Abstract
Background
The aim of the study was to explore the prognostic impact of different abnormal blood tests and the tumor marker CA 15-3 as well as established parameters such as disease extent and receptor status in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer who received palliative radiotherapy in addition to contemporary systemic treatment.
Methods
This was a retrospective uni- and multivariate analysis of 118 female patients treated in the time period from 2007 to 2014 (median follow-up 28 months).
Results
The median age was 61 years and the median time interval from the initial diagnosis of breast cancer was 57 months (median time interval from metastatic disease to radiotherapy was 7 months). Only 16% of patients had normal serum CA 15-3. HER2 receptor status correlated with CA 15-3. The median survival was 17.6 months (lowest CA 15-3 quartile), 14.7 months (intermediate), and 6.9 months (highest quartile) (P = 0.002). However, multivariate analysis showed that survival was influenced by extent of extra-skeletal metastases, pleural metastases/effusion, lung metastases, estrogen receptor status, serum C-reactive protein, and anemia with need for blood transfusion (all P < 0.05) rather than CA 15-3.
Conclusions
Survival was highly variable. The tumor marker CA 15-3 did not provide independent prognostic information. Nevertheless, the results of simple blood tests contributed to the multivariate prognostic model.
Keywords: Biomarker, Bone metastases, Breast cancer, Prognostic factors, Radiotherapy
Introduction
Patients with metastatic breast cancer often have widespread disease, for example in the lungs, pleura, liver, lymph nodes and bones. Relatively few patients present with oligometastatic disease [1]. Use of palliative radiotherapy is common in patients with painful bone metastases, which represent a large group [2, 3]. While the chance of long-term survival is higher in patients with limited tumor burden and less aggressive histological type, substantial individual variation exists [4]. Performance status, organ function, biological disease characteristics and eligibility for effective local and systemic treatment are important prognostic and predictive factors [5]. Prognostic models might be helpful in pre-treatment assessment [6]. In this regard, the role of the tumor marker CA 15-3 has not been studied extensively. Therefore, we evaluated the survival and prognostic factors, including a panel of blood tests, in patients treated with palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases.
Methods
Patients and treatment
This retrospective intention-to-treat study included 118 consecutive female patients with bone metastases from histologically confirmed breast cancer who received palliative external beam radiotherapy at Nordland Hospital Bodo. All patients were treated between 2007 and 2014. Some presented with synchronous bone metastases at first cancer diagnosis, others with delayed or metachronous skeletal involvement. Systemic treatment was given according to the guidelines of the Norwegian Breast Cancer Group (NBCG), which are stratified by biological subtype and available online. Radionuclide treatment was not available.
Blood tests
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were part of routine laboratory and radiology assessment in patients with metastatic breast cancer. However, some patients had incomplete tests performed. Tumor marker analyses were performed at the discretion of the treating oncologist. The hospital’s electronic patient record system was used to collect all baseline data including laboratory analyses. The latter had to be no older than 2 weeks before the first fraction of radiotherapy, mirroring our previous study [6]. Elevated LDH was defined as ≥ 205 U/L according to the hospitals’ reference value (low albumin < 34 g/L; high ALP ≥ 105 U/L; normal CRP < 5 mg/L; low hemoglobin < 11.7 g/dL; blood transfusion was given if hemoglobin was < 10 g/dL). Normal CA 15-3 was defined as 0 - 25 kIE/L.
Statistical methods
Actuarial survival from the first day of radiotherapy was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Survival curves of different groups were compared with the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis consisted of Cox regression (backward conditional method). Associations between different variables of interest were assessed with the Chi-square or Fisher exact probability test (two-tailed). A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Twenty-five patients were alive at last follow-up (June 15, 2015). Surviving patients had a median follow-up of 28 months. This study did not require approval from the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REK Nord), because retrospective quality-of-care analyses are permitted without committee vote. All analyses were carried out according to our institutions’ guidelines and with permission to access the patients’ data.
Results
Patient characteristics
While 17 patients (15%) had no previous history of cancer, i.e. bone metastases at initial diagnosis or de novo stage IV disease, the vast majority developed metastases at later time points. The median age of our patients was 61 years (range 33 - 87 years). The median time interval from the initial diagnosis of breast cancer was 57 months (range 1 - 384 months) and the median time interval from metastatic disease to radiotherapy was 7 months (range 1 - 180 months). The patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. The most common fractionation regimen was 10 fractions of 3 Gy (55%) followed by 5 fractions of 4 Gy (24%). Fifty patients (42%) had spinal target volumes. Forty-two patients (36%) received simultaneous radiotherapy to two target volumes and 16 (14%) to at least three target volumes. All but one patient completed their prescribed course of radiotherapy.
Table 1. Patient Characteristics Before Radiotherapy (RT) and Survival Outcomes (n = 118).
| Parameter | n | % | Median survival, months | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estrogen receptor (ER) positive | 91 | 77 | 15.6 | |
| Estrogen receptor (ER) negative | 27 | 23 | 5.8 | 0.004 |
| HER2 positivea | 20 | 18 | 14.4 | |
| HER2 negativea | 90 | 82 | 12.4 | 0.65 |
| Triple negativea | 22 | 20 | 5.5 | |
| ER positive HER2 negativea | 68 | 62 | 15.5 | |
| ER negative HER2 positivea | 5 | 5 | 11.4 | |
| ER and HER2 positivea | 15 | 14 | 15.9 | 0.007b |
| Metastases at first diagnosisa | 17 | 15 | 6.9 | |
| Metachronous metastatic diseasea | 98 | 85 | 14.7 | 0.13 |
| Interval from metastatic disease to RT ≤ 1 montha | 32 | 28 | 17.6 | |
| Interval from metastatic disease to RT 2 - 6 monthsa | 24 | 21 | 13.9 | |
| Interval from metastatic disease to RT 7 - 12 monthsa | 14 | 12 | 7.5 | |
| Interval from metastatic disease to RT 13 - 59 monthsa | 35 | 30 | 9.0 | |
| Interval from metastatic disease to RT ≥ 60 monthsa | 10 | 9 | 9.0 | 0.02b |
| No extra-skeletal visceral metastases | 57 | 48 | 22.9 | |
| One site of visceral metastases, e.g. lung(s) | 43 | 36 | 8.2 | |
| More than one site of visceral metastases | 18 | 15 | 5.1 | 0.0001b |
| Liver metastases | 36 | 31 | 7.3 | 0.0001 |
| Lung metastases | 38 | 32 | 7.3 | 0.004 |
| Pleural metastases/effusion | 19 | 16 | 3.9 | 0.0001 |
| Brain metastases | 4 | 3 | 3.4 | 0.0001 |
| ECOG PS 0 | 32 | 27 | 27.3 | |
| ECOG PS 1 | 38 | 32 | 15.6 | |
| ECOG PS 2 | 32 | 27 | 10.3 | |
| ECOG PS 3 - 4 | 16 | 14 | 3.1 | 0.0001b |
| Received no previous RT | 26 | 22 | 14.9 | |
| One previous course | 51 | 43 | 16.9 | |
| At least two previous courses | 41 | 35 | 9.0 | 0.01b |
| Serum albumin normala | 94 | 84 | 15.5 | |
| Serum albumin lowa | 18 | 16 | 5.1 | 0.001 |
| Serum LDH normala | 45 | 45 | 27.0 | |
| Serum LDH higha | 56 | 55 | 6.9 | 0.0001 |
| Serum ALP normala | 47 | 45 | 21.1 | |
| Serum ALP higha | 58 | 55 | 9.0 | 0.0001 |
| Serum CRP normala | 55 | 50 | 22.9 | |
| Serum CRP high (≤ 30)a | 29 | 26 | 12.7 | |
| Serum CRP high (31 - 60)a | 13 | 12 | 5.8 | |
| Serum CRP high (> 60)a | 14 | 13 | 5.0 | 0.0001b |
| Hemoglobin normala | 80 | 71 | 15.9 | |
| Hemoglobin lowa | 33 | 29 | 8.2 | 0.004 |
| Received blood transfusion before RT | 9 | 8 | 9.0 | 0.01 |
| CA 15-3 normala | 14 | 16 | 36.2 | |
| CA 15-3 higha | 75 | 84 | 12.2 | 0.007 |
aInformation not available in all patients. bP-value calculated over all strata. ECOG PS: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; CRP: C-reactive protein.
Tumor marker analyses
CA 15-3 was analyzed in 89 patients (75%) and normal in 14 of these (16%). The median value was 61 kIE/L (range 9 - 30,000 and interquartile range (25-75%) 32.5 - 208). Patients with HER2 positive primary tumors had significantly higher likelihood of normal CA 15-3 (36% vs. 13% in HER2 negatives, P = 0.049). No significant correlation between patterns of metastatic disease, extra-skeletal disease extent or estrogen receptor status and CA 15-3 abnormality was observed. Figure 1 shows the correlation between CA 15-3 and survival (median 17.6 months, 14.7 months, and 6.9 months, P = 0.002).
Figure 1.
Actuarial Kaplan-Meier survival curves for 89 patients with bone metastases from breast cancer stratified by serum CA 15-3 level (median 17.6 for lowest quartile (< 32.5 kIE/L) versus 14.7 months for intermediate levels and 6.9 months for highest quartile (> 208 kIE/L), P = 0.002), log-rank test.
Overall survival
Median survival was 12.7 months and 22% of the patients were alive after 3 years. Median survival from initial diagnosis of metastatic disease was 20 months. As shown in Table 1, a large number of patient and disease characteristics were associated with survival after radiotherapy. These included for example breast cancer type, patterns of metastatic disease, CA 15-3, LDH, albumin, CRP, hemoglobin and ALP, but not age or radiotherapy-related factors. All parameters with significant P-value were included in a multivariate regression analysis, which confirmed six independent prognostic factors: absence or limited extent of extra-skeletal metastases (P = 0.0001), no pleural metastases/effusion (P = 0.0001), CRP < 5 mg/L (P = 0.0001), positive estrogen receptor (P = 0.001), no lung metastases (P = 0.001), and no need for blood transfusion (P = 0.048).
Discussion
Bone metastases from breast cancer are a common clinical challenge for oncologists worldwide [1, 5]. Jensen et al estimated the overall and annual incidence of skeletal metastases and related events (SREs) in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients in Denmark from 1999 to 2007 using the Danish National Patient Registry [7]. Of the 35,912 patients with breast cancer, 178 (0.5%) presented with skeletal involvement at the time of initial cancer diagnosis, and of these, 43% developed an SRE during follow-up. The term SRE relates to pathological fractures, orthopedic surgery, spinal cord compression and utilization of radiotherapy. A total of 1,272 of 35,690 (3.6%) patients without distant disease at first diagnosis developed skeletal metastases during a median follow-up time of 3.4 years. Among these patients, 46% subsequently developed an SRE. The 5-year survival rate of patients with bone metastases was 8% [8].
Given that survival is highly variable, prognostic models are necessary to inform choice of treatment and counsel patients. As a result of previous research [6], we were interested in serum biomarkers, in particular the tumor marker CA 15-3. In previous studies that included multivariate models, elevated CA 15-3 before surgery was significantly associated with tumor size, axillary node involvement and advanced stage [9, 10]. Moreover, in stage-matched analyses prognosis of patients with elevated serum CA 15-3 was worse compared to those with normal value. Further studies demonstrated that serial postoperative surveillance of CA 15-3 values during follow-up may be useful for early detection of recurrent breast cancer [11-13].
In a retrospective study, Geng et al analyzed the association of serum CA 15-3 levels with clinicopathological parameters in women with metastatic breast cancer and determined whether the elevation of the tumor marker was correlated with metastatic sites [14]. In their study, 136 patients had only one metastatic site and 148 patients had involvement of several sites. Sixty-seven percent of patients with several sites of disease had an increased CA 15-3 level. This figure was significantly higher than the 47% reported in women with a single metastasis (P = 0.001). In a different study, increased CA 15-3 levels were found more frequently in patients with liver metastases and in those with pleural effusion [15]. Whereas Yerushalmi and coworkers did not identify significant differences in CA 15-3 levels between different sites of metastasis [16], Al-Jarallah et al reported that the highest proportions of pathologically elevated CA 15-3 levels were detected in women with bone metastases [17]. In our study, the only clinicopathological parameter associated with elevated CA 15-3 levels was HER2 receptor status. Our study shares limitations with previous ones, e.g. the retrospective study design. Because only 89 patients had their tumor marker analyzed, many subgroups were relatively small and therefore the statistical power was not optimal.
A typical patient in our study was a postmenopausal woman with estrogen receptor positive and HER2 negative disease who developed metachronous metastases (Table 1). According to the national guidelines, such patients receive zoledronic acid and several lines of sequential hormonal and cytotoxic therapy, depending on visceral tumor load, response to previous therapy and other parameters. We found a large number of patient and disease characteristics to be associated with survival after radiotherapy. These included for example breast cancer type (shortest survival for triple negative status, median 5.5 months), patterns of metastatic disease (longest survival for bone only disease, median 22.9 months), CA 15-3, LDH, albumin, hemoglobin, CRP and ALP, but not age. However, only six independent prognostic factors were confirmed by multivariate analysis: presence of extra-skeletal metastases together with number of involved sites, pleural metastases/effusion, lung metastases, elevated CRP, negative estrogen receptor, and anemia with need for blood transfusion. Interestingly, performance status was less important than patterns of metastases and the other factors just mentioned. A potential explanation might be that poor performance status resulting from bone pain often improves rapidly after radiotherapy. The impact of hormone receptor status is well known from the literature [1, 4, 5]. Just like LDH, ALP and albumin, increased CA 15-3 was not significant in our multivariate analysis.
In contrast, Turanli et al found CA 15-3 to be an independent factor associated with overall survival [18]. However, their study included a different patient population with isolated bone metastases treated between June 2004 and January 2007 (129 consecutive female patients). Serum CA 15-3 levels were elevated in 63% of patients with isolated bone metastases. In multivariate analysis, the serum CA 15-3 level influenced survival with a relative risk of 2.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.36 - 4.64, P = 0.003). In an older study of a more diverse patient population (1997 - 2001; n = 492), which was better comparable to ours, James et al also reported that CA 15-3 was associated with survival [5]. These authors studied patients with newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer, including those with metachronous presentation and those with metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis of breast cancer. Several of the factors analyzed were significantly associated with better survival in women with bone metastases. These were estrogen receptor status (P = 0.0003), histological grade (P = 0.034), additional sites of metastatic disease (P = 0.0004), patient age (P = 0.0003), number of hot spots on isotope bone scan (P = 0.040) and metastasis-free interval (P = 0.0045). In addition, the tumor markers CA 15-3 and CEA were significantly related to survival too (P = 0.0026 and 0.017, respectively). In multivariate analysis, long metastasis-free interval, absence of metastases at sites other than bone, estrogen receptor positivity, and normal CEA and CA 15-3 values at presentation contributed independently towards longer survival from time of presentation with skeletal metastases.
Bidard et al analyzed CA 15-3 levels in 1,298 patients, of whom 892 (69%) had increased values [19]. According to the univariate analysis, abnormal CA 15-3 was significantly associated with decreased overall survival (hazard ratio: 1.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.31 - 1.93, P < 0.0001). When added to their clinicopathological models, logistic regression tests showed that the dichotomized marker (< upper limit of normal vs. ≥ upper limit of normal) added some prognostic information but increases in C-indices were negligible. Their main focus was on circulating tumor cells, which contributed better prognostic information than CA 15-3. Other innovative markers are also of considerable interest [20-23]. However, none of these are part of routine clinical practice yet. A drawback of most studies, resulting in difficulties with comparison of the results, is that not all potential prognostic factors were included, e.g. CRP and hemoglobin.
Conclusions
Many patients survived for several years rather than a few months only. The tumor marker CA 15-3 did not provide independent prognostic information. Nevertheless, the results of simple blood tests contributed to the multivariate model.
Disclosures
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. No funding was received.
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