Skip to main content
PMC home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1991 Dec 1;88(23):10691–10695. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.23.10691

Transcription factor requirement for multiple rounds of initiation by human RNA polymerase II.

M N Szentirmay 1, M Sawadogo 1
PMCID: PMC52996  PMID: 1961736

Abstract

We have investigated conditions that allow multiple rounds of transcription initiation from the adenovirus major late promoter in an in vitro system derived from HeLa cell nuclear extracts. Templates containing guanine-free cassettes provided a direct assay for discriminating between reinitiated transcripts and transcripts generated by a first-round of transcription initiations. When reactions were reconstituted with the previously characterized class II transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE/F), transcription by human RNA polymerase II from the adenovirus major late promoter was essentially restricted to a single round of initiations. Reinitiations at previously transcribed major late templates required an additional activity, designated reinitiation transcription factor (RTF). The RTF activity could be separated from the required transcription initiation factors. Semipurified human RTF also promoted transcription reinitiations at minimal promoters derived from the human c-myc, histone H4, and heat shock 70-kDa protein genes, indicating that the same reinitiation factor may be utilized by many, if not all, genes. The possible role of RTF in regulating the transcription rate of various class II genes is discussed.

Full text

PDF
10691

Images in this article

10692Image
on p.10692
10692Image
on p.10692
10693Image
on p.10693
10693Image
on p.10693
10694Image
on p.10694
10694Image
on p.10694
10694Image
on p.10694

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248–254. doi: 10.1006/abio.1976.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Buratowski S., Hahn S., Guarente L., Sharp P. A. Five intermediate complexes in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1989 Feb 24;56(4):549–561. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90578-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Carcamo J., Lobos S., Merino A., Buckbinder L., Weinmann R., Natarajan V., Reinberg D. Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II. Role of factors IID and MLTF in transcription from the adenovirus major late and IVa2 promoters. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 5;264(13):7704–7714. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Conaway J. W., Reines D., Conaway R. C. Transcription initiated by RNA polymerase II and purified transcription factors from liver. Cooperative action of transcription factors tau and epsilon in initial complex formation. J Biol Chem. 1990 May 5;265(13):7552–7558. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Davison B. L., Egly J. M., Mulvihill E. R., Chambon P. Formation of stable preinitiation complexes between eukaryotic class B transcription factors and promoter sequences. Nature. 1983 Feb 24;301(5902):680–686. doi: 10.1038/301680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dignam J. D., Lebovitz R. M., Roeder R. G. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Mar 11;11(5):1475–1489. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.5.1475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Fire A., Samuels M., Sharp P. A. Interactions between RNA polymerase II, factors, and template leading to accurate transcription. J Biol Chem. 1984 Feb 25;259(4):2509–2516. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Flores O., Maldonado E., Reinberg D. Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II. Factors IIE and IIF independently interact with RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 25;264(15):8913–8921. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hawley D. K., Roeder R. G. Functional steps in transcription initiation and reinitiation from the major late promoter in a HeLa nuclear extract. J Biol Chem. 1987 Mar 15;262(8):3452–3461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hawley D. K., Roeder R. G. Separation and partial characterization of three functional steps in transcription initiation by human RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem. 1985 Jul 5;260(13):8163–8172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hirashima S., Hirai H., Nakanishi Y., Natori S. Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA for eukaryotic transcription factor S-II. J Biol Chem. 1988 Mar 15;263(8):3858–3863. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hoffman A., Sinn E., Yamamoto T., Wang J., Roy A., Horikoshi M., Roeder R. G. Highly conserved core domain and unique N terminus with presumptive regulatory motifs in a human TATA factor (TFIID). Nature. 1990 Jul 26;346(6282):387–390. doi: 10.1038/346387a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kadonaga J. T. Assembly and disassembly of the Drosophila RNA polymerase II complex during transcription. J Biol Chem. 1990 Feb 15;265(5):2624–2631. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kambadur R., Culotta V., Hamer D. Cloned yeast and mammalian transcription factor TFIID gene products support basal but not activated metallothionein gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(23):9168–9172. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.23.9168. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kao C. C., Lieberman P. M., Schmidt M. C., Zhou Q., Pei R., Berk A. J. Cloning of a transcriptionally active human TATA binding factor. Science. 1990 Jun 29;248(4963):1646–1650. doi: 10.1126/science.2194289. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Peterson M. G., Tanese N., Pugh B. F., Tjian R. Functional domains and upstream activation properties of cloned human TATA binding protein. Science. 1990 Jun 29;248(4963):1625–1630. doi: 10.1126/science.2363050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Pugh B. F., Tjian R. Mechanism of transcriptional activation by Sp1: evidence for coactivators. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1187–1197. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90683-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Samuels M., Sharp P. A. Purification and characterization of a specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor. J Biol Chem. 1986 Feb 15;261(5):2003–2013. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. Factors involved in specific transcription by human RNA polymerase II: analysis by a rapid and quantitative in vitro assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(13):4394–4398. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.13.4394. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. Interaction of a gene-specific transcription factor with the adenovirus major late promoter upstream of the TATA box region. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):165–175. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90021-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Sawadogo M., Sentenac A. RNA polymerase B (II) and general transcription factors. Annu Rev Biochem. 1990;59:711–754. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.003431. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. SivaRaman L., Reines D., Kane C. M. Purified elongation factor SII is sufficient to promote read-through by purified RNA polymerase II at specific termination sites in the human histone H3.3 gene. J Biol Chem. 1990 Aug 25;265(24):14554–14560. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Slattery E., Dignam J. D., Matsui T., Roeder R. G. Purification and analysis of a factor which suppresses nick-induced transcription by RNA polymerase II and its identity with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. J Biol Chem. 1983 May 10;258(9):5955–5959. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Smale S. T., Schmidt M. C., Berk A. J., Baltimore D. Transcriptional activation by Sp1 as directed through TATA or initiator: specific requirement for mammalian transcription factor IID. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Jun;87(12):4509–4513. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4509. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Sumimoto H., Ohkuma Y., Yamamoto T., Horikoshi M., Roeder R. G. Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II: identification of general transcription factor TFIIG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(23):9158–9162. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.23.9158. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Van Dyke M. W., Roeder R. G., Sawadogo M. Physical analysis of transcription preinitiation complex assembly on a class II gene promoter. Science. 1988 Sep 9;241(4871):1335–1338. doi: 10.1126/science.3413495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Van Dyke M. W., Sawadogo M. DNA-binding and transcriptional properties of human transcription factor TFIID after mild proteolysis. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Jul;10(7):3415–3420. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.7.3415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Van Dyke M. W., Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. Stability of transcription complexes on class II genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jan;9(1):342–344. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.1.342. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Wobbe C. R., Struhl K. Yeast and human TATA-binding proteins have nearly identical DNA sequence requirements for transcription in vitro. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Aug;10(8):3859–3867. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.8.3859. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Workman J. L., Roeder R. G. Binding of transcription factor TFIID to the major late promoter during in vitro nucleosome assembly potentiates subsequent initiation by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1987 Nov 20;51(4):613–622. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90130-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES