Abstract
Background
Much of the attention of tuberculosis (TB) programs is focused on outcomes of microbiological cure and mortality, and health related quality of life (HRQL) is undervalued. Also, TB patients have a significantly higher risk of developing depression and anxiety compared with those in the general population. We intend to evaluate the HRQL and the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in hospitalized patients with TB.
Methods
Cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital in Brazil. Adult patients with pulmonary TB that were hospitalized during the study period were identified and invited to participate. HRQL was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) version 2. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to record symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Results
Eighty-six patients were included in the analysis. The mean age of all patients was 44.6±15.4 years, 69.8% were male, and 53.5% were white. Thirty-two patients (37.2%) were human immunodeficiency virus positive. Twenty-seven patients (31.4%) met study criteria for depression (HADS depression score ≥11) and 33 (38.4%) had anxiety (HADS anxiety score ≥11). Scores on all domains of SF-36 were significantly lower than the Brazilian norm scores (p<0.001).
Conclusion
The present study shows that TB patients may have a poor HRQL. Additionally, we found a possible high prevalence of depression and anxiety in this population. Health care workers should be aware of these psychological disorders to enable a better management of these patients. The treatment of these comorbidities may be associated with better TB outcomes.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mental Disorders, Depression, Anxiety, Comorbidity, Quality of Life
Introduction
Tuberculosis remains a public health threat with significant annual impacts on morbidity and mortality. Brazil is ranked 16th among the 22 high-burden countries that collectively account for 80% of tuberculosis (TB) cases globally, with an incidence of 33.5 cases/100,000 inhabitants/yr in 2014. The city of Porto Alegre has the highest incidence of TB in the country (99.3 cases/100,000 inhabitants/yr in 2014)1.
At present, much of the attention of TB programs is focused on outcomes of microbiological cure and mortality, and health related quality of life (HRQL) is undervalued. HRQL may be fundamental in influencing treatment outcome. Studies showed that as compared with the general population, TB patients reported reductions in their physical health, psychological health, and social functioning2,3. There are several aspects of TB that may lead to deficits in HRQL, like social stigma, prolonged therapy, potentially toxic drugs, lack of knowledge regarding the disease and its treatment, anxiety, and depression4,5,6,7.
TB patients have a significantly higher risk of developing depression compared with those in the general population8. Depression in individuals with TB is associated with delays in seeking health care and poor treatment compliance, that can lead to drug resistance, morbidity and mortality9. Rates of mental illness of up to 70% have been identified in TB patients10. In a study that evaluated hospitalized TB patients, depression was present in about 80%11. Anxiety disorder is also high among patients with TB12
The evaluation of HRQL and the identification of psychiatric comorbidities, such as depression and anxiety, in patients with TB are important for characterizing the physical and mental health of these patients. It is possible that these factors have an influence on treatment adherence, and their knowledge can enable a better understanding of the attitudes of these patients regarding their disease. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the HRQL, the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in hospitalized patients with TB, and to compare the characteristics of patients with and without depression, and with or without anxiety.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study in a general, tertiary care, university-affiliated hospital with 750 beds, located in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern Brazil. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre in January 22, 2013 (number 13-0022).
Adult patients (≥18 years old) with pulmonary TB that were hospitalized during the study period (January 2013–June 2015) were identified and invited to participate. We included only the patients who began treatment for TB after hospitalization. Patients who were already receiving treatment at admission, who are unable to comply with study procedures and those who refused signing the consent form were excluded from this study. Pulmonary TB was diagnosed according to the Brazilian Guidelines for Tuberculosis13.
The following data were collected from patient records using a standardized data extraction tool: demographic data (sex, age, race, and years of schooling), behavioral data (smoking status, alcohol abuse, and injection drug use), and medical history (clinical form of TB, symptoms at admission, methods of diagnostic, presence of comorbidities, prior TB treatment, drug regimen, interval from hospital admission until diagnosis, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit [ICU] admission, length of mechanical ventilation, and hospitalization outcome [death or discharge]). A current smoker was defined as reporting smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime, and at the time of the survey were smoking at least one day a week. A former smoker was defined as reporting smoking at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime but who, at the time of the survey, did not smoke at all. Never smoked reported having smoked <100 cigarettes in their lifetime. Alcohol abuse was defined as daily consumption of at least 30 g (equivalent to a pint and a half of 4% beer) for men and 24 g (equivalent to a 175 mL glass of wine) for women. An independent physician analyzed the chest X-rays and classified them as typical or compatible with active TB, according to previously described guidelines14.
HRQL was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) version 2, which is a reliable, validated questionnaire15,16. This questionnaire contains eight domains assessing diverse aspects of health including physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health, and two summary measures, physical and mental components. For all the SF-36 domains, higher scores indicate better health. Brazilian normative data for the SF-36 version 2 were used for comparative purposes17. Scores of Brazilian men and women ranged according to age and gender were included as a Supplementary Tables 1 and 2.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients also completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument for HIV clients (WHOQOL-HIV). Several specific instruments for individuals with HIV are found in the international literature, but only the WHOQOL-HIV was validated for use in Brazil18,19. This questionnaire will be administered by the possibility of change in HRQL be related to HIV (and not tuberculosis, or even due to the two diseases). This instrument contains 31 items and for each item there is a fivepoint Likert scale where 1 indicates low or negative perceptions and 5 high or positive perceptions. These items contain six domains: physical health (4 items), psychological well being (5 items), social relationship (4 items), environmental health (8 items), level of independence (4 items), and spiritual health (4 items). There were two general questions about general QOL and perceived general health. The physical domain contained information regarding presence of pain, energy, and sleep. The psychological domain consisted of negative and positive feelings, self esteem, and thinking. The social domain covered social support, personal relationships and sexual activity. Mobility, work capacity, and activities were included in the level of dependence. Financial issues; home and physical environment; availability of transport; physical safety and security, and participation in leisure activities were included under the environmental domain. The spirituality domain did contain questions about death and dying; forgiveness and blame and concern about the future.
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)20, previously validated in Brazil21, was used to record symptoms of anxiety and depression. This questionnaire was developed to identify caseness (possible and probable) of anxiety disorders and depression among patients in nonpsychiatric hospital clinics, not with the diagnostic purpose, but as screening. It avoids recording details of the biological symptoms of depression that might arise as a result of the physical complaints. It is divided into an anxiety subscale (HADS-A) and a depression subscale (HADS-D) both containing seven questions. The overall score for each subscale goes from 0 to 21. Scores of 11 or above on the anxiety or depression subscale are taken as indicative of probable for either disorder.
Also, self-esteem was evaluated by Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, validated in Brazil22. This is a one-dimensional measure, and consists of 10 statements related to a set of feeling of self-esteem and of self-acceptance that assesses global self-esteem. The items are answered in a Likert scale of four points: strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree. The overall score goes from 10 to 40. Scores ≤15 indicate low self-esteem.
Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were presented as number of cases, mean±standard deviation, or median with interquartile range. Categorical comparisons were performed by chi-square test using Yates's correction if indicated or by Fisher exact test. Continuous variables were compared using the t test or Wilcoxon test. SF-36 results were compared with Brazilian normative data using a paired t test. A two-sided p-value <0.05 was considered significant for all analyses.
Sample size calculation was based on a previous study23. Considering an expected proportion of 0.70 (prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety, 70%), an amplitude of the confidence interval of 0.20 and a 95% confidence level, we estimated a sample size of 81 patients.
Results
One hundred nineteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen patients refused to participate and 16 were unable to comply with study procedures (all were ICU patients), then 86 patients were included in the analysis. The characteristics of participants are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of all patients was 44.6±15.4 years, 69.8% were male, and 53.5% were white. Thirty-two patients (37.2%) were HIV positive.
Table 1. Characteristics of study patients (n=86).
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Demographic characteristic | |
| Age, yr | 44.6±15.4 |
| Male sex | 60 (69.8) |
| White race | 46 (53.5) |
| <8 years of schooling* | 57 (66.3) |
| Current smokers | 21 (24.4) |
| Alcoholism | 30 (34.9) |
| Drug use | 29 (33.7) |
| Symptoms | |
| Cough | 72 (83.7) |
| Night sweats | 56 (65.1) |
| Fever | 59 (68.6) |
| Weight loss | 72 (83.7) |
| Previous TB | 17 (19.8) |
| Previous default from TB treatment | 13 (15.1) |
| Comorbidities | |
| HIV positive | 32 (37.2) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3 (3.5) |
| Radiographic patterns | |
| Typical of TB | 56 (65.1) |
| Compatible with TB | 30 (34.9) |
| HADS depression score ≥11 | 27 (31.4) |
| HADS anxiety score ≥11 | 33 (38.4) |
| Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale score ≤15 | 20 (23.3) |
| SF-36v2 health domain scores | |
| Physical functioning | 45.0 (13.8–86.3) |
| Role-physical | 0 (0–25.0) |
| Bodily pain | 52.0 (20.0–84.0) |
| General health | 45.0 (30.0–60.0) |
| Vitality | 50.0 (32.5–75.0) |
| Social functioning | 50.0 (12.5–100) |
| Role-emotion | 0 (0–66.6) |
| Mental health | 56.0 (28.0–80.0) |
| Physical component score | 38.9 (33.6–44.2) |
| Mental component score | 40.7 (37.7–44.9) |
| WHOQOL-HIV domain scores† | |
| Physical | 11.4±2.8 |
| Psychological | 11.9±2.6 |
| Social | 13.0±3.8 |
| Environmental | 12.2±2.6 |
| Level of independence | 13.3±2.6 |
| Spiritual | 10.9±3.8 |
Values are presented as n (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
*In Brazil, the primary (or elementary) school cycle is 8 years long.
†The scores range between 4 and 20, where higher scores denote higher quality of life.
TB: tuberculosis; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SF-36v2: Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 version 2; WHOQOL-HIV: World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument for HIV clients.
Twenty-seven patients (31.4%) met study criteria for depression (HADS depression score ≥11) and 33 (38.4%) had anxiety (HADS anxiety score ≥11). Scores on all domains of SF-36 were significantly lower than the Brazilian norm scores (p<0.001) (Table 2). Patients with probable depression were more frequently current smokers (44.4%) than patients with no probable depression (15.3%) (p=0.008) (Table 3). Low self-esteem was more common in patients with probable depression (55.6% vs. 8.5%, p<0.001). Probable depression was significantly associated with six of the SF-36 domain scores (physical functioning, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health). In addition, HIV patients with probable depression had a lower quality of life in all but one domain (physical) of WHOQOL-HIV as compared with HIV patients with no probable depression.
Table 2. Comparison between SF-36 scores and Brazilian norm scores.
| Scores | Study group score | Brazilian norm score | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical functioning | 48.4±36.5 | 80.5±10.4 | <0.001 |
| Role-physical | 15.99±29.7 | 81.4±7.9 | <0.001 |
| Bodily pain | 52.0±35.3 | 80.5±6.8 | <0.001 |
| General health | 46.2±19.7 | 73.2±7.0 | <0.001 |
| Vitality | 51.6±27.8 | 74.6±4.6 | <0.001 |
| Social functioning | 52.3±38.8 | 86.7±5.1 | <0.001 |
| Role-emotion | 29.8±42.5 | 84.7±5.7 | <0.001 |
| Mental health | 53.7±31.3 | 76.6±3.7 | <0.001 |
| Physical component score | 38.9±7.9 | 51.1±3.9 | <0.001 |
| Mental component score | 40.7±4.5 | 52.3±2.6 | <0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
SF-36: Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36.
Table 3. Factors associated with a HADS depression score ≥11 (probable depression).
| Variable | HADS depression score ≥11 (n=27) | HADS depression score <11 (n=59) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 43.6±13.4 | 45.1±16.3 | 0.686 |
| Male sex | 17 (63.0) | 43 (72.9) | 0.499 |
| White race | 13 (48.1) | 33 (55.9) | 0.661 |
| < 8 years of schooling | 19 (70.4) | 38 (64.4) | 0.766 |
| Current smokers | 12 (44.4) | 9 (15.3) | 0.008 |
| Cough | 24 (88.9) | 48 (81.4) | 0.534 |
| Weight loss | 22 (81.5) | 50 (84.7) | 0.947 |
| Previous TB | 4 (14.8) | 13 (22.0) | 0.625 |
| Previous default from TB treatment | 9 (69.2) | 0.617 | |
| HIV | 14 (51.9) | 18 (30.5) | 0.097 |
| Smear positive | 17 (63.0) | 41 (69.5) | 0.549 |
| Cavity | 10 (37.0) | 17 (28.8) | 0.446 |
| Low self-esteem | 15 (55.6) | 5 (8.5) | <0.001 |
| Probable anxiety | 19 (57.6) | 14 (42.4) | <0.001 |
| SF-36v2 domain | |||
| Physical functioning | 25.0 (5.0–45.0) | 65.0 (20.0–95.0) | 0.002 |
| Role-physical | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–25.0) | 0.091 |
| Bodily pain | 41.0 (10.0–64.0) | 52.0 (20.0–100) | 0.157 |
| General health | 35.0 (25.0–40.0) | 50.0 (40.0–67.0) | <0.001 |
| Vitality | 25.0 (5.0–45.0) | 65.0 (50.0–80.0) | <0.001 |
| Social functioning | 25.0 (12.5–62.5) | 62.5 (25.0–100) | 0.028 |
| Role-emotion | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–100) | 0.049 |
| Mental health | 24.0 (4.0–40.0) | 76.0 (44.0–88.0) | <0.001 |
| Physical component score | 38.9 (32.2–44.2) | 38.9 (33.6–44.2) | 0.837 |
| Mental component score | 40.8 (35.6–44.9) | 41.3 (37.7–44.9) | 0.670 |
| WHOQOL-HIV domain* | |||
| Physical | 10.9±2.8 | 11.8±2.8 | 0.402 |
| Psychological | 10.7±2.3 | 12.7±2.6 | 0.033 |
| Social | 10.4±3.4 | 15.1±2.7 | <0.001 |
| Environmental | 10.7±2.1 | 13.3±2.4 | 0.003 |
| Level of independence | 12.1±2.3 | 14.2±2.5 | 0.023 |
| Spiritual | 9.4±3.9 | 12.1±3.3 | 0.038 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (percentile 25–percentile 75).
*n=32.
HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; TB: tuberculosis; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; SF-36v2: Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 version 2; WHOQOL-HIV: World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument for HIV clients.
Patients with probable anxiety had more frequently a history of default from TB treatment (69.2%) than patients with no probable anxiety (30.8%) (p=0.016) (Table 4). HIV diagnosis was significantly more common in patients with probable anxiety (57.6% vs. 24.5%, p=0.004). Six of the SF-36 domain scores (bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health) were significantly reduced in patients with probable anxiety as compared with patients with no probable anxiety. Significantly lower median social, environmental, and level of independence domains were reported by patients with probable anxiety.
Table 4. Factors associated with a HADS anxiety score ≥11 (probable anxiety).
| Variable | HADS anxiety score ≥11 (n=33) | HADS anxiety score <11 (n=53) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 42.1±10.4 | 46.2±17.7 | 0.184 |
| Male sex | 20 (60.6) | 40 (75.5) | 0.223 |
| White race | 13 (39.4) | 33 (62.3) | 0.065 |
| <8 years of schooling | 24 (72.7) | 33 (62.3) | 0.445 |
| Current smokers | 11 (33.3) | 10 (18.9) | 0.208 |
| Cough | 31 (93.9) | 41 (77.4) | 0.085 |
| Weight loss | 27 (81.8) | 45 (84.9) | 0.706 |
| Previous TB | 10 (30.3) | 7 (13.2) | 0.097 |
| Previous default from TB treatment | 9 (69.2) | 4 (30.8) | 0.016 |
| HIV | 19 (57.6) | 13 (24.5) | 0.004 |
| Smear positive | 18 (54.5) | 40 (75.5) | 0.050 |
| Cavity | 12 (36.4) | 15 (28.3) | 0.433 |
| Probable depression | 19 (57.6) | 8 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Low self-esteem | 15 (45.5) | 5 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| SF-36v2 domain | |||
| Physical functioning | 35.0 (20.0–85.0) | 50.0 (7.5–90.0) | 0.765 |
| Role-physical | 0 (0–12.5) | 0 (0–37.5) | 0.324 |
| Bodily pain | 31.0 (10.0–63.0) | 62.0 (31.0–100) | 0.004 |
| General health | 40.0 (25.0–54.5) | 47.0 (36.0–63.5) | 0.049 |
| Vitality | 40.0 (15.0–52.5) | 65.0 (45.0–80.0) | <0.001 |
| Social functioning | 25.0 (12.5–62.5) | 75.0 (25.0–100) | 0.001 |
| Role-emotion | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–100) | 0.001 |
| Mental health | 28.0 (12.0–40.0) | 76.0 (56.0–88.0) | <0.001 |
| Physical component score | 38.9 (35.9–44.2) | 38.9 (33.6–44.3) | 0.971 |
| Mental component score | 40.8 (37.7–44.9) | 41.3 (37.7–44.9) | 0.724 |
| WHOQOL-HIV domain (n=32) | |||
| Physical | 11.1±3.1 | 11.9±2.4 | 0.470 |
| Psychological | 11.3±2.7 | 12.7±2.3 | 0.144 |
| Social | 11.9±3.9 | 14.7±3.1 | <0.001 |
| Environmental | 10.9±2.2 | 14.1±1.9 | <0.001 |
| Level of independence | 12.0±2.3 | 15.1±2.0 | <0.001 |
| Spiritual | 10.6±4.0 | 11.4±3.5 | 0.561 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, number (%), or median (interquartile range).
HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; TB: tuberculosis; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; SF-36v2: Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 version 2; WHOQOL-HIV: World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument for HIV clients.
Discussion
The present study was an attempt to evaluate the HRQL and the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in hospitalized patients with TB. We found that the scores on all domains of SF-36 were significantly lower than the Brazilian norm scores. In addition, more than one third of patients had a diagnosis of depression (31.4%) or anxiety (38.4%), according to HADS.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not a mere absence of disease24. Therefore, we have to consider that any disease will impact not only on physical health but also on all other aspects of an individual's health. Thus, TB has a substantial and encompassing impact on patients' quality of life. Median domain scores of SF-36 reported by participants in this study were significantly lower than the Brazilian norm scores. Several studies have showed that TB patients reported deficits in their physical and mental well-being in comparison with the general population2,3. Also, one study3 demonstrated that even after treatment completion and microbiological cure, TB patients may still have significantly lower HRQL when compared to U.S. norms.
HRQL was even lower among patients who met depression or anxiety criteria in our study. This is an important finding once we also demonstrated that more than one third of patients met the study criteria for depression or anxiety. Studies have shown that the prevalence of depression and other psychiatric disorders, like generalized anxiety disorder, adjustment disorder and organic brain disorders, is high among patients with TB12,25. Although rates of major depression are expected to be higher in those individuals with medical illness than in the general population, they may be still higher in TB patients26. In a previous investigation11, depression was present in about 80% of the TB patients, using Beck's Depression Inventory. In this study, it was more common in males, and young and elderly patients. In addition, they found that the main factors associated with depression were altered social relationships, among male TB patients, and TB stigma among females. One study also conducted with hospitalized TB patients, the authors demonstrated that 68% of patients met the criteria for depression27. These different prevalence rates might possibly be due to the differences in the sensitivity of the depression screening instruments used.
Depressive disorder in TB patients has been recognized as a cause of poor treatment compliance and poor disease outcomes, like treatment default or death28. A retrospective cohort analysis of 440 TB patients has revealed a high rate of relapse due to poor medication compliance, and psychiatric disorders have been implicated29. Several factors were significantly associated with depression in persons with a TB diagnosis, like personal, socio-demographic (age and financial status), environmental, and clinical (persistent cough)28. In our study, low self-esteem and current smoking were significantly associated depression.
We found that patients with probable depression were significantly more likely to have low self-esteem. Also, approximately 20% of our sample had criteria for low self-esteem according to Rosenberg scale. Another study with hospitalized patients with TB showed that self-esteem scores dropped in accordance with category of depression, revealing that low self-esteem is a characteristic of depression25. Stigmatization, negative emotions, social rejection, and isolation were reported by TB patients and could contribute to low self-esteem and impairment of psychosocial well-being2,3.
In our study, individuals with TB who screened positive for depression were more likely to be current smokers. The high prevalence of cigarette smoking among people with chronic mental illness is well known30. Smoking was associated with a nearly two-fold increased risk of depression relative to both never smokers and former smokers31. This finding is especially important since previous investigations have emphasized the impact of smoking on many aspects of TB, such as TB infection, TB disease, and mortality32,33. Indeed, mortality from TB is four times greater among smokers than among nonsmokers32.
We also found a significantly association between HIV infection and anxiety. Mental health problems such as anxiety and depression in patients infected with HIV is well documented34. In a study35 that evaluated 649 adult patients with HIV, TB or both, the frequency of any anxiety disorder was 30.8%, and the rates of generalized anxiety disorder were highest for the HIV group. Previous default from TB treatment was also statistically associated with symptoms of anxiety in our study. It is possible that these patients were afraid of the consequences of having abandoned treatment, and this thought is reflected in a higher prevalence of anxiety.
The study has certain limitations. One of the limitations of the study is that it is cross-sectional in design thus casual relationships cannot be inferred. In addition, we evaluated only TB patients and did not compare HRQL scores with a control group. We used the SF-36, and then we compared results to the Brazilian population norms, which could neutralize this limitation. However, the Brazilian norm scores (SF-36) were obtained from a dataset of general population, which can be biased because hospitalization itself and not TB can make patients' HRQL scores lower, and depression and anxiety scores higher. Comparisons between hospitalized TB patients and patients hospitalized with other diseases, and comparisons between hospitalized TB patients and TB patients treated only in outpatient clinics are needed to get reliable conclusions. In spite of these restrictions, knowing patients' HRQL is important to understand the well being of TB patients and to plan actions to improve their health outcomes. Also, the identification and prompt treatment of depression and anxiety in patients with TB may be helpful increasing treatment compliance and reducing relapse.
In conclusion, the present study shows that TB patients may have a poor HRQL. Additionally, we found a possible high prevalence of depression and anxiety in this population. Health care workers should be aware of these psychological disorders to enable a better management of these patients. The treatment of these comorbidities may be associated with better TB outcomes.
Acknowledgments
We would like to acknowledge the support from the International Clinical Operational Health Services Research Training Award (ICOHRTA/Fogarty International Center/National Institutes for Health-NIH) and Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health). Funding source: FIPE-HCPA (Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa – Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre).
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary material can be found in the journal homepage (http://www.e-trd/org).
Supplementary Table S1. Descriptive measures of the standardized scores for the eight domains of the 36-item Short Form and for the two summary measures (physical and mental component) of the Brazilian male population by age groups.
Supplementary Table S2. Descriptive measures of the standardized scores for the eight domains of the 36-item Short Form and for the two summary measures (physical and mental component) of the Brazilian female population by age groups.
Descriptive measures of the standardized scores for the eight domains of the 36-item Short Form and for the two summary measures (physical and mental component) of the Brazilian male population by age groups
Descriptive measures of the standardized scores for the eight domains of the 36-item Short Form and for the two summary measures (physical and mental component) of the Brazilian female population by age groups
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Descriptive measures of the standardized scores for the eight domains of the 36-item Short Form and for the two summary measures (physical and mental component) of the Brazilian male population by age groups
Descriptive measures of the standardized scores for the eight domains of the 36-item Short Form and for the two summary measures (physical and mental component) of the Brazilian female population by age groups