Abstract
Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a worldwide health problem, which is growing in Iranian adults. MetS is associated with risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of MetS and its individual components in CAD patients.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 CAD patients who had undergone elective coronary angiography at the cardiology department. Anthropometric indices including waist circumference (WC) and body mass index were measured. Blood samples were obtained to determine glucose and lipid profile. MetS components were defined according to the modified Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria.
Results
The prevalence of MetS among patients was 49.5% (women: 55.9%; men: 40.2%; P < 0.05). The prevalence increased with age. The low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (low HDL-C) (84.8%), high fasting blood glucose (high FBG) (77.8%) and high WC (75.8%) were the most prevalent risk factors in CAD patients with MetS.
Conclusions
Recent data indicate that the dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and abdominal obesity are crucial predictors of MetS in CAD patients. Further prospective studies are recommended for more clarification.
Keywords: Prevalence, Metabolic syndrome, Coronary artery disease
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common causes of death in the developed world [1]. The high prevalence of cardiac risk factors and associated morbidity have been reported in the Iranian adult population [2]. These risk factors have become known as the metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is a growing health problem in Iranian adults due to the alterations in lifestyle, low physical activity, the epidemic of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) [2, 3]. MetS includes several cardiometabolic risk factors and is characterized by four essential components including intra-abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance [2, 4], and linked to a high risk of both type 2 diabetes and CAD, and increased risk of cardiovascular events [2, 5, 6]. The epidemiologic studies on MetS in Iran have revealed the high prevalence of MetS in the north of Iran (37.9%) [4], Zahedan, southeast of Iran (28.5%) [7], and in the province of Zanjan, the west of Iran (23.7%) [8]. Based on the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, the prevalence of MetS in the Iranian adults was reported to be 33.7% (24% for men vs. 42% for women) [9].
The association between MetS and its components with CAD has been reported in several studies using different techniques [1, 5, 6, 10]. According to ATP III criteria, diagnosis of MetS is based on the presence of three or more of the five criteria including waist circumference (WC) > 102 in men and > 88 in women, high blood pressure (BP ≥ 130/85), high triglyceride (TG ≥ 150), high fasting blood sugar (FBS ≥ 110), and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL < 40 in men and < 50 in women) [11]. The American Heart Association (AHA) and National Health Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) modified the ATP III criteria with a reduction in FBS from 110 to 100 mg/dL [3, 12]. As well, the Iranian National Committee of Obesity (INCO) considered cut-offs of ≥ 95 cm for both men and women in Iran, which could predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [3, 13].
Each of MetS components is considered as an independent cardiac risk factor and increased number of components elevates the severity of CVD [1]. Central fat distribution is a more atherogenic property than peripheral obesity [14], and WC is evaluated to identify the central obesity. Thus, abdominal obesity is considered as one of the components of MetS, which is linked to the occurrence of dyslipidemia, diabetes and risk of cardiovascular events [3]. IR is also one of the major characteristics of MetS, and considerably affects the development of CAD [5, 10]. In a study, low HDL, high fasting plasma glucose (high FPG), high BP and high TG were reported as the highest risk factors for coronary heart disease [15]. Based on the above-mentioned evidence, diagnosis of MetS and its components in patients with CAD can influence prevention of disease and management programs [5, 6, 10]. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MetS and its individual components in CAD patients who underwent elective coronary angiography.
Patients and Methods
This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 CAD patients (mean age 58.3 ± 11.1 years) admitted to Cardiology Department of Imam Ali Hospital in Zahedan, southeast of Iran, and diagnosed by a hospital cardiologist, during a 5-month period from June to October 2016.
CAD was diagnosed based on a combination of previous medical history, clinical findings (e.g., dyspnea, and excessive fatigue, and suspected ischemia), and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, and confirmed with 50% or more coronary artery stenosis in at least one major coronary artery as assessed by coronary angiography.
The patients with chronic heart failure, myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who needed emergent coronary intervention or surgery, hepatic and kidney diseases, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and patients with ejection fraction (EF) < 60% were excluded from study.
All patients gave oral informed consent, and ethical approval was obtained from Ethics Committee of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (approval date April 24, 2016, No. 1827: IR.ZAUMS.REC.1395.11). The demographic data including age, sex, physical activity, and previous medical history and medications were completed at the first meeting with patients. The age was categorized as < 50 and ≥ 50 years old. Physical activity was classified into three categories: no activity < 3, and ≥ 30 min walking for at least three times a week [16].
The weight and height of patients were recorded with light clothes and without shoes by a Seca scale (Germany) to the nearest 0.5 kg and 0.5 cm, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2).
WC was measured in the standing position using an inelastic measuring tape to the nearest 0.5 cm between the lower border of the rib cage and the iliac crest [2].
BP was measured in the seated position after at least 5 min of rest. The measurement was performed on the right arm using a digital manometer (model ALP K2, K2-231, Japan). Two recordings were carried out, and the mean levels of BP were used for analysis.
The blood samples were obtained after overnight fasting. Serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C), TG and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were assayed by enzymatic procedures (Pars Azmon Kit, Tehran, Iran) using an auto-analyzer (Hitachi, Japan).
In this study, MetS was described as the presence of ≥ 3 of the following criteria, according to the modified protocol of Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III), with regional cut-off value of WC ≥ 95 cm for both gender, increased FBG ≥ 100 mg/dL, hypertriglyceridemia (TG ≥ 150 mg/dL), decreased HDL-C (< 40 mg/dL in men or < 50 mg/dL in women), and hypertension (systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 85 mm Hg) [3].
Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), frequencies and percentages. Chi-square and Student’s t-test were used for statistical analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for MetS and individual components of it. Multivariable linear regression model, adjusted for sex, was used to evaluate the association between variables. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
The demographic and clinical characteristics of the 200 CAD patients (82 men and 118 women; aged 24 - 81 years) with and without MetS are presented in Table 1. Of these, 49.5% had MetS (n = 99, 95% CI: 4.8 - 9.3), and it was 55.9% among women and 40.2% among men (P < 0.05). The highest prevalence was present in patients aged > 50 years (87%, P < 0.05). The mean WC, BMI and BP (P < 0.0001), serum levels of FBG and cholesterol (P < 0.001), TG (P < 0.0001) and LDL-C (P < 0.001) in CAD patients with MetS were significantly higher, and HDL-C levels (P < 0.001) were significantly lower than in those without MetS.
Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of in CAD Patients According to MetS.
| Groups | MetS (n = 99), mean ± SD or n (%) | No MetS (n = 101), mean ± SD or n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.4 ± 9.7 | 58.1 ± 12.3 | 0.86 |
| Age (years), n (%) | 0.03 | ||
| < 50 | 13 (13%) | 34 (33.7%) | |
| > 50 | 86 (87%) | 67 (66.3%) | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.03 | ||
| Men | 33 (40.2%) | 49 (59.8) | |
| Women | 66 (55.9%) | 52 (44.1%) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 0.05 | ||
| No activity | 56 (56.6%) | 43 (42.6%) | |
| ≤ 30 min | 25 (25.3%) | 34 (33.7%) | |
| > 30 min | 18 (18.2%) | 24 (23.8%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 4.2 | 22.5 ± 3.4 | 0.0001 |
| WC (cm) | 104 ± 14.2 | 84.8 ± 10 | 0.0001 |
| BP (mm Hg) | |||
| Systolic | 136.2 ± 18.3 | 126.7 ± 18.2 | 0.0001 |
| Diastolic | 86 ± 13.3 | 78 ± 14.3 | 0.0001 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 134.4 ± 55.7 | 109 ± 51.3 | 0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 161.7 ± 40.7 | 130.7 ± 35.5 | 0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 160 ± 86 | 99.2 ± 35 | 0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 86.2 ± 21 | 77 ± 19 | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 41 ± 16.3 | 47 ± 9 | 0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. MetS: metabolic syndrome; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; BP: blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TG: triglyceride; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein- cholesterol.
As shown in Table 2, low HDL-C (84.8% vs. 67.3%, P < 0.01), high FBG (77.8% vs. 29.7%, P < 0.0001), and high WC (75.8% vs. 9.9%, P < 0.0001) were the most prevalent risk factors in CAD patients with MetS as compared to those without MetS. As well, the findings revealed that the ORs for main components of MetS in CAD patients with MetS were as follows: low HDL-C (OR: 12.65; 95% CI: 5.3 - 20), high WC (OR: 6.7; 95% CI: 3.7 - 12.1), high FBG (OR: 6.7; 95% CI: 5.9 - 8.76), high TG (OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.1 - 3.48), and high BP (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.8).
Table 2. Prevalence of Individual Components of MetS in CAD Patients Based on Gender.
| Parameters | MetS (n = 99), OR (95% CI) | No MetS (n = 101), OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| High WC, n (%) | 0.0001 | ||
| No | 24 (24.2%) | 91 (90.1%) | |
| Yes | 75 (75.8%) | 10 (9.9%) | |
| 6.7 (3.7 - 12.1) | 0.27 (0.19 - 0.38) | ||
| High BP, n (%) | 0.047 | ||
| No | 46 (46.5%) | 62 (61.4%) | |
| Yes | 53 (53.5%) | 39 (38.6%) | |
| 1.35 (1.02 - 1.8) | 0.75 (0.58 - 0.98) | ||
| High FBG, n (%) | 0.0001 | ||
| No | 22 (22.2%) | 71 (70.3%) | |
| Yes | 77 (77.8%) | 30 (29.7%) | |
| 6.7 (5.9 - 8.76) | 0.31 (0.22 - 0.48) | ||
| High TG, n (%) | 0.0001 | ||
| No | 37 (37.4%) | 96 (95%) | |
| Yes | 62 (62.6%) | 5 (5%) | |
| 2.26 (1.1 - 3.48) | 0.39 (0.3 - 0.5) | ||
| Low HDL-C, n (%) | 0.01 | ||
| No | 15 (15.2%) | 33 (32.7%) | |
| Yes | 84 (84.8%) | 68 (67.3%) | |
| 12.65 (5.3 - 20) | 0.46 (0.27 - 0.8) |
Data are expressed as n (%). WC: waist circumference; BP: blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; MetS: metabolic syndrome; OR (95% CI): odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Table 3 demonstrates that after adjusting for sex, based on multivariable linear regression analysis, the high WC (β = 0.63, P < 0.0001), high BP (β = 0.19, P < 0.05), high FBG (β = 0.14, P < 0.01), high TG (β = 0.19, P < 0.01) and low HDL-C (β = 0.20, P < 0.0001) were found as significant predictors of MetS in CAD patients.
Table 3. Results of Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis Between MetS and the Coronary Risk Factors in CAD Patients.
| Parameters | Unstandardized coefficients |
Standardized coefficients beta | t | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Standard error | ||||
| Older age | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.07 | 1.239 | 0.217 |
| High BMI | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.107 | 1.316 | 0.190 |
| High WC | 0.020 | 0.003 | 0.634 | 7.464 | 0.0001 |
| High BP | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.186 | 2.385 | 0.018 |
| High FBG | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.142 | 2.595 | 0.01 |
| High cholesterol | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.031 | 0.449 | 0.654 |
| High TG | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.187 | 3.211 | 0.002 |
| High LDL | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.033 | 0.584 | 0.560 |
| Low HDL | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.197 | 3.854 | 0.0001 |
MetS: metabolic syndrome; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; BP: blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TG: triglyceride; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein. Dependent variable: MetS.
Discussion
In our study, the prevalence of MetS in CAD patients was 49.5%. The studies performed regarding the prevalence of MetS and/or associated risk factors in CAD patients have demonstrated that the rate of MetS in patients hospitalized for ACS was between 43% and 51% [17]. In a similar study [1], in which conventional angiography was performed in suspected CAD patients, 40.5% of patients had MetS based on the AHA/NHLBI criteria.
The findings of this study demonstrate that the prevalence of MetS in CAD patients is relatively higher than other regions of the world. These differences could be due to definition of MetS by different criteria, cultural mores, lifestyle-related factors such as improper food habits, physical inactivity, stress and sample size in various investigations [18].
Different combinations of the components of MetS have various effects on CVD; however, each component acts as an independent risk factor for CAD, and all of them interact synergistically, and thus lead to increased risk of CAD [1].
The prevalence of individual components of MetS with various rates in CAD patients has been reported in earlier studies [1, 2, 17, 19, 20].
The abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia (high TG and low HDL-C) [1, 2, 21], hypertension [2] and hyperglycemia [2, 21] most often were reported as the MS components, and the severity of CAD increased with the number of components [2]. A study performed in Shanghai showed that among individual components of MetS, low HDL, high FBG, and high BP had the highest OR for coronary heart disease. These three parameters had significant increases in number of disease vessel [15]. The results of a study in Korean population showed that MetS was independently linked to coronary parameters including obstructive plaque and coronary artery calcium score in the non-diabetic CAD patients. Among the individual components of MetS, low HDL-C levels were markedly associated with CAD in these patients [10, 22]. A study in Tehran revealed that 78% of men and 80% of women > 20 years old had at least one risk factor of CVD. The prevalence of high FBG, high BP, obesity, high total cholesterol, low HDL-C, and high TG was reported to be 9.8%, 20.4%, 14.4%, 19.3%, 32%, and 5.3%, respectively [23].
In the current study, the CAD patients with MetS had significantly higher levels of BMI, WC, BP, serum lipid profile, and FBG, and lower HDL-C levels; however, regression analysis revealed that the rate of different components of MetS, including singularly a much higher rate of low HDL-C, high blood glucose and high WC, with the highest OR, and a relatively high prevalence of high TG and high BP was found in patients with MetS than those without MetS.
Several studies have demonstrated that dyslipidemia is common in Iranian population [24, 25]. The low HDL-C was presented as one of the most prevalent abnormalities [8] and the strongest factor that independently linked to CAD in Iranian population [26] and other countries [10, 22]. High TG has been known as the second most prevalent abnormality [8]. Some studies have shown that among the individual components of MetS, high level glucose was markedly associated with CAD. A study reported that the prevalence of CHD in the diabetic patients with MetS was significantly higher than in those without MetS [27]. The high prevalence of diabetes in the Iranian population with established CAD [26, 28], and patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) [29] was reported in some studies. Other investigation also reported that the long-term diabetes is linked to development of atherosclerosis [30].
It has been clarified that hypertension as one of the components of MetS is increasing among the Iranian population [28, 31], in particular, in patients with confirmed CAD [25, 26, 32]. Several cross-sectional investigations performed in Iran have shown that the incidence rate of hypertension was significantly higher in CAD patients compared to healthy population [25, 32] and in non-insulin-treated than insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus [33]. It was higher in men than in women [28], and increased with older age [21, 33].
There is evidence that the presence of obesity/abdominal obesity and its relationship with CAD is more common than other components of MetS, and abdominal obesity has been identified as a central component of Mets [2], which has a strong relationship with hypertension, IR and dyslipidemia [2, 3, 31]. The coronary angiography findings in CAD patients in Isfahan also showed the patients who had more WC were at higher risk of heart disease [34]. In our study, the mean of both BMI and WC in patients with MetS was significantly higher than those without MetS; however, after adjusting of sex, based on multivariable linear regression analysis, a positive significant association was found only between WC and MetS, suggesting that the fat distribution in the abdomen is more atherogenic than peripheral obesity and may predict the risk of CVD [24].
The findings of our study showed that three of MetS components including low HDL-C, high blood glucose and abdominal obesity, were the strongest predictors of CAD; however, older age, physical inactivity and female gender had also predictive value. Although after adjusting of sex, there was no statistically significant relationship between the categories of age and physical activity with the MetS in the CAD patients; however, these variables were significantly higher among CAD patients with MetS than in those without MetS. Similar studies in Iranian adult population reported that all major components of MetS increase with aging [19, 35, 36], and a higher rate of MetS [7, 8, 19] and its components [21] has been reported in women compared with men in earlier studies. Karimi et al [29] demonstrated that the patients with CAD were more male with older age. Won et al [10] reported that US population over 50 years of age with MetS had higher CHD prevalence when compared to those without MetS.
It is clear that the fat tissue in women is higher than men and increases with aging. On the other hand, inactivity reduces energy expenditure and causes weight gain, and thus leads to IR and increased blood glucose and dyslipidemia [19]. According to the above-mentioned evidence, older age and inactivity are important risk factors for development of MetS among CAD patients.
It seems that modification in food pattern and lifestyle among Iranian population leads to low activity and increases abdominal obesity, resulting in an increase in the rate of all coronary risk factors [30]. Since many of those at risk are not identified, further prospective studies are recommended for more clarification.
A limitation of our study was that the food habits and diet intakes in our studied population were no assessed. However, this study was performed for the first time in Zahedan (Center of Sistan and Baluchistan Province) in southeast of Iran, thus, it is the power of this research.
Conclusions
The results of the study showed that the dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia are more common risk factors for CAD; however, the combination of all components of MetS may be a secondary contributor to CAD risk. Therefore, health prevention programs are recommended to reduce the risk of CAD.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to staff and nurses of Cardiology Department in Zahedan Imam Ali Hospital for their kind cooperation. We thank the patients who willingly participated in the study.
Funding Source
This work was supported by the Research Deputy of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors had no conflicts of interest.
Author Contributions
Design: Farzaneh Montazerifar and Milad Mahmoodi Mozaffar. Diagnosis of CAD: Ahmad Bolouri. Data collection: Milad Mahmoodi Mozaffar. Data analysis: Farzaneh Montazerifar. Drafting of the article: Fazaneh Montazerifar and Mansour Karajibani. Interpretation of data: Farzaneh Montazerifar, Mansour Karajibani, Ahmad Bolouri, and Milad Mahmoodi Mozaffar. Revision of the final manuscript: Fazaneh Montazerifar, Mansour Karajibani, and Ahmad Bolouri.
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