An Unusual Occurrence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcal Endocarditis with Vancomycin Creep Phenomenon – A Therapeutic Challenge

Abstract

Infective endocarditis by Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia is a common association and carries a high mortality. However, rising Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) for vancomycin amongst MRSA strains is an emerging threat which carries poor prognosis and higher mortality. Here, we report a case of 41-year-old young non-addict gentleman presenting with fever of 3 days duration following recovery from an acute kidney injury necessitating haemodialysis. Systemic examination revealed signs of mitral regurgitation and left sided cerebellar signs. Laboratory investigations revealed anaemia, MRSA bacteraemia and transthoracic echocardiogram showed a mitral valve vegetation. He was diagnosed with MRSA mitral valve endocarditis with acute left cerebellar infarct. He was initially treated with intravenous vancomycin based on MIC at the dose of one gram every twelfth hourly. As the MRSA strain was shown to demonstrate a vancomycin creep phenomemon along with worsening clinical condition of the patient, treatment was changed to intravenous daptomycin at dose of 9mg/kg as per blood culture and sensitivity pattern which was administered for 6 weeks. Following initiation of daptomycin patient became afebrile and vegetations reduced in size and finally disappeared.

Case Report

A 41-year-old healthy gentleman sustained a fall following which he developed a fibular fracture and compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomy. He subsequently developed acute kidney injury secondary to rhabdomyolysis and was admitted under Department of Nephrology. Patient underwent eight sessions of haemodialysis via right internal jugular venous access and over few days recovered from acute kidney injury and was discharged home. Ten days later patient was brought to internal medicine department with fever of 3 days and altered sensorium. On arrival to hospital he was drowsy. General examination revealed tachycardia (130/min) and hypotension (systolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg in right hand supine position). Systemic examination revealed grade 4 pansystolic murmur in the mitral area radiating to axilla and left sided cerebellar signs. Patient did not report any history of prior cardiac disease nor any history of IV drug abuse. Laboratory investigations on arrival showed anaemia (Haemoglobin 8.8mg/dl), leukocytosis (Total leucocyte count 14,400cells /cu.mm) and normal renal and hepatic functions. Computed tomography of the brain showed an acute left cerebellar infarct [Table/Fig-1]. Two dimensional echocardiogram showed a 0.8cm x 1.0cm dangling structure on Posterior mitral leaflet of mitral valve,1.0cm x 0.8cm vegetation on anterior mitral leaflet with severe eccentric mitral regurgitation, normal bi-ventricular systolic function with an ejection fraction of 68% [Table/Fig-2,3]. Three sets of blood cultures were drawn 2 hours apart from peripheral venipuncture sites. Using the Biomerieux BacT/ALERT 3D method, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and resistant to rifampicin, doxycycline, co-trimoxazole was isolated. Patient was in addition tested negative for MRSA carrier status.

[Table/Fig-1]:

Non-Contrast Computed tomography of the brain depicting hypodensity in the left cerebellar hemisphere suggestive of acute infarct.

[Table/Fig-2]:

Trans-thoracic echocardiogram in parasternal long axis view showing vegetation of size 0.8cm x 1.0cm on the posterior mitral leaflet on left atrium side.

[Table/Fig-3]:

Trans-thoracic echocardiogram in apical four chamber view showing eccentric regurgitant jet (in blue colour) reaching to full length of the left atrium wall suggesting severe mitral regurgitation.

Treatment was initiated with intra-venous Vancomycin at dosage of 30mg/kg body weight in two divided doses. Vancomycin was given for a total of 14 days. A pair of blood culture repeated on 5^th, 10^th and 14^th day of therapy showed MRSA to be persistent and the MIC of Vancomycin determined by Biomerieux VITEK 2 method increased from 0.5 to 2.0. Patient continued to be febrile. Repeated transthoracic echocardiograms showed increase in the size of vegetation suggesting treatment failure. In view of MRSA demonstrating vancomycin creep phenomenon (with increasing MICs from 0.5 to 2), treatment was switched over from vancomycin to daptomycin with regular monitoring of renal parameters including serum urea, serum creatinine and serum potassium and serum creatinine kinase. Daptomycin was initiated intravenously with 6mg/kg body weight every 24^th hourly and increased to 9mg/kg body weight once a day on third day as patient tolerated the drug. Following initiation of Daptomycin, fever spikes reduced and patient became afebrile on day 3. Subsequent blood cultures drawn on 5^th day of therapy was sterile. Frequent two dimensional transthoracic Echocardiogram performed on 10^th, 20^th, 26^th day of Daptomycin therapy, demonstrated gradual decrease in vegetation size with disappearance of vegetation on 26^th day of therapy [Table/Fig-4].

[Table/Fig-4]:

Trans thoracic echocardiogram in parasternal long axis view showing disappearance of vegetation after six weeks of antibiotic therapy.

Thus, patient with virulent Staphylococcus aureus demonstrating vancomycin creep phenomenon was successfully treated with Intravenous Daptomycin.

On follow-up after four weeks of treatment completion, patient’s general condition improved. Repeat two dimensional echocardiogram revealed severe mitral regurgitation and no residual vegetations. Patient was referred to Cardiothoracic department for mitral valve repair which was done successfully and is doing well on follow-up.

Discussion

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of infective endocarditis including prosthetic valve endocarditis, acute infective endocarditis and intra-venous (IV) drug abuse associated endocarditis and health care associated infective endocarditis [1,2]. Right sided endocarditis is common in IV drug addicts and left sided infective endocarditis is primarily seen in non addicts [1]. Left sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis has worse prognosis compared to right sided endocarditis in terms of morbidity and mortality [3,4]. The rising incidence of MRSA further complicates the management of endocarditis [5]. Vancomycin has been the standard treatment of MRSA infections including endocarditis [6,7]. However, vancomycin has high failure rates in MRSA infective endocarditis due to poor penetration of valvular tissue and weak bactericidal action [8].

Vancomycin resistance in MRSA could be due to thickened and poorly cross-linked cell wall or due to acquisition of vanA resistance operon from Enterococcus species [9]. MRSA isolates are inhibited by vancomycin at MICs of 0.5 to 2 μg/ml typically. However, MRSA isolates which demonstrate MICs between 4 and 8 μg/ml have been termed as vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and those with MICs >16 μg/ml as vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [10]. Gradual rise in MICs for vancomycin in susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates has been termed as vancomycin creep phenomenon and this has been a known occurrence [11–15]. In our case, MICs for vancomycin increased steadily from 0.5 μg/ml to 2 μg/ml suggestive of treatment failure. MRSA blood stream infections with strains demonstrating higher MICs (>1.5mg/l) have been associated with significantly higher mortality.

As per IDSA guidelines, in adult patients with MRSA bacteraemia and vancomycin treatment failure, high dose daptomycin in combination with other agents like linezolid, rifampicin, doxycycline, trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin is recommended as alternative therapy [16]. However, recent studies emphasise daptomycin and ceftaroline combination (Salvage therapy) for MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides and lipopeptides [17–19]. In our case, daptomycin alone was administered at a higher dose (9mg/kg) for total duration of 6 weeks and patient responded to therapy.

MRSA endocarditis demonstrating vancomcyin creep phenomenon is a very rare entity. The first reported case of VRSA endocarditis was a Eustachian valve endocarditis in a 33-year-old lady with a history of IV drug abuse [20]. Pranathi Rao et al., described a case of tricuspid and mitral valve endocarditis due to MRSA exhibiting vancomycin creep phenomenon [17].

Valve replacement therapy in native valve MRSA endocarditis is recommended in following scenarios: (a) large vegetation (more than 10 mm in diameter); (b) occurrence of more than 1 embolic event during the first 2 weeks of therapy; (c) severe valvular insufficiency; (d) valvular perforation or dehiscence; (e) decompensated heart failure; (f) perivalvular or myocardial abscess; (g) new heart block; or (h) persistent fevers or bacteraemia [16]. In this case, patient had severe mitral regurgitation with increasing vegetation size and an embolic event (left sided cerebellar infarct). Hence, he underwent mitral valve replacement with mechanical prosthesis following clearance of bacteraemia. Thus, MRSA infective endocarditis with vancomycin creep phenomenon was successfully treated with daptomycin.

Conclusion

MRSA left sided endocarditis is a rare entity with higher rates of embolic phenomenon. Vancomycin has been used as a standard first line agent for treatment of MRSA infections. With the occurrence of vancomycin creep phenomenon, MRSA bacteraemia with infective endocarditis carries a poor prognosis and high mortality. Daptomycin can be used as a good alternative in such patients to improve outcomes.

Thus, we would like to emphasise the occurrence of vancomycin creep phenomenon and alert the clinicians of such virulent strains.

Financial or Other Competing Interests

None.