27, 28), to avoid ethical misunderstanding, the mothers were allowed to be a member of the groups voluntarily. This had threatened the validity of the data. One of the strengths of this study, however, was randomization. That is, after receiving the mothers’ conscious consent to take part in the study, they were randomly assigned to groups. This study had its own limitations. It was rather longitudinal and time consuming (from the 20th week of pregnancy to after the delivery), which made it difficult to access the participants. The research project required many sessions of teaching. Because the mothers were not on time as far as their participation in the teaching classes was concerned, the researcher had to hold makeup classes for 10 mothers.

5. Conclusions

The findings of this study indicate that consultation for delivery preparation positively affects some pregnancy consequences such as choosing the type of delivery, the type of delivery performed, and the infant’s weight. Hence, more classes for delivery preparation are suggested to be held in pregnancy care centers in order to adapt the mothers to different steps of delivery in a better way, decrease mothers’ tendency toward elective caesarean, and, finally, encourage the other pregnant mothers to prefer natural and/or physiological delivery.