Table 5.

Open defecation interacts with population density to predict height: Bangladesh sample

	Height-for-Age z score
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Local Open Defecation × ln(Density)	–0.372*	–0.455**	–0.332*	–0.324*	–0.261†	–0.278*
	(0.176)	(0.152)	(0.163)	(0.149)	(0.139)	(0.137)
Local Open Defecation	–0.654***	–0.768***	–0.624***	–0.590***	–0.364**	–0.331**
	(0.122)	(0.122)	(0.130)	(0.123)	(0.118)	(0.122)
ln(Density)	0.045†	0.048†	0.055*	0.047*	–0.007	–0.003
	(0.023)	(0.026)	(0.024)	(0.023)	(0.018)	(0.019)
Household Open Defecation	–0.227***	–0.223***	–0.214***	–0.193***	–0.079†	–0.034
	(0.043)	(0.042)	(0.041)	(0.041)	(0.041)	(0.040)
Mother’s Height (cm)						0.038***
						(0.004)
Age in Months × Sex	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
District Fixed Effects		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Round and Year-of-Birth Fixed Effects			✓	✓	✓	✓
Birth Demography				✓	✓	✓
Household Wealth					✓	✓
Maternal Nutrition and Care						✓
n (children under 5)	19,156	19,156	19,156	19,156	19,061	19,014

Notes: Standard errors clustered by 66 districts in parentheses. For a complete list of control variables, please see the text.

^† p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-tailed tests)