Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by hysterectomy may be effective for the treatment of locally advanced uterine cervical cancer and improve patient prognosis. It is important to identify markers that are able to predict whether NAC may be successful. Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) regulates vascular sprouting in blood vessel formation. In numerous types of human cancer, EGFL7 is upregulated and inhibits endothelial cell adhesion molecules, decreasing vascular tightness and, thus, increasing vascular permeability. It is considered that the overexpression of EGFL7 is able to inhibit drug delivery, resistance to apoptosis and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In the current study, 63 patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer were reviewed and classified as stage IIIA-IIIB using the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics criteria. These patients (aged <70 years) were treated at Osaka City University Medical School Hospital, Japan, between 1995 and 2010. Tumor tissue samples were obtained by biopsy prior to NAC. The tissue samples were classified as group 1 or 2 depending on the efficacy of NAC. Surgery and radiotherapy were administered in group 1 (n=36), for which NAC was effective. In the patients of group 2 NAC was not effective, and radiotherapy alone was administered (n=27). The expression of EGFL7 and Snail was examined in paraffin-embedded tissue sample sections using the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. The results indicated that EGFL7 expression levels were significantly higher in group 2, as compared with group 1 (P<0.001). A similar result was observed for the expression levels of Snail (P=0.001). Group 1 exhibited significantly longer overall survival times compared with group 2 (P=0.001). The patients were also classified into a low EGFL7 expression level group (weighted score of ≤6) and a high EGFL7 expression level group (weighted score of ≥8). NAC was observed to be significantly more effective in the low EGFL7 expression level group (P<0.001), as compared with the high expression level group. The results suggest that the expression levels of EGFL7 may be a potential predictive marker of the efficacy of NAC for the treatment of locally advanced uterine cervical cancer.
Keywords: uterine cervical cancer, epidermal growth factor-like domain 7, Snail, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, predictive marker
Introduction
Cervical cancer is a frequent cause of cancer-associated mortality in females worldwide (1). The current treatments for cervical cancer vary, and the treatment of locally advanced uterine cervical cancer, including International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) (2) stage IIIA (in which the tumor involves the lower third of the vagina with no extension to the pelvic wall), IIIB (in which the tumor extends to the pelvic wall and causes hydronephrosis or a nonfunctioning kidney) and IVA (in which the tumor invades the mucosa of the bladder or rectum, and extends beyond the true pelvis) is challenging as locally advanced cervical cancer is inoperable (3,4). Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer (3,4); however, the prognosis of patients is typically poor, with 5-year survival rates of ~60% (5,6). A previous study reported that prognosis may improve if neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is successful in treating locally advanced uterine cervical cancer (7). However, the prognosis worsens if NAC is not effective, as hysterectomy cannot be performed if downstaging by NAC is not achievable. Subsequently changing the treatment plan from surgery to radiotherapy may result in a fatal delay for the patient (8,9).
The availability of specific predictive markers for the effectiveness of NAC would facilitate the identification of patients with positive predictive markers and allow them to be effectively treated with NAC. However, no significant predictive markers of NAC efficacy are currently available for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer. Thus, it is essential to identify such markers (10–14).
Epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 (EGFL7) is a secreted signaling factor derived from endothelial cells (15). The EGFL7 gene encodes a 30-kDa protein that includes a signal peptide and two epidermal growth factor-like domains, and is located on chromosomes 2 and 9 in mice and humans, respectively (16). EGFL7 is upregulated during angiogenesis and is involved in the regulation of endothelial cell migration during the sprouting process, blood vessel lumen formation and maintenance of vascular integrity (17–19). In certain types of human cancer cells, EGFL7 inhibits the activity of endothelial cell adhesion molecules [such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1)], which leads to decreased vascular tightness (increased vascular permeability), increased immune evasion and increased tumor growth (20). Decreased blood vessel integrity is frequently observed in malignant tumors (21). Furthermore, poor perfusion of tissues inhibits drug delivery in malignant tumors; abnormal vasculature of tumors and the resulting abnormal microenvironment together pose a formidable barrier to the delivery and efficacy of cancer therapy. A previous study revealed that EGFL7 is highly expressed in human epithelial tumor tissues, including hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, malignant glioma, ovarian cancer and renal cancer (22). Certain studies have reported that high expression levels of EGFL7 are associated with lymph node metastasis, poor prognosis and advanced disease stage in numerous types of human cancer, including colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer and laryngeal squamous cell cancer (23–26). Luo et al (27) reported that the expression of EGFL7 in gastric cancer cells promotes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor metastasis by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation, which subsequently activates Snail and suppresses the transcription of E-cadherin. Numerous studies have demonstrated that increased EMT may lead to chemoresistance in bladder, lung, breast and ovarian cancers (28–32). In addition, Vega et al (33) reported that Snail inhibits the cell cycle and confers resistance to TGF-β-induced cell death, consistent with Snail activating the Mek/Frk and PI3K/Akt survival pathways.
To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to examine EGFL7 expression in uterine cervical cancer cells. It was hypothesized that EGFL7 may have a role in the development of acquired chemoresistance through lowered drug delivery, increased EMT and increased cell resistance to apoptosis due to the downstream activation of Snail. EGFL7 may also be a prognostic factor for the efficacy of NAC in locally advanced cervical cancer. Therefore, the current study investigated whether EGFL7 expression levels are associated with the efficacy of NAC for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer.
Materials and methods
Patients and samples
Eligible patients were aged <70 years, had histologically confirmed primary stage IIIA and IIIB cancer of the uterine cervix, and underwent NAC; the patients were treated at the Osaka City University Medical School Hospital (Osaka, Japan) between 1995 and 2010. Exclusion criteria included the lack of informed consent, the unavailability of the tumor samples, and the patient not undergoing NAC. The tumor samples were obtained through a punch biopsy prior to the administration of NAC. Patients were divided into groups 1 and 2 depending on the effectiveness of NAC. Group 1 consisted of those patients who effectively responded to NAC, resulting in downstaging to an operable condition, and who subsequently underwent surgery and radiotherapy (n=36). Group 2 consisted of those patients who were unsuccessfully treated with NAC, resulting in ineligibility for hysterectomy, and who subsequently received radiotherapy only (n=27). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to the tumor biopsy. The Ethics Committee of Osaka City University approved the current study protocol (IRB no. 2859, 3078).
Balloon-occluded arterial infusion chemotherapy (BOAI) for NAC
A pelvic angiography was performed under local anesthesia (34) in order to locate the tumor and the feeding vessels. A balloon-wedge single-pressure catheter was inserted (5F, 80 cm in length; Dispomedica, Hamburg, Germany) from each femoral artery into the internal iliac artery; the balloon catheters were advanced until in proximity to the feeding vessel, which was usually the uterine artery, and then inflated in order to occlude the local blood flow. Cis-diamminedichloro-platinum (CDDP; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New York, NY, USA) was intra-arterially infused through the two catheters over 30 min (34). In the current study, the two ovarian arteries were blocked following the initial BOAI procedure in order to increase the concentration of CDDP near the tumor. BOAI was performed three times to reduce the size of the tumor. Abundant hydration, for the preservation of renal function, was performed prior to and following CDDP administration, and antiemetics and diuretics were used appropriately. CDDP was administered at doses of 50, 75 or 100 mg/m2, according to the patient's age and renal function. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess the rate of tumor reduction by evaluating its maximum dimensions (35,36).
Immunohistochemical analysis
The expression patterns of EGFL7 and Snail were examined in paraffin-embedded tissue sections using a monoclonal mouse anti-human EGFL7 antibody (#sc-101349; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA; dilution, 1:500), a polyclonal rabbit anti-human Snail antibody (#13099-1-AP; ProteinTech Group, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA; dilution, 1:100) and a Dako LSAB2 peroxidase kit (#K0675; Dako Japan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections (4 µm) were deparaffinized, rehydrated and immersed in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min at room temperature to block endogenous peroxidase activity. An antigen retrieval procedure was performed by immersing the tissue sections in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and heating in an autoclave at 110°C for 20 min. The tissue sections were then washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The tissue sections were incubated overnight with anti-EGFL7 or anti-Snail primary antibodies in a humidity chamber at 4°C, washed with PBS for 15 min, and then incubated for 10 min with biotinylated goat anti-mouse and anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G secondary antibodies (Dako Japan Co., Ltd). The tissue sections were then incubated with a streptavidin-peroxidase complex and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine was used as the chromogen. The sections were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin and the specificity of the immunohistochemical reactions was determined by omitting the primary antibody. The expression levels of EGFL7 or Snail were quantitatively analyzed using the scoring method of Sinicrope et al (37). Five individual fields were imaged for each tissue specimen (magnification, ×400). The tissues were classified into five categories according to the mean proportion of positive tumor cells, as follows: 0, <5%; 1, 5–25%; 2, 25–50%; 3, 50–75%; 4, >75%. The intensity of the immunostaining was classified into three categories, as follows: 1+, weak; 2+, moderate; 3+, intense. The weighted score was calculated by multiplying the percentage of positive tumor cells by the staining intensity for each tissue specimen.
Statistical analysis
The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were performed for prognostic analysis, based on overall survival rates. The weighted scores were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The Student's t-test and the χ2 test were performed as appropriate for intergroup comparisons. SPSS software version 21.0 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for all statistical analyses. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Patient clinical characteristics
A total of 35 patients were assigned to group 1, and 27 to group 2, with mean ages of 49.3 years (range, 24–69 years) and 52.3 years (range, 36–68 years), respectively. Of the patients in group 1, 1 patient was diagnosed with FIGO stage IIIA uterine cervical cancer and 34 patients were diagnosed with stage IIIB disease. Of the patients in group 2, all 27 were diagnosed with stage IIIB uterine cervical cancer. Histologically, the 35 patients of group 1 comprised 30 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 5 of adenocarcinoma. In the patients of group 2, 22 had squamous cell carcinomas, 3 had adenocarcinomas, 1 had adenosquamous carcinoma and 1 had glassy cell carcinoma. There were no significant differences observed between the two groups with regard to any of the recorded clinical characteristics (Table I).
Table I.
Clinical characteristics of patients in group 1 (NAC+OP+R) and group 2 (NAC+R).
| Characteristic | NAC+OP+R | NAC+R | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 35 | 27 | |
| Age (years) | 0.322a | ||
| Mean ± SD | 49.3±12.7 | 52.3±11.1 | |
| Range | 24–69 | 36–68 | |
| FIGO stage | 0.376b | ||
| IIIA | 1 | 0 | |
| IIIB | 34 | 27 | |
| Histology | 0.433b | ||
| SCC | 30 | 22 | |
| A | 5 | 3 | |
| AS | 0 | 1 | |
| Other | 0 | 1c | |
| Tumor size (mm; mean ± SD) | 46.9±17.2 | 53.7±14.9 | 0.144a |
Student's t-test
χ2 test
glassy cell carcinoma. NAC+OP+R, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy; NAC+R, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy only; FIGO, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; A, adenocarcinoma; AS, adenosquamous carcinoma; SD, standard deviation.
Expression profile of EGFL7 in uterine cervical cancer tissues
The expression of EGFL7 was observed in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells (Fig. 1). Table II presents the weighted scores in the tissues of patients from group 1 and group 2. The mean weighted score of EGFL7 expression was significantly lower in group 1, as compared with in group 2 (4.1 vs. 8.8; P<0.001; Fig. 2). Of all the patients involved, 35 exhibited low expression levels of EGFL7, with a weighted score of ≤6, whereas 27 patients exhibited high expression levels of EGFL7, with a weighted score of 8–12. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics observed between the low EGFL7 expression group and the high EGFL7 expression group (Table III).
Figure 1.
Immunohistochemical staining of EGFL7 in locally advanced uterine cervical cancer tissue samples. (A) Negative controls without the primary antibody; (B) weighted score 1, group 1; (C) weighted score 12, group 1. Cells were counterstained with hematoxylin; magnification, ×400. EGFL7 expression was observed in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. EGFL7, epidermal growth factor-like domain 7.
Table II.
Weighted scores for epidermal growth factor-like domain 7 expression levels in group 1 (NAC+OP+R) and group 2 (NAC+R).
| No. of patients | ||
|---|---|---|
| Weighted score | NAC+OP+R (n=35) | NAC+R (n=27) |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 5 | 0 |
| 2 | 5 | 2 |
| 3 | 8 | 0 |
| 4 | 8 | 2 |
| 6 | 4 | 1 |
| 8 | 2 | 6 |
| 9 | 1 | 7 |
| 12 | 2 | 9 |
| Mean score | 4.11 | 8.78 |
NAC+OP+R, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy; NAC+R, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy only.
Figure 2.
Weighted scores for EGFL7 expression levels in tumor tissue samples from patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer. EGFL7 expression levels were significantly higher in group 2 (NAC+R), as compared with group 1 (NAC+OP+R) (*P<0.001 (Mann-Whitney U test). EGFL7, epidermal growth factor-like domain 7; NAC, neoadjuvant chemotherapy; OP, surgery; R, radiotherapy.
Table III.
Characteristics of the patients in the low and high EGFL7 expression groups.
| Characteristic | Low EGFL7 expression (≤6) | High EGFL7 expression (≥8) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 35 | 27 | |
| Age (years) | 0.144a | ||
| Mean ± SD | 48.6±12.7 | 53.1±10.8 | |
| Range | 24–69 | 37–68 | |
| FIGO stage | 0.251b | ||
| IIIA | 0 | 1 | |
| IIIB | 35 | 26 | |
| Histology | 0.585b | ||
| SCC | 28 | 24 | |
| A | 6 | 2 | |
| AS | 1 | 0 | |
| Other | 0 | 1c | |
| Tumor size (mm; mean ± SD) | 47.0±15.9 | 54.0±17.3 | 0.144a |
Student's t-test
χ2 test
glassy cell carcinoma. FIGO, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; A, adenocarcinoma; AS, adenosquamous carcinoma; SD, standard deviation; EGFL7, epidermal growth factor-like domain 7.
Association between the expression of EGFL7 and the efficacy of NAC
Among the 35 patients with low EGFL7 expression, 30 patients (86%) were in group 1 and 5 patients (14%) were in group 2. With regard to high EGFL7 expression, 5/27 patients (19%) were in group 1, while 22/27 (81%) patients were in group 2. This indicates that NAC was significantly more effective in the low EGFL7 expression group as compared with the high EGFL7 expression group (P<0.001; Table IV).
Table IV.
Number of patients with low and high EGFL7 expression levels in group 1 (NAC+OP+R) and group 2 (NAC+R).
| EGFL7 expression | NAC+OP+R | NAC+R | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low (≤6) | 30 (86%) | 5 (14%) | <0.001a |
| High (≥8) | 5 (19%) | 22 (81%) |
χ2 test; NAC+OP+R, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy; NAC+R, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy only; EGFL7, epidermal growth factor-like domain 7.
Expression profile of Snail in uterine cervical cancer tissues
The expression of Snail was observed in the nuclei of the tumor cells. The weighted expression scores are presented in Table V. The mean weighted score for Snail expression levels was significantly lower in group 1, as compared with in group 2 (4.7 vs. 9.4; P<0.001; Fig. 3).
Table V.
Weighted scores for Snail expression levels in group 1 (NAC+OP+R) and group 2 (NAC+R).
| No. of patients | ||
|---|---|---|
| Weighted score | NAC+OP+R (n=35) | NAC+R (n=27) |
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 6 | 0 |
| 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 3 | 4 | 1 |
| 4 | 8 | 3 |
| 6 | 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 2 | 5 |
| 9 | 3 | 2 |
| 12 | 2 | 15 |
| Mean score | 4.71 | 9.37 |
NAC+OP+R, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy; NAC+R, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy only.
Figure 3.
Weighted scores for Snail expression levels in tumor tissue samples from patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer. Snail expression levels were significantly higher in group 2, (NAC+R) as compared with in group 1 (NAC+OP+R) (P<0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). NAC, neoadjuvant chemotherapy; OP, surgery; R, radiotherapy.
Correlation between the expression of EGFL7 and Snail
Out of all the patients involved, 29 exhibited low expression levels of EGFL7 and of Snail, and 23 patients had high expression levels of EGFL7 and of Snail. A significant positive association was observed between the expression levels of EGFL7 and Snail (r=0.56; P<0.001; Fig. 4).
Figure 4.
EGFL7 expression levels were significantly positively correlated with Snail expression levels (r=0.56; P<0.001). EGFL7, epidermal growth factor-like domain 7.
Overall survival analysis
Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analyses indicated that the overall survival time was significantly longer in group 1 (patients who responded to NAC; mean, 3,257 days), as compared with group 2 (mean, 1,239 days; P=0.001; Fig. 5). The overall survival time was also significantly longer in the low EGFL7 expression level group, as compared with the high EGFL7 expression level group (P=0.001; Fig. 6).
Figure 5.
Overall survival rate for group 1 (NAC + surgery + radiotherapy; n=35) and group 2 (NAC + radiotherapy only; n=27). Group 1 demonstrated significantly improved overall survival, as compared with group 2 (P=0.001; Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test). NAC, neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Figure 6.
Overall survival rates for the low (n=35) and high (n=27) EGFL7 expression level groups. Significantly improved overall survival was observed in the low vs. the high EGFL7 expression level groups (P=0.001; Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests). EGFL7, epidermal growth factor-like domain 7.
Discussion
The results of the present study demonstrated a significant association between the expression levels of EGFL7 and the effectiveness of NAC in patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer at FIGO stage IIIA and IIIB; NAC was determined to be unsuccessful in the majority of patients with high EGFL7 expression levels, who were thus unable to undergo surgery and received only radiotherapy. Overall survival was significantly longer in group 1 patients (those for whom NAC had been successful), as compared with group 2. These results are concordant with previous studies, which demonstrated that patient prognosis worsens when NAC is unsuccessful (8,9). Similarly, overall survival time was significantly longer in the low EGFL7 expression level group, as compared with the high EGFL7 expression level group. In addition, 30 patients (86%) in group 1 exhibited low EGFL7 expression levels. These results suggest that patients with low EGFL7 expression levels were more likely to respond well to NAC, compared with patients with high EGFL7 expression levels, indicating that EGFL7 may be a predictive marker for determining whether NAC is likely to be effective in individual patients with advanced uterine cervical cancer.
EGFL7 is a secreted signaling factor derived from endothelial cells that controls blood vessel formation (15); this protein is upregulated during angiogenesis and is associated with blood vessel lumen formation, vascular integrity and the regulation of the collective migration of endothelial cells during the blood vessel sprouting process through the restriction of their spatial distribution (17–19). In certain types of human cancer cells, EGFL7 suppresses the activation of endothelial cells and inhibits the expression of specific endothelial adhesion molecules (VCAM1 and ICAM1); it also reduces the adhesion of lymphocytes on the endothelium and consequently decreases vascular tightness (20).
The present study was conducted based on three hypotheses regarding the association between EGFL7 expression and tumor cell chemoresistance. The first hypothesis was that high expression levels of EGFL7 may have a role in the development of chemoresistance due to decreased drug delivery caused by reduced vascular integrity in tumors tissues. The second hypothesis was that the promotion of EMT by EGFL7 may induce the development of tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy; EMT is regulated by EGFR-mediated AKT phosphorylation induced by EGFL7, which then activates Snail and the subsequent suppression of E-cadherin transcription (27). Numerous studies have previously reported that EMT may have a function in acquired chemoresistance (28–32). The third hypothesis considered that EGFL7 may have a role in the development of tumor chemoresistance through an increased resistance to cell apoptosis induced by the activation of Snail. It has previously been reported that Snail is able to inhibit the cell cycle and confer resistance to TGF-β-induced cell death, consistent with Snail activating the Mek/Frk and PI3K/Akt survival pathways (33). Thus, EGFL7 and Snail expression profiles were examined in the current study and a positive correlation was identified between them.
To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report a significant association between EGFL7 expression levels and the response of locally advanced uterine cervical cancer to NAC. The results indicate that NAC may be more effective in patients with low EGFL7 expression levels, compared with those patients with high EGFL7 expression levels; therefore, EGFL7 expression levels may be a potential predictive marker of NAC efficacy in patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer. As high EGFL7 expression is associated with acquired chemoresistance, tumor cells that exhibit lower EGFL7 expression may have a greater sensitivity to NAC treatment. In addition, a correlation between EGFL7 and Snail expression levels was observed These results were concordant with a previous study that reported that EGFL7 is able to positively regulate EMT by EGFR-mediated AKT phosphorylation through the activation of Snail expression (27). The results of the current study support the hypotheses that the overexpression of EGFL7 may have a role in the development of tumor chemoresistance through EMT, and increasing resistance to cell apoptosis by activating Snail expression; therefore, EGFL7 may be an effective prognostic factor regarding the efficacy of NAC treatment for locally advanced uterine cervical cancer.
Although a previous study demonstrated that surgery following NAC in locally advanced uterine cervical cancer is an effective treatment and improves the patient prognosis (7), NAC is not currently recommended as a standard treatment as, if NAC is not effective, subsequent surgery is difficult to perform and radiotherapy is required (3,4); radiotherapy following the administration of chemotherapy may lead to a poorer prognosis than radiotherapy alone (8,9). Therefore, it is crucial to identify novel predictive markers of NAC efficacy in patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer.
In summary, the results of the current study suggest that EGFL7 expression levels may be a predictive marker of NAC effectiveness for the treatment of patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer. Our previous study reported that the protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-extra large, Bcl-associated X-protein, mitotic arrest deficiency 2 and sirtuin 1 may be useful predictive markers of the effectiveness of NAC for patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer (12,38,39). Using a combination of these signaling proteins, the efficacy of NAC may potentially be predicted for patients with locally advanced uterine cervical cancer.
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