Abstract
In Puerto Rico, the microbial diversity of the thermal spring (ThS) in Coamo has never been studied using metagenomics. The focus of our research was to generate a metagenomic library from the ThS of Coamo, Puerto Rico and explore the microbial and functional diversity. The metagenomic library from the ThS waters was generated using direct DNA isolation. High molecular weight (40 kbp) DNA was end-repaired, electro eluted and ligated into a fosmid vector (pCCFOS1); then transduced into Escherichia coli EPI300-T1R using T1 bacteriophages. The library consisted of approximately 6000 clones, 90% containing metagenomic DNA. Next-Generation-Sequencing technology (Illumina MiSeq) was used to process the ThS metagenome. After removing the cloning vector, 122,026 sequences with 33.10 Mbps size and 64% of G + C content were annotated and analyzed using the MG-RAST online server. Bacteria showed to be the most abundant domain (95.84%) followed by unidentified sequences (2.28%), viruses (1.67%), eukaryotes (0.15%), and archaea (0.01%). The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria (95.03%), followed by unidentified (2.28%), unclassified from viruses (1.74%), Firmicutes (0.20%) and Actinobacteria (0.18%). The most abundant species were Escherichia coli, Polaromonas naphthalenivorans, Albidiferax ferrireducens and Acidovorax sp. Subsystem functional analysis showed that 20% of genes belong to transposable elements, 10% to clustering-based subsystems, and 8% to the production of cofactors. Functional analysis using NOG annotation showed that 82.79% of proteins are poorly characterized indicating the possibility of novel microbial functions and with potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. Metagenomic data was deposited into the NCBI database under the accession number SAMN06131862.
Keywords: Metagenome, Shotgun sequencing, Fosmid library, Thermal spring, Bioprospect, Coamo, Puerto Rico
| Specifications | |
|---|---|
| Organism/cell line/tissue | Metagenomic library of thermal spring waters in Coamo, Puerto Rico |
| Sex | Not applicable |
| Sequencer or array type | Illumina MiSeq |
| Data format | Raw data: or FASTQ file |
| Experimental factors | Environmental sample |
| Experimental features | Metagenomic library and shotgun sequencing performed from water obtained from Coamo thermal spring in Coamo, Puerto Rico |
| Consent | Not applicable |
| Sample source location | Water sample, thermal spring, Coamo, Puerto Rico (18°02′16.6″N 66°22′27.6″W) |
Direct link to deposited data
1. Introduction
Different oligotrophic water environments, such as oceans, rivers and thermal springs from hot vents have been the focus of metagenomics, specifically because of the microbial diversity contribution to the ecosystem's stability and its life maintaining. High temperature aquatic ecosystems such as thermal springs, harbor unique thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms [3], [4], [13]. Classic microbiology has studied environmental microorganisms using culture-dependent approaches. Emerging sciences have led to research evidencing that approximately 0.1%–1.0% of the microbial community can be cultivable. Metagenomics is a culture-independent approach based on the isolation of environmental genomic material to provide a comprehensive taxonomic and functional evaluation of all the collected microorganisms [8]. One of the advantages of performing metagenomic libraries by shotgun cloning over direct sequencing is that it allows for further functional tests from the initial isolate. Metagenomic sequencing from hot springs has led to the discovery of new phyla [5] and novel genes that encode for proteins with either known [2], [6], [11] and unknown functions [16]. Recently, thermostable enzymes such as the Fe-superoxide dismutase [9] and a DNA polymerase [14] have been identified using metagenomic analysis from thermal springs. These enzymes have the potential to be exploited for cosmetic and biotechnological purposes, respectively.
Puerto Rico has two principal hot springs in the southwest area. Coamo thermal spring (ThS) (18°02′16.6″N 66°22′27.6″W) is the warmest one. It is described as a sulfuric alkaline water with an average temperature of 43 °C [7]. Visitors from the local community and international origins often bathe in these waters due to its therapeutic cultural attributions. In Puerto Rico, the physicochemical and geological features of this hot spring are well characterized. To the best of our knowledge, its microbial diversity has not been studied before using a metagenomic approach. This project aimed to provide, for the first time, a community and functional microbial diversity profile of the water from Coamo ThS in Puerto Rico, using metagenomic library generation and shotgun sequencing.
2. Experimental design, materials and methods
2.1. Sampling
Water samples from the ThS located at Coamo, Puerto Rico (18°02′16.6″N 66°22′27.6″W) were collected at 0.3 meter depth using sterile 1-liter water sampling plastic containers and transported to the laboratory. pH and temperature values of the ThS were 8.22, and 47 °C, respectively.
2.2. Metagenomic library generation
For the metagenomic library generation, five (5) liters of ThS water samples were membrane-filtered using 0.45 μm MF-Millipore™. Membranes with trapped cells were slide-cut and prepared for DNA extraction using the Metagenomic DNA (metaDNA) Isolation kit from Water (Epicentre, USA) following the manufacturer's specifications. Extracted high molecular weight (40 kbp) DNA was end-repaired and ligated into the fosmid vector pCCFOS1. Recombinant DNA was packaged and transduced to Escherichia coli Epi300-T1R via T1 bacteriophages using CopyControl™ Fosmid Library Production Kit (Epicentre, USA) following the manufacturer's specifications. After plating the library, the total number of clones in the metagenomic library was determined. Random clones were selected to confirm the presence of pCCFOS1 vector and metaDNA by restriction enzyme digestion using BamH1 (New England Biolabs).
2.3. Metagenome sequencing and pCCFOS1 vector removal
MetaDNA was extracted and purified using Midiprep kit (QIAGEN, USA) following manufacturer's specifications. It was sent to MR DNA (http://www.mrdnalab.com) where a genomic library was generated using Nextera DNA Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina) and Qubit® dsDNA HS Assay Kit (Life Technologies) following the manufacturer's specifications. After DNA samples were measured (50 ng) and diluted (to 2.5 ng/μL), fragmentation and addition of adapter sequences was done. The library was diluted (to 12 pM) and, then, sequenced using the 600 cycle v3 Reagent Kit (Illumina) on the MiSeq (Illumina). The pCCFOS1 vector was removed from the metagenomic library sequences using SeqClean (The Gene Indices Sequences Cleaning and Validation script) [15] to obtain solely the metagenome sequences.
2.4. Taxonomic and functional insights
To generate a taxonomic profile and a functional in silico description of the samples, the metagenomic sequencing data was analyzed with the Rapid Annotation using Subsystems Technology for metagenomes (MG-RAST) online server.
3. Results and discussion
The metagenomic library consisted of approximately 6000 clones and restriction enzyme digestion showed that 90% of the library contains metaDNA. After removing pCCFOS1, 122,026 sequences with 33.10 Mbps size with 64% of G + C content were annotated and analyzed using the MG-RAST online server [12]. Bacteria was the most abundant domain (95.84%) followed by unidentified sequences (2.28%), viruses (1.67%), eukaryotes (0.15%), and archaea (0.01%). The metagenome was constituted of a total of 48 microbial phyla from which the most abundant was Proteobacteria (95.03%), followed by unidentified (2.28%), unclassified from viruses (1.74%), Firmicutes (0.20%) and Actinobacteria (0.18%). In terms of bacterial families, the metagenome comprised of a total of 296 with an abundance distribution of Enterobacteriaceae (77.73%) followed by Comamonadaceae (6.36%), Xanthomonadaceae (2.95%) and unidentified families (2.28%). The most abundant species were Escherichia coli, Polaromonas naphthalenivorans, Albidiferax ferrireducens and Acidovorax sp. (Fig. 1). Moreover, P. naphthalenivorans produce dioxygenases capable of degrading naphthalene [10] and A. ferrireducens contains temperature resistant proteins that allowed it to grow under psychrophilic and thermophilic conditions [1].
Fig. 1.
Community structure of Coamo thermal spring metagenome.
Of the sequences that successfully passed the quality control tests (86.36% of the total) 79.50% contained predicted proteins with known functions, 19.95% had predicted proteins with unknown functions and 1% were ribosomal RNA genes. Functional analysis using Non-supervised Orthologous Groups (NOG) annotation showed that 82.79% of proteins are poorly characterized, indicating the possibility of potential reservoirs of novel microbial functions. Subsystem functional analysis (illustrated in Fig. 2) showed that 20% of genes belong to transposable elements (phages, prophages, and plasmids), 10% of genes belong to clustering-based subsystems, 8% of genes belong to the production of cofactors and secondary metabolites (vitamins, prosthetic groups and pigments). In addition to the previous analysis, genes belonging to metabolism of carbohydrates (7%), miscellaneous (6%), amino acids (6%), proteins (5%), DNA (4%), cell wall (4%) and membrane transport (3%) are also mentioned. Furthermore, the metagenome contains genes related to metabolism of iron, phosphorous and sulfur; analysis that provide insights of potential microbial roles in the ecology of biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem stability.
Fig. 2.
Functional structure of Coamo thermal spring metagenome using subsystem annotation.
This study provides a comprehensive description and analysis of the microbial diversity and functional potential present in the metagenome of Coamo ThS. Using this data, now it is possible to design and develop feasible and pragmatic functional screenings of the metagenomic library generated for research and educational purposes.
Nucleotide accession number
Metagenome sequence data are available on NCBI under the accession no. SAMN06131862.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the University of Puerto Rico RISE2BEST Program (NIH-R25GM088023), the Puerto Rico Louis Stroke Alliance for Minority Participation (NSF-1400868) and Maximizing Access to Research Careers U*STAR program (NIH-2T34GM008419-26) for supporting this project. In addition, we thank the administration of the Thermal Springs in Coamo, Puerto Rico for allowing us to collect the samples. Finally, we mention and thank Hector M. Nieves-Rosado for his contribution in the manuscript generation.
Contributor Information
Ricky Padilla-Del Valle, Email: ricky.padilla@upr.edu.
Luis R. Morales-Vale, Email: luis.morales28@upr.edu.
Carlos Ríos-Velázquez, Email: carlos.rios5@upr.edu.
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