LETTER
In prosthetic joint infection (PJI) cases (1), rapid detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) is the key to avoiding the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials such as vancomycin. Indeed, vancomycin use is associated with a risk of renal impairment, a lesser efficacy against methicillin-susceptible strains compared with beta-lactams (2), and a negative ecological impact. In these regards, the Xpert MRSA/SA SSTI assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) appears as a potentially useful tool. It enables the detection of the genetic support of methicillin resistance, the mecA gene, directly in intraoperative samples (IOS) in less than 1 h (3). In our center, the test has been routinely used for the last 4 years in order to stop the anti-MRS antibiotic early in those patients managed for PJI and having a negative result for the detection of the mecA gene in surgical samples. For each patient, three IOS were taken to perform both standard culture and molecular testing before any antimicrobial therapy. These three samples were also kept for prolonged culture (15 days) in Rosenow's enrichment broth (4, 5). The criteria for a microbiological infection were the same coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species related to the same antimicrobial pattern found in culture in at least two samples and/or an S. aureus strain found in culture in at least one sample. Methicillin susceptibility was assessed by using Vitek2 AST cards (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Oxacillin and cefoxitin results issued from the automated system were interpreted according to the Comité de l'antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie recommendations (http://www.sfm-microbiologie.org). A cefoxitin disk was also used in the case of a discrepancy.
Among the 213 consecutive patients studied (118 with hip, 82 with knee, and 13 with shoulder prostheses), culture was correlated with the molecular detection of MRS in 186 cases (87.3%). The overall sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 56, 93, 58, and 92%, respectively. Xpert failed to detect a resistant strain in 14 (6.6%) of 213 patients who were examined carefully owing to a high risk of clinical failure. Eight of these false-negative patients were positive for a single methicillin-resistant (MR) coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (MRCoNS) strain, in either standard or enriched medium, which could be considered contamination. The six remaining cases were positive by culture for an MRCoNS strain (patients 1 to 5) or MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) (patient 6) PJI (Table 1). Xpert failed to diagnose one patient (patient 1) because of late amplification (cycle threshold [CT], 39.1) interpreted as negative by the software. Two other patients (no. 3 and 5) had polymicrobial infections. Patients 2, 4, and 6 were infected with MRSE (MR Staphylococcus epidermidis) and MRSA small-colony variants, respectively. None of these false-negative patients had a microbiological relapse. In the light of these data, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV moved to 75, 93, 58, and 97%, respectively.
TABLE 1.
Characteristics of six patients negative for mecA detection
| Patient no., sex, and culture medium | Result (no. of days to positive culture) |
mecA detection (CT) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IOS 1 | IOS 2 | IOS 3 | ||
| 1, M | ||||
| Standard | MRSE (3) | Sterile | Sterile | Negative (39.1) |
| Enriched broth | MRSE (3) | MRSE (3) | MRSE (3) | |
| 2, F | ||||
| Standard | Sterile | Sterile | Sterile | Negative (0) |
| Enriched broth | MRSE (4) | MRSE (4) | Sterile | |
| 3, M | ||||
| Standard | MSa Staphylococcus pettenkoferi (4) | Sterile | MS Staphylococcus pettenkoferi + MR Staphylococcus capitis (4) | Negative (0) |
| Enriched broth | MR Staphylococcus hominis (2) | MS Staphylococcus caprae + MR Staphylococcus capitis (2) | MS Staphylococcus caprae + Bacillus simplex (2) | |
| 4, F | ||||
| Standard | Sterile | MRSE (5) | Sterile | Negative (0) |
| Enriched broth | Sterile | MRSE (5) | MRSE (6) | |
| 5, F | ||||
| Standard | Sterile | MRSE (2) | Lactobacillus rhamnosus (5) | Negative (0) |
| Enriched broth | Lactobacillus rhamnosus (3) | MRSE (2) | Lactobacillus rhamnosus (3) | |
| 6, M | ||||
| Standard | Sterile | Sterile | MRSA (4) | Negative (0) |
| Enriched broth | MRSA (5) | MRSA (6) | MRSA (4) | |
MS, methicillin susceptible.
Xpert is an easy-to-use PCR method that has been turned away from in favor of bone and joint infection diagnosis and rapid antimicrobial adjustment. High performance of the test was described in osteoarticular infections (3) and chronic PJI (5), but this was recently outweighed by poor sensitivity results (36%) in cases of MRCoNS infection (6). These points were examined here in an extended cohort of 213 patients. A focus on false-negative cases revealed different kinds of risk factors, such as (i) MRCoNS infections, (ii) a high CT value related to a low inoculum concentration, (iii) polymicrobial infections, and (iv) small-colony variant infections. Furthermore, a comparison of PCR and culture results was made, but culture remains an imperfect gold standard that must be interpreted according to the patient's medical history (e.g., 8/14 contaminations).
In conclusion, our results confirm the high NPV of Xpert, which makes it a useful tool in an attempt to reduce vancomycin use in PJI.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Philippe Choisy for technical assistance and P. R. Mecos for critically reading the manuscript.
E. Senneville is a speaker for Cepheid. All of the other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
REFERENCES
- 1.Zimmerli W, Trampuz A, Ochsner PE. 2004. Prosthetic-joint infections. N Engl J Med 351:1645–1654. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra040181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Kim SH, Kim KH, Kim HB, Kim NJ, Kim EC, Oh M, Choe KW. 2008. Outcome of vancomycin treatment in patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:192–197. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00700-07. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Dubouix-Bourandy A, de Ladoucette A, Pietri V, Mehdi N, Benzaquen D, Guinand R, Gandois JM. 2011. Direct detection of Staphylococcus osteoarticular infections by use of Xpert MRSA/SA SSTI real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol 49:4225–4230. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00334-11. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Senneville E, Savage C, Nallet I, Yazdanpanah Y, Giraud F, Migaud H, Dubreuil L, Courcol R, Mouton Y. 2006. Improved aero-anaerobe recovery from infected prosthetic joint samples taken from 72 patients and collected intraoperatively in Rosenow's broth. Acta Orthop 77:120–124. doi: 10.1080/17453670610045795. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Titécat M, Loïez C, Senneville E, Wallet F, Dezèque H, Legout L, Migaud H, Courcol RJ. 2012. Evaluation of rapid mecA gene detection versus standard culture in staphylococcal chronic prosthetic joint infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73:318–321. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.04.011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Lourtet-Hascoëtt J, Bicart-See A, Félicé MP, Giordano G, Bonnet E. 2015. Is Xpert MRSA/SA SSTI real-time PCR a reliable tool for fast detection of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in periprosthetic joint infections? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 83:59–62. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.04.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]