Abstract
Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-flagellated strain that belongs to the family Flammeovirgaceae of the class Cytophagia. The strain was isolated from the intestine of abalone, which produces many extracellular agarases and exhibits efficient degradation activities on various polysaccharides, especially agarose. Here we present the high-quality draft genome of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92, together with its phenotypic characteristics. The genome sequence is 8, 534, 834 bp, which comprised with one chromosome and no plasmid. It contained 6, 291 protein-coding and 99 RNA genes, including 93 tRNA, 5 rRNA and 1 ncRNA genes.
Keywords: Flammeovirga, Genome, High agarase-producing
Introduction
Flammeovirga is one of genera belonging to the family Flammeovirgaceae of the class Cytophagia. There are five species have been reported in this genus, including F. aprica [1], F. arenaria , F. yaeyamensis [2], F. kamogawensis [3] and F. pacifica [4]. They are all marine bacterium and have a potent ability to degrade marine complex polysaccharides, such as agar, carrageenan [3, 5–8]. Among them, only two draft genome sequences have been published [9], namely Flammeovirga sp. OC4 (NZ_JTAM01000001.1) [5] and F. pacifica WPAGA1T (=CCTCC AB 2010364T=LMG 26175T=DSM 24597T=MCCC 1A06425T) [7].
Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 with high-producing agarase was isolated and identified from the intestine of abalone in Xiamen, China. It is closely related with Flammeovirga sp. NBRC 100896 (AB681288.1) and shared 99% similarities of 16S rRNA. In order to provide more genome information of Flammeovirga species and realize the function of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 when degradingmarine complex polysaccharides, the genome of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 was sequenced. In this study, we summarized its genomic characteristics, as well as general phenotypic properties. Other species of Flammeovirga genus were also compared with Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 in both phenotypic and genomic aspects.
Organism information
Classification and features
Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 was isolated from the digestion guts of abalone with high agar-degrading ability, and deposited in China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC 10071). Based on the phylogenetic tree constructed with 16S rRNA, Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 is closely related with Flammeovirga sp. NBRC 100896 (AB681288.1) (Fig. 1). It is Gram-negative, curved-rods (0.75 μm wide and 11–13 μm long) after growth on 2216E plate for 3 days at 30 °C. It is aerobic and not motile without any flagella (Fig. 2). Also it is able to utilize a relatively wide spectrum of carbon substrates for growth, including agar, starch, carrageenan, L-fructose, Tween40, Tween80, galactose, lactose and so on, but it cannot utilize cellulose. Its growth temperature ranges from 15 to 40 °C with optimum between 25 and 30 °C. In addition, the optimum salinities for the growth of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 were 2 ~ 4% (Table 1). When compared with other Flammeovirga species, this strain is different from F. pacifica WPAGA1T [8] and F. aprica NBRC 15941 T [2] in catalase, urease and esterase lipase and in the utilization of starch, D-Mannitol, L-fructose, Tween40&80 and D-xylose, differences were also observed in growth temperature range (Table 2).
Fig. 1.
Phylogenetic tree highlighting the position of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 relative to other type and non-type strains with finished or non-contiguous finished genome sequences within the family Flammeovirga. Accession numbers of 16S rRNA gene sequences are indicated in brackets. Sequences were aligned using ClustalX [14] and a neighbor-joining tree obtained using the maximum-likelihood method within the MEGA version4.0 [20]. Numbers adjacent to the branches represent percentage bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates
Fig. 2.
Transmission electron micrograph of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92, using a JEM-100CX at an operating voltage of 120 KV. The scale bar represents 2 μm
Table 1.
Classification and general features of Flammeovirga sp.SJP92
| MIGS ID | Property | Term | Evidence Codea |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current classification | Domain Bacteria | TAS [21] | |
| Phylum Bacteroidetes | TAS [22] | ||
| Class Cytophagia | TAS [23, 24] | ||
| Order Cytophagales | TAS [25, 26] | ||
| Family Flammeovirgaceae | TAS [27] | ||
| Genus Flammeovirga | TAS [1] | ||
| Species Flammeovirga sp. | TAS [5, 7] | ||
| Strain SJP92 | IDA | ||
| Gram Stain | Negative | IDA | |
| Cell shape | Curved-rods | IDA | |
| Motility | None | IDA | |
| Sporulation | Non-sporulating | IDA | |
| Temperature range | 15 ~ 40 °C | IDA | |
| Optimum temperature | 25 ~ 30 °C | IDA | |
| pH range; Optimum | 5 ~ 9, 8 | IDA | |
| Carbon source | Agar, Starch, Carrageenan, D-galactose, L-fructose, Tween40&80 | IDA | |
| MIGS-6 | Habitat | Intestinal tract | IDA |
| MIGS-6.3 | Salinity | 0.5–8% NaCl (w/v) | IDA |
| MIGS-22 | Oxygen | Aerobic | IDA |
| MIGS-15 | Biotic relationship | Free-living | IDA |
| MIGS-14 | Pathogenicity | Unknown | NAS |
| MIGS-4 | Geographic location | Xamen city, China | IDA |
| MIGS-5 | Sample collection | October 2006 | IDA |
| MIGS-4.1 | Latitude | 24°26' | IDA |
| MIGS-4.2 | Longitude | 118°04' | IDA |
| MIGS-4.4 | Altitude | Sea level | IDA |
aEvidence codes: IDA Inferred from Direct Assay, TAS Traceable Author Statement (i.e., a direct report exists in the literature), NAS Non-traceable Author Statement (i.e., not directly observed for the living, isolated sample, but based on a generally accepted property for the species, or anecdotal evidence). These evidence codes are from the Gene Ontology project [28]. If the evidence code is IDA, then the property should have been directly observed for a live isolate by one of the authors, or an expert or reputable institution mentioned in the acknowledgement
Table 2.
Differential phenotypic characteristics between Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 and other Flammeovirga species
| Characteristic | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cell diameter (um) | 11 ~ 13 × 0.75 | 3.0 ~ 8.0 × 0.5 ~ 0.8 | 1.7 ~ 96 × 0.5 ~ 0.9 |
| Salinity/Optimum(w/v) | 0.5 ~ 8%/2 ~ 4% | 0–5%/3% | 1–5%/3% |
| Temperature range (°C) | 15 ~ 40 | 4–42 | 15–30 |
| Number of polar flagella | None | None | None |
| Production of | |||
| Agarase | + | + | + |
| Catalase | + | − | − |
| Oxidase | + | + | + |
| Esterase lipase | _ | ± | ± |
| Urease | + | − | − |
| β-Galactosidase | + | ± | ND |
| α-Galactosidase | + | + | ND |
| Nitrate reductase | + | + | + |
| Alkaline/Acid phosphatase | + | + | + |
| Carbon source | |||
| Gelatin | ND | − | − |
| Agar | + | + | + |
| Starch | + | − | − |
| Cellulose | − | − | − |
| D-galactose | + | + | + |
| D-Mannitol | − | ± | − |
| L-fructose | + | + | − |
| Tween40&80 | + | − | − |
| D-xylose | - | + | + |
| Geographic location | XiaMen, China | 157 °249′ 310″ E 19° 309′ 300″ N | Iriomote/Ishigaki Islands |
| Habitat | Intestinal tract | Deep-sea sediment | Seaweeds/coastal sands/dead leaves |
Strains: 1, Flammeovirga sp. SJP92; 2, F. pacifica WPAGA1T; 3, F. aprica NBRC15941T.+: positive result, −: negative result, ±:weak positive result, ND no data available
Genome sequencing information
Genome project history
This organism was initially selected for sequencing on the basis of its high agar-degrading ability. Sequencing of the Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 genome was performed at the Beijing Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Co., Ltd. The Whole Genome Shotgun project has been deposited at the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database under the accession number LQAQ00000000. The project information and its association with MIGS version 2.0 compliance were presented in Table 3 [9].
Table 3.
Genome sequencing project information for Flammeovirga sp. SJP92
| MIGS ID | Property | Term |
|---|---|---|
| MIGS-31 | Finishing quality | High-quality draft |
| MIGS-28 | Libraries used | 500 bp pair-end&5 kb mate-end libraries |
| MIGS-29 | Sequencing platforms | Illumina HiSeq2500, |
| MIGS-31.2 | Fold coverage | 215× |
| MIGS-30 | Assemblers | SOAPdenovo v.2.04 |
| MIGS-32 | Gene calling method | NCBI PGAP pipeline |
| Locus Tag | AVL50 | |
| GenBank ID | LQAQ00000000 | |
| GenBank Date of Release | March 9th, 2016 | |
| GOLD ID | NA | |
| BIOPROJECT | PRJNA306821 | |
| MIGS-13 | Source Material identifier | SJP92 |
| Project relevance | Agriculture, industry |
Growth conditions and genomic DNA preparation
Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 was incubated aerobically in the modified 2216E medium (2.2% NaCl, 0.365% MgCl2·6H2O, 0.729% MgSO4 · 7H2O, 0.03% CaCl2 · 2H2O, 0.05% KCl, 0.042% KH2PO4, 0.005% NaBr, 0.002% SrCl · 6H2O, 0.002% Fe (NH4) Citrate, 1.326% tryptone) supplied with 0.2% agar. After incubation at 32 °C, 200 rpm for 24 h, the bacteria was collected at 13000 rpm for 30–60 min at 4 °C. The CTAB/NaCl method [10] was used for the extraction of chromosomal DNA of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92.
Genome sequencing and assembly
The genome of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 was sequenced with MPS (massively parallel sequencing) Illumina technology. Three DNA libraries were constructed: a paired-end library with an insert size of 500 bp and two mate-pair libraries with an insert size of 5 kb. The 500 bp library and the 5 kb libraries were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq2500 by PE125 strategy. Library construction and sequencing was performed at the Beijing Novogene Bioinformatics Technology Co., Ltd. Quality control of both paired-end and mate-pair reads were performed using in-house program. The final coverage reached 215-folds of the genome. SOAPdenovo [11, 12] was used for sequence assembly, and the final assembly yielded 123 contigs which generated a genome of 8.53 Mb.
Genome annotation
The genes of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 was identified by NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline server online [13]. Functional predicted was performed by comparing them with sequences in RPS-BLAST against Clusters of Orthologous Groups database and pfam database [14–16]. SignalP was used to predict signal peptide [17], and transmembrane helice was analyzed by TMHMM program [18]. CRISPRFinder was used for CRISPR identification [19].
Genome properties
The Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 genome has only one circular chromosome of a total size of about 8, 534, 834 bp with a 34.80% GC content (containing 123 contigs, 44 scaffolds).6519 genes were predicted, of which 6291 genes were protein-coding genes. 2660 genes (40.8%) were assigned to putative function and annotated as hypothetical proteins. And 99 RNAs (including 93 tRNAs, 5 rRNAs and 1 ncRNA), 127 pseudo genes were also identified. The properties and the statistics of the genome were summarized in Table 4, and Table 5 presented the distribution of genes into COGs functional categories. 3752 genes (57.55%) were assigned to COG functional categories, the most abundant COG category was “General function prediction only” (561 proteins) followed by “Signal transduction mechanisms” (401 proteins), “Transcription” (382 proteins), “Function unknown” (350 proteins), “Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis” (347 proteins), “Inorganic ion transport and metabolism” (318 proteins), and “Carbohydrate transport and metabolism” (306 proteins).
Table 4.
Genome Statistics for Flammeovirga sp. SJP92
| Attribute | Value | % of Totala |
|---|---|---|
| Genome size (bp) | 8,534,834 | 100.0 |
| DNA coding (bp) | 7,309,656 | 85.64 |
| DNA G + C (bp) | 2,970,122 | 34.80 |
| DNA scaffolds | 44 | 100.00 |
| Total genes | 6519 | 100.00 |
| Protein-coding genes | 6291 | 96.5 |
| RNA genes | 99 | 1.52 |
| Pseudo genes | 127 | 1.95 |
| Genes in internal clusters | NA | NA |
| Genes with function prediction | 4240 | 65.04 |
| Genes assigned to COGs | 3752 | 57.55 |
| Genes assigned Pfam domains | 3964 | 60.81 |
| Genes with signal peptides | 1658 | 25.43 |
| Genes with transmembrane helices | 1510 | 23.16 |
| CRISPR repeats | 1 | 0.01 |
aThe total is based on either the size of the genome in base pairs or on the total number of protein coding genes in the annotated genome
NA not available
Table 5.
Number of protein coding gene of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 associated with COG functional categories
| Code | value | % age | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| J | 178 | 2.83 | Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis |
| A | 0 | 0 | RNA processing and modification |
| K | 382 | 6.07 | Transcription |
| L | 199 | 3.16 | Replication, recombination and repair |
| B | 2 | 0.03 | Chromatin structure and dynamics |
| D | 47 | 0.75 | Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning |
| V | 90 | 1.43 | Defense mechanisms |
| T | 401 | 6.37 | Signal transduction mechanisms |
| M | 347 | 5.51 | Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis |
| N | 34 | 0.54 | Cell motility |
| U | 80 | 1.27 | Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport |
| O | 158 | 2.51 | Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones |
| C | 215 | 3.42 | Energy production and conversion |
| G | 306 | 4.8 | Carbohydrate transport and metabolism |
| E | 269 | 4.23 | Amino acid transport and metabolism |
| F | 86 | 1.37 | Nucleotide transport and metabolism |
| H | 193 | 3.06 | Coenzyme transport and metabolism |
| I | 147 | 2.34 | Lipid transport and metabolism |
| P | 318 | 5.05 | Inorganic ion transport and metabolism |
| Q | 93 | 1.48 | Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism |
| R | 561 | 8.92 | General function prediction only |
| S | 350 | 5.56 | Function unknown |
| - | 2539 | 40.35 | Not in COGs |
Insights from the genome sequence
Until now, only two genome sequences of the strain F. pacifica WPAGA1T and Flammeovirga sp. OC4 were available within the genus Flammeovirga . Here, a whole genome comparison with these three strains have been done (Table 6). The genome of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 is nearly 2 Mb bigger in size than F. pacifica WPAGA1T, but almost the same as Flammeovirga sp. OC4. The G + C content of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 (34.8%) is slightly different with F. pacifica WPAGA1T (33.8%) and Flammeovirga sp. OC4 (34.9%). The gene number of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 is different from these two strains (6, 519 & 4, 857 & 5, 898).
Table 6.
Comparison of genomes with Flammeovirga sp. SJP92, F. pacifica WPAGA1T and Flammeovirga sp. OC4
| Genome Name | Flammeovirga sp.SJP92 | F. pacifica WPAGA1T | Flammeovirga sp.OC4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Genome size (bp) | 8, 534, 834 | 6, 507, 364 | 8, 065, 497 |
| Gene count | 6, 519 | 4, 857 | 5, 898 |
| Protein coding | 6, 291 | 4, 739 | 5, 759 |
| Protein with function | 4, 240 | 4, 708 | 5, 596 |
| Plasmid number | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| rRNA | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| tRNA | 93 | 68 | 67 |
| GC% | 34.8 | 33.8 | 34.9 |
| Contigs | 123 | 131 | 214 |
| CRISPR repeats | 1 | NA | 5 |
| Genes of agarase | 13 | 10 | 5 |
Annotation of the genome indicated that this strain possessed many agarase (14 agarases at least), which was coincident with its high agar-degrading ability. Many sulfatases were also predicted and sequence alignment of proteins indicated that these sulfatases were novel. It is an aerobic strain and the existence of genes encoding superoxide dismutase and catalase were consistent with this phenotype. Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 contained many genes related to the metabolism and transport of amino acids. Also, metabolic pathway analysis and Biolog GN2 experiments illustrated that this strain could utilize many amino acids. These evidences may reflect its ability to grow by using proteinaceous media as the carbon and energy source.
Conclusions
Flammeovirga sp. SJP92 is another strain with the genome sequence of the genus Flammeovirga together with F. pacifica WPAGA1T and Flammeovirga sp. OC4. It is an agar-degrading bacterium with efficient agarose liquefying ability and had an extracellular agarase system containing 14 agarases at least. These genomic data will provide insights into the mechanisms of how these agarases cooperation to degrade agar or other polysaccharide.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Marine Scientific Research Foundation for Public Sector Program (No. 201105027).
Authors’ contributions
LR conceived and supervised the study. QD performed the laboratory work and performed all the bioinformatics analysis with the help of HS. QD and HS drafted the manuscript and Lingwei Ruan revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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