Abstract
Introduction
The study was conducted to determine the challenges and suggest solutions to conducting free cervical cancer screening among Nigerian women.
Methods
Awareness was created among women groups and mass media in Osun State for women to undergo free cervical cancer screening programme. Consenting women had their socio-demographic characteristics, awareness and uptake of HPV vaccine documented and papanicolaou smear procedure done with adequate referral for treatment given where necessary.
Results
A total of 287 women had cervical cancer screening. Mean (SD) age was 51.6 (14.3) years. Most participants were urban based (87.1%), married (63.1%), had secondary education (39%) and were traders (79.1%). None of the women were aware of the preventive HPV vaccine or had been vaccinated against HPV. About 6% were pre-invasive while 0.7% had invasive cervical cancer. The highest proportions of respondents affected were young, married and had lower education. Challenges identified included poor attendance, low risk perception and logistic issues.
Conclusion
Most participants were urban based. There is need to decentralize cancer of cervix screening through mobile clinics and establishment of screening centres in the rural areas. Neighbour to neighbour sensitization is essential. Also, HPV vaccine should be available and affordable to all girls before sexual maturity.
Keywords: Free screening, cervical cancer, women, HPV vaccine, challenges, lesion learnt
Introduction
Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri which is a female reproductive organ that forms the lower portion of the uterus or womb [1–3] The cervix forms the part of the birth canal that opens to the vagina [1, 2]. It is a major public health problem throughout the world [3]. It is the commonest gynaecological cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death after breast cancer worldwide [3]. The World Health organization (WHO) estimates that cancer of cervix is responsible for up to 35% of adult female death [4]. Cervical cancer remains the commonest malignancy in Nigeria. About 370-500,000 cases are newly diagnosed annually with most cases occurring in developing countries [3]. In Nigeria, most cervical cancer cases is diagnosed in the advanced stages where only palliative care can be given to the affected patient [3]. Various studies on cervical cancer screening uptake among university students, market women and female health workers reported that though awareness about this deadly disease was high, uptake of screening had been abysmally low [5–7]. The management of the Osun State Ministry of Health with the support of the State government organized free cervical cancer screening for all women at the State Specialist Hospital, Osogbo. This study documents findings among recipients who were screened during the program.
Methods
Osun state located in Southwest Nigeria; consist predominantly of the Yoruba ethnic group. Its population by 2006 census was 3,416,959 with women constituting half of this estimate. This prospective study of women resident in the state that attended the cervical cancer screening program sponsored by the State government and other non governmental organisations with the aim of increasing awareness about the deadly cancer and ensuring its early screening and detection. Awareness was created among women through various women groups and the State mass media about the free cervical cancer screening. These women were attended to by physicians, gynecologists and other health workers after their written consent was taken. Each participant's sociodemographic characteristics, clinical and gynecological history, awareness and uptake of HPV vaccine were documented. They were examined and had papanicolaou smear with colposcopy. Clients with positive papanicolaou smear or suspected cervical cancer were referred for definitive management. Information obtained was entered into SPSS version 16. Data analyzed with frequency for categorical variables, mean and standard deviation for continuous variables. Chi-square statistics was used to measure associations with p value <0.05 accepted as significant. Ethical consideration included taking written consent from participants and taking permission from the State Ministry of Health. Confidentiality was maintained with data collected kept in a password protected computer. Ethical approval was obtained from the State Ministry of Health Ethics and Research Committee.
Results
A total of 287 women were screened. Mean (SD) age was 51.6 (14.3) years with majority (48.1%) in the 45-64 age group. Most participants were urban based (87.1%), married (63.1%), and had secondary education (39%). The majority of the participants were traders (79.1%) and farmers (19.9 %). Most were in monogamous relationship (71.1%) (Table 1). None of the women were aware of the preventive HPV vaccine or had been vaccinated against HPV. Only 3% have had previous cervical cancer screening. Table 2 reported the prevalence of cervical cancer among participants. Seventeen (6%) were diagnosed with pre-invasive cervical cancer while 2 (0.7%) participants had invasive cervical cancer. Table 3 reported the relationship between socio demographic variables and cervical cancer screening result among participants. The highest proportions of respondents affected were young, had lower education and were married. Challenges identified included poor attendance, low risk perception and logistic issues.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Frequency (N=287) | % |
|---|---|---|
| Age group (years) | ||
| 21-44 | 84 | 29.3 |
| 45-64 | 138 | 48.1 |
| 65 and above | 65 | 22.6 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 18 | 6.3 |
| Married | 181 | 63.1 |
| Divorced | 21 | 7.3 |
| Widow | 67 | 23.3 |
| Level of education | ||
| None | 65 | 22.6 |
| Primary | 53 | 18.5 |
| Secondary | 112 | 39.0 |
| Tertiary | 57 | 19.9 |
| Religion | ||
| Christianity | 133 | 46.3 |
| Islam | 154 | 53.7 |
| Occupation | ||
| Unemployed | 3 | 1.0 |
| Trading | 227 | 79.1 |
| Farming | 57 | 19.9 |
| Place of abode | ||
| Urban | 250 | 87.1 |
| Rural | 37 | 12.9 |
Table 2.
Result of cervical screening among participants
| Variable | Frequency (N=287) | % |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-invasive | 17 | 6.0 |
| Invasive | 2 | 0.7 |
| Normal | 268 | 93.3 |
Table 3.
Relationship between sociodemographic variables and cervical screening result among participants
| Variable | Papanicolaou smear result | p-value+ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive(%) n=19 | Negative(%) n=268 | ||
| Age group (years) | |||
| 21-44 | 8 (9.5) | 76 (90.5) |
0.203 |
| ≥45 | 11 (5.4) | 192 (94.6) | |
| Education | |||
| None/primary | 10 (8.5) | 108 (91.5) |
0.291 |
| Secondary/tertiary | 9 (5.3) | 160 (94.7) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 14 (7.7) | 167 (92.3) |
0.321 |
| Single/divorced/widow | 5 (4.7) | 101 (95.3) | |
Pearson’s chi-square
Discussion
This study reported the outcome of a free cervical cancer screening among Nigerian women. It showed that uptake of cervical cancer screening was low since most women did not come for the program despite the public sensitization. Various studies had reported such attitude among women [8–10]. Possible reasons for staying away could be ineffective awareness creation, socioeconomic as well as not realizing the importance of this program.
Most women that attended were urban based. Public transport could have been provided at strategic places especially for women resident in rural areas to convey these women from their place of abode to the hospital. Moreover the screening could be decentralized and community based to encourage these women to attend. Also mobile screening could be done. In addition, incentive such as food could be provided to encourage attendance. Also some women may not be aware of the program hence there might be need to do more neighbour to neighbour sensitization for such program in future. Also, it is necessary to target religious leaders, other opinion leaders, their spouses and other decision makers in future programs.
This study showed that all age group above 18 years were affected. This agreed with findings in previous studies [3, 5, 6]. This had been shown to be due to exposure to prevalent risk factors to developing cervical cancer. Also, none of the women were aware of the preventive HPV vaccine. This showed that awareness should be created in females before onset of sexual intercourse to take the HPV vaccine to prevent development of cervical cancer. Studies had proven that some strains of HPV causes cervical cancer and that the vaccine protects if given to young girls before sexual debut [2, 10]. Emphasis should be placed on availability and affordability of this vaccine to all girls before sexual maturity. About 6% of the participants had pre-invasive cervical cancer while 0.7% had invasive cervical cancer. Although this is low compared with previous studies [1, 2]. It nevertheless confirmed that cervical cancer is a health problem among the study population that must be curbed.
A limitation of this study is that the study population is a convenience sample of women residents who attended the cervical cancer screening program hence it will be difficult to generalize its findings to all women in the state. Hence a state wide screening program is encouraged to determine the true prevalence of this deadly condition. A cervical cancer registry should be established in the state to document the burden of the disease.
Conclusion
In conclusion, cervical cancer is a problem that must be curbed. Most participants that attended were urban based hence need to decentralize cervical cancer screening through mobile clinics and establishment of screening centres in the rural areas. Neighbour to neighbour sensitization on cervical cancer screening is essential. Also, HPV vaccine should be available and affordable to all girls before sexual maturity.
What is known about this topic
Cervical cancer is a common killer of women;
Routine screening ensure early diagnosis and treatment.
What this study adds
Cervical cancer was reported among the participants;
It is essential to extend affordable cervical cancer screening to all women through integrating routine and mobile screening at all community health care centres; Also there is need for neighbour to neighbour sensitization on need to prevent cervical cancer through routine papanicolaou smear at all health centres in the state and targeted community screening;
HPV vaccine should be available and affordable to all girls before sexual maturity.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the women who participated in this study and the entire staff of Department of Preventive Medicine, State Specialist Hospital, Osogbo for their support and cooperation during the study period.
Competing interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interests with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Authors’ contributions
AEG and OSA made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study while all the authors were involved in data collection, analysis and interpretation. All authors were involved in writing the manuscript and approved the final copy.
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