Table 3.
Association of kidney biomarkers with risk of incident hypertension in HIV-uninfected women
| Unadjusted | Multivariable Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarker | Participants (N) |
RR (95%CI) | Individual Markers * RR (95%CI) |
Individual Markers + ACR + eGFR† RR (95%CI) |
| ACR | ||||
| Continuous | 267 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.11) |
| T1: < 6.1 mg/g | 89 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2: 6.1–10 mg/g | 89 | 1.09 (0.69, 1.75) | 1.11 (0.69, 1.78) | 1.10 (0.68, 1.76) |
| T3: >10 mg/g | 89 | 0.92 (.56, 1.52) | 0.96 (0.58, 1.61) | 1.00 (0.60, 1.68) |
| ≤ 30 mg/g | 247 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| > 30 mg/g | 20 | 1.63 (0.82, 3.23) | 1.01 (0.50, 2.04) | 0.98 (0.48, 1.98) |
| eGFR | ||||
| Continuous‡ | 267 | 1.32 (1.19, 1.47) | 1.18 (1.06, 1.32) | 1.18 (1.06, 1.32) |
| T1: <96 ml/min/1.73m2 | 92 | 2.65 (1.59, 4.42) | 1.89 (1.09, 3.27) | 1.87 (1.08, 3.25) |
| T2: 96–112 ml/min/1.73m2 | 90 | 1.44 (0.82, 2.54) | 1.27 (0.71, 2.26) | 1.25 (0.70, 2.24) |
| T3: >112 ml/min/1.73m2 | 85 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| < 90 ml/min/1.73m2 | 63 | 2.49 (1.66, 3.74) | 1.81 (1.16, 2.83) | 1.81 (1.16, 2.83) |
| ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73m2 | 204 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| α1m | ||||
| Continuous | 267 | 1.37 (1.08, 1.74) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.37) | 1.03 (0.77, 1.36) |
| T1§ | 164 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 51 | 2.38 (1.47, 3.87) | 1.99 (1.21, 3.26) | 1.94 (1.16, 3.23) |
| T3 | 52 | 2.45 (1.47, 4.08) | 1.65 (0.96, 2.83) | 1.51 (0.87, 2.64) |
| IL-18 | ||||
| Continuous | 267 | 1.25 (1.06, 1.47) | 1.18 (1.00, 1.41) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.38) |
| T1 | 89 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 89 | 2.07 (1.18, 3.62) | 1.78 (1.00, 3.16) | 1.80 (1.00, 3.24) |
| T3 | 89 | 2.43 (1.33, 4.45) | 2.11 (1.10, 4.03) | 2.28 (1.17, 4.46) |
| KIM-1 | ||||
| Continuous | 267 | 1.21 (0.99, 1.49) | 1.19 (0.96, 1.48) | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) |
| T1 | 89 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 89 | 1.41 (0.79, 2.52) | 1.25 (0.68, 2.29) | 1.33 (0.72, 2.44) |
| T3 | 89 | 1.77 (0.96, 3.26) | 1.42 (0.73, 2.80) | 1.50 (0.75, 3.02) |
| NGAL | ||||
| Continuous | 267 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) |
| T1 | 89 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 89 | 1.12 (0.69, 1.83) | 1.20 (0.72, 1.99) | 1.17 (0.71, 1.95) |
| T3 | 89 | 0.84 (0.48, 1.46) | 1.19 (0.68, 2.08) | 1.20 (0.68, 2.11) |
| L-FABP | ||||
| Continuous | 267 | 1.15 (1.02, 1.29) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.16) |
| T1 | 90 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 88 | 2.04 (1.16, 3.58) | 1.91 (1.09, 3.36) | 1.80 (1.02, 3.18) |
| T3 | 89 | 1.96 (1.05, 3.67) | 1.52 (0.80, 2.89) | 1.45 (0.76, 2.78) |
| NAG | ||||
| Continuous | 267 | 1.48 (1.20, 1.82) | 1.31 (1.05, 1.63) | 1.31 (1.05, 1.64) |
| T1 | 93 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 87 | 1.31 (0.74, 2.31) | 1.44 (0.81, 2.57) | 1.57 (0.87, 2.82) |
| T3 | 87 | 2.25 (1.22, 4.15) | 2.16 (1.16, 4.03) | 2.35 (1.23, 4.47) |
| AAG | ||||
| Continuous | 267 | 1.22 (1.08, 1.37) | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) |
| T1 | 89 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| T2 | 89 | 1.37 (0.79, 2.39) | 1.22 (0.69, 2.17) | 1.24 (0.70, 2.21) |
| T3 | 89 | 2.45 (1.44, 4.18) | 1.87 (1.08, 3.23) | 1.82 (1.04, 3.17) |
AAG, α1-acid-glycoprotein; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; α1m, alpha-1 microglobulin; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate by cystatin C; IL-18, interleukin 18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; L-FABP, liver fatty acid-binding protein; NAG, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil-gelatinase associated lipocalin; RR, relative risk; T, tertile.
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, DM, HOMA-IR, stimulant use, HCV, and urine creatinine. Biomarkers included individually, not simultaneously
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, DM, HOMA-IR, stimulant use, HCV, urine creatinine, ACR, and eGFR.
Continuous eGFR is modeled per 10 ml/min/1.73m2 decrease. All other continuous predictors are modeled per doubling.
All below detectable