Mortality and Causes of Death in Patients with Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis: Survey Study Based on the Clinical Experience of Specialists in Australia, Europe and the USA

Abstract

Background: There is a paucity of data on mortality and causes of death (CoDs) in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), a rare, progressive, degenerative, inflammatory myopathy that typically affects those aged over 50 years.

Objective: Based on patient records and expertise of clinical specialists, this study used questionnaires to evaluate physicians’ views on clinical characteristics of sIBM that may impact on premature mortality and CoDs in these patients.

Methods: Thirteen physicians from seven countries completed two questionnaires online between December 20, 2012 and January 15, 2013. Responses to the first questionnaire were collated and presented in the second questionnaire to seek elaboration and identify consensus.

Results: All 13 physicians completed both questionnaires, providing responses based on 585 living and 149 deceased patients under their care. Patients were reported to have experienced dysphagia (60.2%) and injurious falls (44.3%) during their disease. Over half of physicians reported that a subset of their patients with sIBM had a shortened lifespan (8/13), and agreed that bulbar dysfunction/dysphagia/oropharyngeal involvement (12/13), early-onset disease (8/13), severe symptoms (8/13), and falls (7/13) impacted lifespan. Factors related to sIBM were reported as CoDs in 40% of deceased patients. Oropharyngeal muscle dysfunction was ranked as the leading feature of sIBM that could contribute to death. The risk of premature mortality was higher than the age-matched comparison population.

Conclusions: In the absence of data from traditional sources, this study suggests that features of sIBM may contribute to premature mortality and may be used to inform future studies.

INTRODUCTION

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), also called, inclusion body myositis (IBM), is a progressive, degenerative inflammatory myopathy characterized by slowly progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles of the limbs, face and pharynx [1]. This chronic, debilitating condition affects more men than women (3:1 ratio) [2, 3], and in most cases the onset of symptoms occurs after the age of 50 years [3– 5]. In the USA and Europe, sIBM is categorized as an orphan condition; nevertheless, sIBM is the most common myopathy in those aged over 50 years [6– 8]. The existing literature reports a general population prevalence of 1.1 per million in Turkey [9], 4.9 per million in the Netherlands [10], 9.8 per million in Japan [11], 10.7 per million in the USA [4], 14.9 per million in Western Australia [12], 33 per million in Norway [13] and 50.5 per million in South Australia [14]. It is possible, however, that these figures are underestimates, due to incomplete case ascertainment, misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis of sIBM [15]. Consistent with this possibility, prevalence estimates have increased over time in follow-up studies [12, 14, 16], which may reflect improved disease awareness and diagnoses.

Based on the available literature, the most common presenting symptoms of sIBM, reported in over 35% of patients, are falls and difficulty standing [1, 12, 15]. In a small proportion of patients, the presentation includes difficulties in performing certain tasks (e.g. gripping, climbing stairs) [1, 15, 17]. As the disease progresses, patients continue to lose muscle strength at a rate of 3.5– 16.8% per year [4, 18– 20]; several years after disease onset, most patients require assistance with daily activities, as well as needing ambulatory aids such as a cane, walker or wheelchair [1, 4, 19, 21]. Weakening or dysfunction of the pharyngeal and esophageal muscles can lead to dysphagia (difficulty with swallowing), which is experienced by 40– 80% of patients during the course of sIBM, and can result in choking, weight loss, aspiration and pneumonia [1, 5, 19, 20, 22– 25]. Currently, there is no approved effective pharmacological treatment for sIBM; physiotherapy, prescribed by most physicians who care for these patients, has been shown to be of some help [26], and some receive local treatment for severe dysphagia [27], as well as general supportive care to manage their symptoms [20].

Few published studies have reported on the natural history of sIBM [4, 18– 20, 28– 30] or on mortality and causes of death (CoD) associated with the disease [19, 20]. In both of the studies investigating mortality in patients with sIBM, no significant impact on lifespan compared with the general population was reported [19, 20]. Furthermore, in a Dutch study comparing patients with sIBM with the age-matched general population, diseases of the respiratory system (41.3% of patients with sIBM versus 11.5% of the general population), and specifically pneumonia (28.3% versus 4.4%), as well as cachexia (severe wasting with loss of weight and muscle mass,6.5% versus 0.1%), were identified as leading CoDs in individuals in the 80– 85 years age category [19]. While these studies provide insights into the clinical course of sIBM, the conclusions that can be drawn are limited by their small sample sizes and short follow-up times. The paucity of data on the potential impact of sIBM on premature mortality may reflect the challenges of obtaining data on sIBM and other rare diseases from traditional data sources. We therefore conducted a survey to evaluate the views of physicians who are treating or have treated patients with sIBM (based on their clinical experience and patient records) in order to assess the contribution of this condition to premature mortality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest evaluation of patients with sIBM using this methodology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study used questionnaires to assess the views of physicians on the risk of premature mortality and CoDs in patients with sIBM, based on their clinical experience and patient records. The study was carried out using a method similar to the Delphi panel technique, which uses iterative rounds of questionnaires to gather relevant data, along with the opinions of experts which are subsequently presented to the respondents to seek consensus [31]. On December 18, 2012, this study was declared exempt from review by the Research Triangle International Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, owing to the fact that no information that would allow the identification of any patient was ever provided to the study team or the study sponsor by the respondents.

A group of physicians were initially contacted to request their participation in the present survey study. Of those invited, 13 expert physicians (neurologist and/or neuromuscular specialist, n = 10; rheumatologist, n = 2; systemic disease specialist, n = 1) from seven countries (Australia, France, Germany,Netherlands, Sweden, UK and USA) who had at least 5 years of experience and were actively treating patients with sIBM responded. The participating physicians were sent a preliminary questionnaire that they did not need to respond to but that invited them to evaluate the medical records of their patients, whom they had diagnosed with sIBM. This was followed by a two-stage questionnaire, for which physicians could use the information that they had gathered during the preliminary questionnaire and did not need to refer to their patient medical records, other than to confirm numbers, where applicable (Supplement, Tables 1–3). The questions were designed to capture summary-level patient data from physicians and their views on premature mortality and CoDs among patients with sIBM, based on their overall clinical experience. The questionnaires were completed online, with physicians able to respond anonymously, at their convenience, within a specified period (December 20– 30, 2012 for round 1; January 7– 15, 2013 for round 2). The first questionnaire consisted of 20 questions (Supplement, Table 2) and the second questionnaire consisted of 17 questions (Supplement, Table 3). Between rounds 1 and 2 of the process, physician responses were anonymized before being analyzed, collated and summarized; no formal coding or thematic analyses were undertaken. In order to seek consensus, selected collated responses from round 1, which reflected the views of at least half of the participating physicians, were then presented in round 2. This semi-iterative process was to determine whether the physicians would elaborate on their responses based on information their colleagues had provided. Unique or rare responses from round 1 were not presented in round 2 of the questionnaire.

Responses to the questionnaires were collected as counts or free-text answers. Quantitative data were assessed to calculate means, frequencies and/or standard deviations; for ranking questions, mean scores were calculated and used to rank the relevant features. Qualitative data were assessed by two analysts who independently summarized responses from all participating physicians; the data were compared and any minor discrepancies in qualitative summaries were resolved in order to harmonize the results. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated as the number of deceased patients with sIBM from this dataset divided by the number of deaths that would be expected if the population had the same age-specific mortality as the external comparison population (US general population, based on the 2010 census).

RESULTS

Patient cohorts

All 13 physicians completed the questionnaires. Between rounds 1 and 2 of the questionnaire, physicians may have elaborated on their responses, but no physicians changed their response. The responses received were based on 734 patients who had been under the care of the physicians (Table 1). Over one-third of patients were from the USA (n = 298, 40.6%) and over one-quarter were from France (n = 198, 27.0%).

Table 1.

Number of patients under the care of the physicians in each country

Country	Total number of	Number of living	Number of deceased
	patients, n (%)	patients, n (%)	patients, n (%)
	(N = 734)	(n = 585)	(n = 149)
Australia (3 physicians)	94 (12.8)	79 (13.5)	15 (10.1)
France (1 physician)	198 (27.0)	187 (32.0)	11 (7.4)
Germany (1 physician)	35 (4.8)	35 (6.0)	0 (0.0)
Netherlands (1 physician)	19 (2.6)	12 (2.1)	7 (4.7)
Sweden (1 physician)	21 (2.9)	18 (3.1)	3 (2.0)
UK (1 physician)	69 (9.4)	45 (7.7)	24 (16.1)
USA (5 physicians)	298 (40.6)	209 (35.7)	89 (59.7)

At the time of completing the questionnaire, 585 patients were living and 149 were deceased. Table 2 summarizes the age ranges of living and deceased patients with sIBM who were under the care of the 13 physicians. The majority of living patients were aged 61– 80 years (61– 70 years, 34.5% ; 71– 80 years, 34.9%) and the majority of deceased patients were over 61 years of age (61– 70 years, 22.8% ;71– 80 years, 36.9% ; >80 years, 24.8%).

Table 2.

Age ranges of living and deceased patients under the care of 13 physicians from seven countries

Age range	Number of living	Number of deceased
	patients	patients
	(N = 585)	(N = 149)
<40 years	2	0
41– 50 years	19	4
51– 60 years	80	19
61– 70 years	202	34
71– 80 years	204	55
>80 years	78	37

Typical clinical characteristics of patients with sIBM

The typical clinical characteristics of patients with sIBM, based on the experience of the physicians, are summarized in Table 3. The physicians estimated that a lower percentage of their patients had “fast-progressing sIBM” (12.7% ; defined as clinically significant deterioration in limb, bulbar or diaphragmatic strength over 4 months or less) than “slow-progressing sIBM” (77.3%). The mean reported time from diagnosis to using a cane was 3.9 years; the corresponding time to using a wheelchair was 10.5 years. However, additional information gathered from the free text responses indicated that several physicians found this question difficult to answer owing to the variability in disability levels at the point of sIBM diagnosis, which may be years after the onset of symptoms. Physicians reported that, on average, patients experienced symptoms for 4.5 years before a formal diagnosis was made. Of the patients who had progressed to the point of needing a full-time caregiver, physicians reported that the majority were using an unpaid caregiver (75.0%) rather than a professional caregiver or service (29.0%).

Table 3.

Typical clinical characteristics of patients with sIBM based on the experience of 13 physicians from seven countries

Characteristics
Type of sIBM, mean proportion of patients, % (range)
“Fast progressing”a	12.7 (0– 30)b
“Slow progressing”	77.3 (20– 100)
Time from diagnosis to using an ambulatory aid, mean, years
Cane	3.9
Walker	6.4
Regular wheelchair	10.5
Motorized wheelchair	12.8
Patients using a caregiverc, mean proportion of patients, %
Professional caregiver/service	29.0
Unpaid caregiverd	75.0
Clinical characteristics of sIBM that patients have experienced
over the course of illness, mean proportion of patients, % (range)
Dysphagia	60.2 (25– 90)
Injurious fallse	44.3 (10– 100)
Injuries typically sustained by the patients who have experienced
an injurious fall, number of physicians selecting
Broken arm or leg	10
Broken hip	9
Sprains	7
Bruises	12
Head trauma	8

^aDefined as clinically significant deterioration in limb, bulbar or diaphragmatic strength over 4 months or less. ^bThe range reported in the table for proportion of patients with “fast progressing” sIBM is based on the following responses: 0% of patients, 2 physicians; 5% of patients, 3 physicians; 10% of patients, 2 physicians; 20% of patients, 5 physicians; 30% of patients, 1 physician. ^cExpressed as the proportion of patients who have progressed to the point of needing a full-time caregiver. ^dUnpaid caregiver can include, but is not limited to, a spouse, child or family member. ^eFalls requiring medical attention. sIBM, sporadic inclusion bodymyositis.

More than half of the patients were reported to have experienced dysphagia (60.2%), a proportion of whom developed aspiration pneumonia (22.7%). Just fewer than half of the patients were reported to have experienced an injurious fall (44.3%). Physicians reported that the most common injury experienced by these patients was bruising (stated by 12/13 physicians), followed by broken arm or leg (10/13) and broken hip (9/13).

Features of sIBM that can impact on lifespan

Physicians were asked to comment on the impact of specific features of sIBM on lifespan. Twelve of the 13 physicians agreed that patients with bulbar dysfunction (abnormal swallowing and speech), dysphagia and oropharyngeal involvement had a shortened lifespan. Over half of the physicians also agreed that patients with early-onset sIBM (8/13) and younger patients with more severe symptoms (8/13) had a shortened lifespan, particularly among those patients who developed severe dysphagia and weakness leading to immobility. Approximately half of physicians agreed that falls may potentially shorten lifespan (7/13); additional information gathered from free text responses indicated that this was owing to the fact that falls compromised mobility, led to head injuries or had secondary consequences (e.g. sepsis), and were recognized as being more likely to lead to complications in older patients than in younger patients. Ten of the 13 physicians reported that patients with sIBM had a shortened lifespan compared with the general population, a majority of whom (8/10) thought this was only in a subset of patients, primarily those experiencing severe dysphagia.

Clinical characteristics and CoDs among deceased patients with sIBM

Among deceased patients who were under the care of physicians (n = 149), the mean age at diagnosis was reported to be 62.7 years (range: 60– 82 years), and patients had experienced symptoms for a mean of 4.5 years (4– 5 years) before diagnosis of sIBM. The mean time between diagnosis and death was 11.2 years (6– 20 years).

All CoDs in patients with sIBM (regardless of relationship with sIBM) were reported by physicians based on their clinical experience (Table 4). When physicians were asked to subdivide CoDs according to age group, aspiration and pneumonia were reported to have occurred in all age categories except the 41– 50 and 51– 60 years age categories (Supplement, Table 4). For approximately 40% of the deceased patients (n = 57), factors related to sIBM were considered to be either a primary CoD (death occurred owing to an event directly related to sIBM, n = 26) or a secondary CoD (death did not occur directly owing to sIBM but would probably not have occurred if the patient had not have had sIBM, e.g. dysphagia giving rise to aspiration and pneumonia, n = 31). However, in approximately 40% of deceased patients (n = 54), the CoD was not thought to be associated with factors related to sIBM. Physicians ranked features of sIBM that could have contributed to the death of the deceased patients who were under their care (Fig. 1) and reported the most common factor to be oropharyngeal muscle dysfunction. The most commonly reported end-of-life setting for deceased patients with sIBM was the home or a nursing home, whereas the least common setting was a rehabilitation center (Fig. 2).

Table 4.

All causes of death in patients with sIBM based on the experience of 13 physicians from seven countries

Cause of death
Respiratory complications (excluding aspiration pneumonia)
Complications arising from dysphagia (including aspiration pneumonia)
Complications arising from falls
Cardiovascular causes (MIa, chronic heart failure, stroke)
Cancers/malignancy (transitional cell carcinoma, colon cancer, male breast cancer, leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, prostate cancer, lung cancer)
Severe infection due to immunosuppression
Acute sepsis
Leg ulceration
Ulcerative colitis
Renal failure
Cerebrovascular event
Euthanasiab
Other systemic diseases
Old age
Unknown

^aThis abbreviation was not defined by the respondent. ^bReported by a practitioner in the Netherlands for one patient. Euthanasia is legal in the Netherlands, but only for patients experiencing unbearable suffering and when strict procedures are adhered to [19].

Fig.1.

Ranked features of sIBM that can contribute to death, based on the experience of 13 physicians from seven countries. Features presented for ranking were based on the physicians’ responses in round 1 of the questionnaire. Each physician was asked to score the features of sIBM shown above on the basis of contribution to death in the patients they were following (1 = most common, 5 = least common). Five physicians did not think features of sIBM contributed to death. Of those physicians who provided scores, mean scores were calculated and used to rank features. Physicians did not expand on which comorbidities associated with sIBM could contribute to death. sIBM, sporadic inclusion body myositis.

Fig.2.

Ranked end-of-life settings for patients with sIBM, based on the experience of 13 physicians from seven countries. Each physician was asked to score the end-of-life settings shown above (1 = most common, 5 = least common). Based on all the physicians’ responses, the mean score was calculated and used to rank the settings. sIBM, sporadic inclusion body myositis.

Risk of premature mortality in patients with sIBM

Based on this dataset, patients with sIBM who were aged 41 years and older had an approximately 7-fold higher risk of premature mortality than the age-matched external comparison population (SMR, 6.58; 95% CI, 5.6– 7.7). As expected, the risk of premature mortality in patients with sIBM decreased with increasing age, but was still approximately 5-fold higher than the age-matched external comparison population in patients over 70 years of age (SMR, 4.82; 95% CI, 3.9– 5.9).

DISCUSSION

This study, which used questionnaires, was designed to capture the clinical experience of 13 physicians based on their patient records and direct clinical contact with patients with sIBM (734 patients with sIBM in total). The questionnaires assessed clinical characteristics of sIBM that could contribute to premature mortality and CoDs in patients with sIBM, based on the responses of physicians in Australia, Europe and the USA. This analysis revealed that physicians are of the view that a large proportion of their patients experience comorbidities that could be attributed to sIBM and that features of sIBM may impact on the risk of premature mortality in 40% of their patients (n = 57).

The physicians in this study were asked to describe the typical clinical characteristics of their patients. Consistent with the description of sIBM as a slowly progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles, the majority of patients were categorized as having “slow-progressing sIBM” [1]. In this study, the time to using a cane or wheelchair was reported to be 3.9 and 10.5 years, respectively, which is shorter than that reported in other studies (walking stick, 11 years; wheelchair, 13– 16 years) [5, 19, 20]. This difference may be explained by the fact that the present study assessed time since diagnosis of sIBM, while other studies assessed time since symptom onset; it is well known that there can be a long period between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of sIBM (4.5 years in this study) [20, 22]. If we account for the average time that patients experienced symptoms before formal diagnosis, the time to using an ambulatory aid is similar between the present study and previously reported observations. The physicians reported that 60% of their patients had experienced dysphagia in the course of their illness, which is within the range reported by several other studies (20– 80%) [1, 5, 10, 19, 22– 24, 32]. Nearly half of the patients (44%) were also reported to have experienced injurious falls, which is lower than the proportion of patients reporting frequent falls in a study by Badrising et al. (73%) [5]. However, this may reflect differences in the patient populations or in the definition used to assess falls (the proportion of patients experiencing injurious falls versus the proportion of patients experiencing periods of frequent falls). Overall, the prevalence of clinical characteristics of sIBM reported for the population described in this study (e.g. dysphagia, falls) were generally within the range reported in other studies, supporting the present questionnaire-based methodology to assess CoDs and risk of premature mortality in patients with sIBM, for which there is a paucity of data.

The majority of the physicians in the present study reported that a subset of patients with sIBM had a shortened lifespan. Nearly all the physicians agreed that patients with bulbar dysfunction, dysphagia or oropharyngeal involvement, which are features of sIBM, impacted on lifespan. Furthermore, over half of the physicians agreed that younger patients experiencing severe symptoms and those with early disease onset had a shortened lifespan, particularly among patients who developed dysphagia or who had weakness leading to immobility. Over half of physicians also agreed that patients experiencing falls had a shortened lifespan, particularly older patients and cases where falls led to head injuries, secondary complications (e.g. sepsis) or immobility. Given that 40– 60% of patients experience dysphagia (a proportion of whom experience severe dysphagia) or injurious falls, the present study suggests that life-span may be affected in a large proportion of patients. In a recent study of Dutch patients with sIBM who died, lifespan was not reported to be shortened versus the Dutch general populations [19]. A similar finding was reported in a study of French and British patients (using the French general population as the reference population) [20]. The discrepancy between the current study and the Dutch and French/British studies may be due to differences in study design, patient populations, or the small sample sizes being investigated (n = 25– 46). Furthermore, Cox et al. and Benveniste et al. assessed lifespan in the entire sIBM population in their studies, and did not consider subsets of patients (e.g. those with severe symptoms) in whom lifespan may have been affectedby sIBM.

While sIBM is rarely considered a direct CoD, it is recognized that some deaths may be related to complications of the disease (e.g. pneumonia arising from dysphagia) [19, 20]. Indeed, in the present study, physicians considered factors related to sIBM to have contributed to the death of almost half of the deceased patients under their care, and the risk of premature mortality was 5– 7-fold higher in patients with sIBM than in the age-matched comparison population. The highest-ranked feature of sIBM considered to contribute to death was oropharyngeal muscle dysfunction, which can lead to dysphagia and subsequently aspiration and pneumonia [19, 20, 22]. Consistent with this, aspiration and pneumonia were reported as CoDs in the 61– 70 years, 71– 80 years and >80 years age categories, which contained almost 85% of the patients under the care of the physicians. Results on CoD in the present study are consistent with those of Cox et al., who reported that diseases of the respiratory system, including pneumonia and cachexia, all of which can arise from dysphagia, were leading CoDs in the sIBM cohort versus the general population in the 80– 85 years age category [19]. While these studies highlight leading CoDs in patients with sIBM, further studies are needed to more fully investigate CoDs in these patients, including estimates of their relative frequency.

To date, there is a paucity of information on mortality and CoD in patients with sIBM. This probably reflects the difficulty of capturing these data in patients with this rare disease. Until 2010, sIBM did not have an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code; therefore, traditional data sources (e.g. medical records) would have reported only conditions related to sIBM, rather than sIBM itself (as a diagnosis or CoD). Furthermore, owing to the protracted nature of sIBM, patients are likely to be treated by several different physicians, so retrospective studies of medical records would not necessarily provide a patient’s complete medical history. To overcome these issues, this study used questionnaires to assess the views of physicians based on their broad clinical experience and is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest assessment of patients with sIBM using this approach. The methodology ensured that all physicians had an equal voice to express their views and, using two iterations of enquiry, provided the opportunity to seek elaboration or identify consensus. The findings of this study provide important insights into the real-world views of physicians with different specialties in different countries on the burden of sIBM, and can be used to support and contextualize studies performed using traditional data sources. Future studies are needed to comprehensively assess potential risks of sIBM and further investigate complications that could arise from features of the disease, such as sleep disordered breathing as a result of oropharyngeal muscle dysfunction [33, 34] or injuries arising from falls.

There are a number of limitations of this study that may have introduced bias, such as the fact that the findings were based on information from 13 physicians from only seven countries, with variable clinical experience of sIBM. While the physicians were requested to assess patient clinical records before completing the questionnaires, physicians were not required to cross-check their responses against their clinical charts. The information reported may therefore have been influenced by impressions from their experience and recall bias, with a potential to have overestimated the frequency of severely affected patients. For those physicians following only a few patients with sIBM, or with limited number of years in practice, experience may not completely reflect the actual real-world situation. Furthermore, owing to the nature of data collection, some information may not have been captured. For example, severely affected patients with sIBM are more likely than those with mild or moderately affected disease to be lost at follow-up at tertiary centers owing to the difficulty of transporting them. However, to overcome these limitations, the methodology assessed the average views of the physicians and sought consensus among them, where appropriate, in part to gain a better understanding of the consistency of views between the physicians. Another limitation is that patients within a country may have moved between the recruited physicians over the course of their disease, and there is therefore a small but existing possibility that data for some patients may have been duplicated. However, this does not reduce the significance or impact of the findings, which were based on summary-level patient data and the general views of the physicians. Finally, the SMR data should be interpreted with caution owing to the large variation in patient mortality recorded by the participating physicians.

CONCLUSION

This study provides important insights into the clinical characteristics and CoDs in patients with sIBM. It suggests an increased risk of mortality in these patients relative to an age-matched comparison population, particularly in those with impaired swallowing and subsequent aspiration and pneumonia. The findings complement and contextualize what is already known in the field, as well as providing novel insights into the features of sIBM that physicians view as contributing to premature mortality. The lack of unanimity among physicians in their responses to some questions highlights the need for further prospective studies, preferably those that are population-based and have longitudinal follow-up, to confirm the findings of the present study. Nevertheless, these results highlight that there is a recognized need to manage the consequences of sIBM, primarily severe dysphagia, in order to reduce their potential contribution to premature mortality.

FUNDING

This study was funded by Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

MA Price and C DeMuro are employees of RTI Health Solutions. V Barghout is an employee of VEB HealthCare LLC. RTI Health Solutions and VEB HealthCare were paid by Novartis Pharma AG. O Benveniste received honoraria, research grants or reimbursements for travel from Genzyme, Shire, LFB Biopharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, Neovacs and Novartis. L Christopher-Stine is a site co-investigator for a Novartis-sponsored clinical trial, has received consulting fees from Novartis and has served as an advisory board member and/or has received consulting fees from Walgreen’s, Mallinckrodt, Idera and Medimmune/Astra Zeneca. M de Visser is a site co-investigator for a Novartis-sponsored clinical trial, has served as an advisory board member and/or has received consulting fees from Medimmune and Lilly. TE Lloyd is a site principal investigator for a Novartis-sponsored clinical trial and has received consulting fees from Novartis. IE Lundberg has received a research grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Astra Zeneca, has served on advisory boards of Novartis, aTyr Inc, Idera Inc and has stock shares in Pfizer Inc. M Needham has received honoraria or reimbursements for travel from Bayer, Biogen Idec and Novartis. J Schmidt received honoraria, research grants or reimbursements for travel from Bayer, Biogen, BioMarin, Biotest, CSL Behring, Grifols, Novartis, Octapharma and VitalAire. BS Tseng is a paid employee of Novartis Pharma Corporation. A Corbett, D Hilton-Jones, JT Kissel, F Mastaglia, T Mozaffar and K Sivakumar have no conflict of interest to report.

Appendix

The supplementary material is available in the electronic version of this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JND-150138.