The group of Prof. Monnet et al. [1] elegantly described the characteristics of patients failing spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs; n = 128/283, 45%), confirming that a large proportion of weaning failures (59%) are associated with weaning-induced pulmonary oedema (WiPO). Three factors were independently associated with WiPO during SBT: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity and “structural cardiopathy”.
However, we believe this study also deserves comment for the contribution of LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in cases of WiPO. Despite patients with WiPO having similar LV ejection fraction to those without (61 versus 57%, p = 0.76), they had a higher E/E’ ratio (10.5 versus 8.8, p < 0.01), a parameter strongly associated with LVDD [2]. Furthermore, among patients with cardiac output (CO) monitoring in place during the SBT (n = 85/283), those developing WiPO showed a significant increase in global end-diastolic volume (~200 ml, +22% from baseline), while this parameter remained unchanged when WiPO did not occur. Interestingly, the vast majority of patients experiencing WiPO (n = 28/30) had preload-independence after a passive leg rising (PLR) test and, on the contrary, the PLR test showed preload-dependence in all the patients that did not experience WiPO (n = 55/55). The authors also reported that when preload-independence persisted despite fluid removal, most of the patients again showed WiPO on the following SBT, while a change to a preload-dependence condition was associated with a high rate of successful weaning.
Taken together, such findings emphasize the importance of LVDD as a contributor to WiPO. The higher venous return during the shift from positive to negative pressure ventilation determines unfavourable LV loading conditions, which may be poorly tolerated in the context of LVDD.
The importance of LVDD is not surprising since it has been associated with weaning failure [3, 4] and also with mortality in sepsis [5]. Of note, the authors report a higher incidence of septic-related cardiomyopathy in patients with WiPO (17 versus 2%, p = 0.01) [1].
We ask the authors to share their opinion on this aspect and to provide the E’ values comparing patients with or without WiPO, since the recently published guidelines have emphasized also the role of E’ when assessing LVDD [2].
On a separate note, another interesting finding that may deserve further comment is that patients with CO monitoring had a trend towards lower SBT failure (n = 45/85) compared to those with no CO monitoring (n = 83/198; p = 0.09, not reported). Was the CO monitoring intentionally used to keep the patient in a “safely dry” condition?
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
All the authors read and discussed the critical issues of the manuscript by Liu et al. FS wrote the draft of the letter, FS and CS reviewed the evidence on diastolic dysfunction and weaning, GB and AA edited the draft. FS submitted the letter. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
- CO
Cardiac output
- LV
Left ventricular
- LVDD
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction
- SBT
Spontaneous breathing trial
- WiPO
Weaning-induced pulmonary oedema
Footnotes
See related research by Liu et al. http://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-016-1533-9
Contributor Information
Filippo Sanfilippo, Phone: 0039 3289178766, Email: fgsanfilippo@ismett.edu.
Cristina Santonocito, Email: csantonocito@ismett.edu.
Gaetano Burgio, Email: gburgio@ismett.edu.
Antonio Arcadipane, Email: aarcadipane@ismett.edu.
References
- 1.Liu J, Shen F, Teboul JL, Anguel N, Beurton A, Bezaz N, Richard C, Monnet X. Cardiac dysfunction induced by weaning from mechanical ventilation: incidence, risk factors, and effects of fluid removal. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):369. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1533-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, Flachskampf FA, Gillebert TC, Klein AL, Lancellotti P, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(12):1321-1360. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 3.Papanikolaou J, Makris D, Saranteas T, Karakitsos D, Zintzaras E, Karabinis A, Kostopanagiotou G, Zakynthinos E. New insights into weaning from mechanical ventilation: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is a key player. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(12):1976–85. doi: 10.1007/s00134-011-2368-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Caille V, Amiel JB, Charron C, Belliard G, Vieillard-Baron A, Vignon P. Echocardiography: a help in the weaning process. Crit Care. 2010;14(3):R120. doi: 10.1186/cc9076. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Sanfilippo F, Corredor C, Fletcher N, Landesberg G, Benedetto U, Foex P, Cecconi M. Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in septic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(6):1004-13 [DOI] [PubMed]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.