Diagnosis of mitral valve cleft using real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography

Abstract

Background

Mitral valve cleft (MVC) is the most common cause of congenital mitral insufficiency, and MVC may occur alone or in association with other congenital heart lesions. Direct suture and valvuloplasty are the major and effective treatments for mitral regurgitation (MR) caused by MVC. Therefore, it is important to determine the location and magnitude of the pathological damage due to MVC when selecting a surgical procedure for treatment. This study explored the application value of transthoracic real-time 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (RT-3DE) in the diagnosis of MVC.

Methods

From October 2012 to June 2016, 19 consecutive patients with MVC diagnosed by 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography in our hospital were selected for this study. Full-volume RT-3DE was performed on all patients. The 3D-imaging data were cropped and rotated in 3 views (horizontal, sagittal, and coronal) with 6 directions to observe the position and shape of the MVC and the spatial position between the cleft and its surrounding structures. The maximum longitudinal diameter and the maximum width of the cleft were measured. The origin of the mitral regurgitant jet and the severity of MR were evaluated, and these RT-3DE data were compared with the intraoperative findings.

Results

Of the 19 patients studied, 4 patients had isolated cleft mitral valve, and cleft mitral valves combined with other congenital heart lesions were detected in 15 patients. The clefts of 6 patients were located in the A2 segment, the clefts of 4 patients were located in the A1 segment, the clefts of 4 patients were located in the A3 segment, the clefts of 4 patients were located in the A2–A3 segment, and the cleft of 1 patient was located in the P2 segment. Regarding the shape of the cleft, 13 patients had V-shaped clefts, and the others had C- or S-shaped clefts. The severity of the MR at presentation was mild in 2 patients, moderate in 9 and severe in 8. Two of the patients with mild MR did not undergo surgery, while the remaining 17 patients did undergo surgery. Surgical treatment involved direct suture in 11 cases, reconstruction with ring annuloplasty in 3 cases and replacement in 3 cases. The diagnoses of MVC were confirmed by intraoperative findings. RT-3DE successfully captured full-volume 3D images of the 19 patients, which directly displayed the 3D structure of MVC with multiple views such as the position, shape, longitudinal diameter and width of the MVC, and the spatial position between the chordae tendineae surrounding the MVC and the aortic valve. The maximum longitudinal diameter of the valve leaflet cleft measured by RT-3DE and direct measurements during surgery were 12.02±2.12 and 13.01±2.45 mm, respectively, and the difference between these measurements was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Our results indicate that RT-3DE can provide more direct, accurate and abundant information.

Conclusions

RT-3DE is a simple and fast imaging technique, and the detailed 3D images obtained can be used to confirm the diagnosis of MVC. RT-3DE is considered to be an important preoperative test that provides more comprehensive information for selecting a subsequent procedure for treatment.

Introduction

Mitral valve cleft (MVC) is a complete or incomplete cleft in part of the mitral valve due to congenital mitral hypoplasia. This condition may be present with or without other congenital heart defects (1). A cleft that is not associated with a septal defect is defined as an isolated MVC. Isolated anterior mitral leaflet clefts are rare, and isolated posterior mitral leaflet clefts are extremely rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature (2). MVC is the most common cause of congenital mitral regurgitation (MR), and surgical correction might be an effective treatment for patients with MVC, especially for those with moderate to severe MR (even if asymptomatic) (1). Therefore, it is important to determine the location, shape and size of the MVC when selecting a surgical procedure for treatment. Transthoracic real-time 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (RT-3DE) is a simple and fast imaging study that can collect real-time images and dynamically show the MVC structure and jet flow (3,4). In this study, RT-3DE was utilized to diagnose MVC and analyze the data from the patients studied. The RT-3DE findings were compared with intraoperative findings to verify the diagnostic accuracy of RT-3DE. and the clinical value of RT-3DE was also addressed in this study.

Methods

Patients

From October 2012 to June 2016, 963 patients underwent 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography in our hospital, Significant MR was diagnosed in 242 patients. And 19 consecutive patients with MVC were selected for this study. Of the 19 patients studied, only 5 out of the 15 patients who had ever undergone echocardiography were diagnosed with or suspected to have MVC. The patients’ history, preoperative and postoperative clinical data, and intraoperative findings were obtained from the medical and surgical records. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants, and the study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee.

Equipment

A Philips IE33 color Doppler ultrasonic diagnostic system (Philips Medical Systems, Andover, USA) was used in this study. This ultrasound system is equipped with a 3D X3-1 volumetric matrix transducer (frequency range: 2.0–4.0 MHZ) and real-time 3D ultrasound imaging technology. The imaging data can be displayed in the 3 following modes: (I) real-time live 3D mode; (II) full-volume mode; and (III) real-time 3D color mode.

Procedure

The 2D ultrasonography was performed with the patient in the supine or lateral position and was monitored by electrocardiography. The parasternal long-axis view of the left ventricle, the short-axis view of the left ventricle at the level of the mitral valve, and the apical 4-chamber view should be primarily taken to observe the structure, shape and function of the mitral valve and to determine the origin and magnitude of the MR. According to the color Doppler regurgitant jet area, the magnitude of MR can be categorized as none, trivial, mild, moderate and severe MR. An initial diagnosis can be obtained by 2D ultrasonography. The real-time 3D ultrasound mode can be launched while the images are clearly displayed. In this setting, the mitral valve can be examined in the short-axis and apical 4-chamber views in the “live 3D” mode. The images can be saved on this device by pressing the “Acquire” button. The 3D images can be obtained by switching to “full-volume” mode. Finally, the abnormal regurgitant signals can be acquired by switching to “3D color” mode. The images for this study were saved on the device.

Image analysis

The 3D images saved on the device can be reviewed. The horizontal, sagittal and coronal planes, as well as 3 mutually perpendicular planes, can be displayed by pressing the “Corp adjust” button. and the images can be cropped in any of 3 planes. The 3D anatomical structure and the spatial position of the mitral valve can be observed by rotating and cropping the 3D images to acquire the desired images showing the position and shape of the mitral valve.

Comparison with intraoperative findings

Of the 19 patients, 17 with moderate or moderate-severe MR underwent valve repair or replacement. The 3D ultrasound diagnostic results were compared with the intraoperative findings.

Statistical analysis

Data analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics ver.16.0. All data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), and Student’s t-test was used to compare the means of the 2 groups. P<0.05 was considered to be indicative of a statistically difference, P<0.01 was considered to be indicative of a statistically significant difference, and P>0.05 was considered to be indicative of no statistically difference.

Results

Clinical presentation

The 19 patients included 8 men and 11 women with a mean age ± SD of 30.2±10.2 years (range, 13–65 years). Eighteen patients had no clinical symptoms, and 1 patient presented with difficulty breathing. A II-IV/6 systolic murmur was audible at the left sternal border and the 2–3 intercostal space in 17 patients. The electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm in all patients.

Conventional ultrasonography

In the 19 patients studied, 2D ultrasound revealed MVC with secondary atrial septal defects in 4 patients, endocardial cushion defects in 5 patients, ventricular septal defects in 3 patients, patent ductus arteriosus in 2 patients, tetralogy of Fallot in 1 patient, isolated anterior leaflet clefts in 3 patients and isolated posterior leaflet cleft in 1 patient (Table 1). The short-axis view of the left ventricle at the level of the mitral valve is the optimal view for identifying MVC and can be used to display discontinuity of mitral valve echo in the end-diastole, to detect echo drop-out, to identify the specific location of the leaflet cleft and to measure the maximum width of the leaflet cleft. However, it is difficult to measure the shape and the maximum of the longitudinal diameter using 2D because the leaflets and the mitral annulus are located at different levels. Color Doppler flow imaging revealed moderate and moderate-severe regurgitation in 17 patients (Table 1).

Table 1. RT-3DE for diagnosis of MVC and intraoperative findings.

Patient number	Gender	Age (years)	Location	Length (mm)	Width (mm)	Preoperative MR	Associated cardiac anomalies	Mitral valve surgical repair
1	M	21	A2	17	11	Severe	Secundum ASD	Direct suture
2	F	13	A2	15	12	Severe	VSD	Direct suture
3	F	48	A2-A3	12	10	Moderate	ECD	Annuloplasty
4	M	31	A1	16	6	Moderate	–	Direct suture
5	F	18	A1	9	6	Mild	–	–
6	F	28	A3	13	8	Severe	VSD	Direct suture
7	M	56	A3	11	9	Moderate	ECD	Valve replacement
8	F	38	A2	16	11	Moderate	PDA	Direct suture
9	M	27	A2	15	12	Severe	Secundum ASD	Direct suture
10	F	16	A3	7	5	Mild	–	–
11	F	31	A2–A3	11	8	Moderate	TOF	Direct suture
12	M	40	A3	15	9	Moderate	Secundum ASD	Annuloplasty
13	F	20	A1	17	12	Severe	ECD	Direct suture
14	F	61	A2–A3	14	8	Moderate	VSD	Valve replacement
15	M	54	P2	16	7	Severe	–	Valve replacement
16	M	65	A2–A3	18	14	Moderate	Secundum ASD	Annuloplasty
17	F	25	A2	12	9	Severe	ECD	Direct suture
18	F	34	A1	13	8	Moderate	ECD	Direct suture
19	M	17	A2	15	13	Severe	PDA	Direct suture

M, male; F, female; A, anterior; P, posterior; MR, mitral regurgitation; ASD, atrial septal defect; VSD, ventricular septal defect; ECD, endocardial cushion defect; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; TOF, tetralogy of Fallot.

Three-dimensional echocardiography

RT-3DE can directly show the 3D structure of the MVC in multiple views, such as the position, shape, longitudinal diameter, and width of the MVC as well as the spatial position between the chordae tendineae surrounding the MVC and the aortic valve. In the patients studied, the average longitudinal diameter of the leaflet cleft was 12.02±2.12 mm (range, 7–18 mm), and the average width was 7.23±1.94 mm (range, 5–15 mm) (Table 1). The anterior leaflet cleft of the mitral valve manifested as a regular shape in 13 patients. V-shaped clefts in the opening of the mitral valve and I-shaped clefts in the closing of the mitral valve were also observed, and the clefts in these patients originated from the leaflet tip and ran toward the root of the aorta. C- or S-shaped clefts were observed in 6 patients.

Comparison with intraoperative findings

Two patients with mild MR did not undergo surgery, while 17 patients with moderate or moderate-severe MR underwent surgery. The intraoperative findings demonstrated that the location, shape, and degree of damage to the leaflet cleft were completely consistent with the preoperative diagnosis by 3D echocardiography (Figure 1). The maximum longitudinal diameters of the valve leaflet cleft, which were measured by RT-3DE and by direct measurements during surgery, were 12.02±2.12 and 13.01±2.45 mm, respectively, and the difference between these measurements was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Moreover, cardiac arrest during surgery results in no pressure inside the chambers. In this respect, comparing the width measured by RT-3DE with the width measured directly during surgery seems to have little significance. Of the 17 patients who underwent surgery, 11 patients underwent direct suture, 3 patients underwent annuloplasty due to expansion of the MVR annulus, and 3 patients underwent valve replacement because of severe damage to the valve leaflet around the cleft, presenting with thickening, stiffness and contracture.

Figure 1.

MVC in a 14-year-old female. (A) 2D echocardiography in the parasternal long-axis view shows a break in the aortic mitral leaflet(arrows); (B) the parasternal long-axis view with color Doppler. The severe MR pass through the cleft and was directed posteriorly (arrows); (C) the parasternal short-axis view at the level of the mitral valve. A cleft in segment A2 of the anterior mitral leaflet (arrows); (D) the parasternal short-axis view at the level of the mitral valve. Color Doppler shows the severe MR coming through the cleft (arrows); (E) RT-3DE disclosed a cleft located in the midportion of the anterior mitral leaflet (arrows); (F) the intraoperative view from the left atrium onto the mitral valve. A cleft in segment A2 of the anterior mitral leaflet is shown (arrows). LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle; Ao, aortic; C, cleft; AMV, anterior mitral valve; PMV, posterior mitral valve.

Discussion

MVC may be present with or without other congenital heart defects. Isolated anterior mitral leaflet cleft is rare, and isolated posterior mitral leaflet cleft are extremely rare. Complicated cardiac malformations include secondary atrial septal defect, transposition of the great arteries, endocardial cushion defect, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect, and double outlet right ventricle (5,6).

MVC is the most common cause of congenital mitral insufficiency (7,8), and direct suture and valvuloplasty are the major and effective treatments for MR caused by MVC (9,10). Therefore, it is important to determine the location and magnitude of the pathological damage due to MVC when selecting a surgical procedure for treatment. The use of 2D ultrasound to observe the 3D structure of the mitral valve leaflets and paravalvular tissues has considerable limitations, especially in observing the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve because it may have folds that can cause echo drop-out artifacts (11,12).

RT-3DE was used to show the 3D anatomical structure and spatial position of the mitral valve by rotating and cropping the 3D images with multiple levels and views and to dynamically display the structure, movement and function of the mitral valve leaflets (13,14). This study has shown that RT-3DE can directly display the position, shape, longitudinal diameter and width of the MVC as well as the spatial position between the chordae tendineae surrounding the MVC and the aortic valve. The intraoperative findings demonstrated that the location, shape, and degree of damage to the leaflet cleft were completely consistent with the preoperative diagnosis by RT-3DE. Three patients underwent valve replacement because of severe damage to the valve leaflet around the cleft, which presented with thickening, stiffness and contracture. Therefore, accurate localization of mitral valve leaflet clefts and evaluation of the magnitude of valve leaflet damage and regurgitation are key factors for successful surgeries (15-17).

In this study, the anterior leaflet cleft was located near the junction in 13 patients, which was consistent with previously published results in the literature, i.e., MVC occurs in either the A1 or A3 segment (18,19). This positioning is also associated with the embryonic development of the mitral valve (20). The anterior mitral leaflet originates in the endocardial cushion, while the posterior mitral leaflet originates in the myocardium of the left posterior ventricular wall. An MVC will develop when inappropriate fusion occurs at the junction of the anterior and posterior leaflets (21,22). Of the 19 patients in this study, only 5 out of the 15 patients who had ever undergone echocardiography were diagnosed with or suspected to have MVC, indicating that missing a diagnosis of MVC is common. The possible reasons for a missed diagnosis include the following numbered descriptions: (I) the short-axis view of the left ventricle at the level of the mitral valve is the optimal view to identify MVC. However, sonographers usually ignore this view, instead giving attention to assessing MR and thus overlooking changes in the morphology of the mitral valve (23); (II) it is easy to miss a diagnosis of MVC in patients without MR or with mild MR because some sonographers believe that MR must be present in patients with MVC. In this study, 2 patients were diagnosed with anterior mitral leaflet cleft by ultrasound but only mild MR was present.

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are alternative noninvasive imaging modalities for the assessment of mitral valve diseases. MRI can provide good functional information about both valvular stenosis and regurgitation, and it allows for accurate assessment of ventricular function and relevant cardiac and vascular anatomy (24). However, defining the valve leaflet morphology is still difficult with MRI as the images are not usually acquired in real time but are instead reconstructed from data gathered over several heart cycles during a breath hold. Thus, the valve leaflets are not always easily observed, especially if there is an arrhythmia. CT has limited potential for the evaluation of valvular heart diseases due to the risk of radiation and contrast.

RT-3DE has some limitations (25). The 3D full-volume imaging mode does not collect images from the same cardiac cycle. Therefore, errors in imaging consistency may occur when the patient changes his or her position, takes deep breaths or has cardiac arrhythmia (26,27). Furthermore, the surface area of the volume transducer is large enough to affect the complete display of the entire structure due to the narrow intercostal space, which can limit the echo-wave through the observed window (28). Therefore, to obtain perfect 3D images, my personal experience is as follows: (I) one must optimize the gain, focus and maximum depth to obtain a clear 2D image based on 2D echocardiography; (II) the “pyramid-shaped” RT-3DE data should be obtained using the whole-volume imaging from the section of the apical 4-chamber view; (III) the RT-3DE images must be cut in a plane in the direction of the left atrium to the left ventricular to observe the real view of the mitral valve in the surgical field, while the unnecessary structures must be cut to reveal the mitral valve; and (IV) the patients should hold their breath while the images are taken.

In summary, RT-3DE is a reliable technique that has provided significant additional information to improve the accuracy of the detailed spatial analysis of mitral valve morphology and function. RT-3DE can serve as a useful alternative to 2D echocardiography. It is a simple and fast imaging technique from which detailed 3D images can be obtained to confirm a diagnosis of MVC. RT-3DE is considered to be an important preoperative test to provide more comprehensive information for selecting a surgical procedure for treatment. Therefore, RT-3DE has important clinical significance and broad prospects for application.

Ethical Statement: The review of these patients was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee [(2016) Clinical Medicine Ethics Review No. 005] for human research, and written informed consent was obtained from the participants.