Table 4. Sensitivity analysis of ahrs of statin use for reduction of lung cancer risk.
| Statin use aHR (95% CI) | P for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 28 cDDDs | 28–90 cDDDs | 91–365 cDDDs | > 365 cDDDs | ||
| Main model† | 1.00 | 0.50 (0.38, 0.67)*** | 0.43 (0.33, 0.56)*** | 0.27 (0.20, 0.35)*** | < 0.001 |
| Additional covariates‡ | |||||
| Main model + Nonstatin lipid-lowering drugs | 1.00 | 0.52 (0.39, 0.69)*** | 0.46 (0.35, 0.60)*** | 0.29 (0.22, 0.38)*** | < 0.001 |
| Main model + Metformin | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.38, 0.67)*** | 0.45 (0.34, 0.58)*** | 0.28 (0.21, 0.38)*** | < 0.001 |
| Main model + ACEI | 1.00 | 0.52 (0.39, 0.69)*** | 0.48 (0.37, 0.63)*** | 0.33 (0.25, 0.43)*** | < 0.001 |
| Main model + Aspirin | 1.00 | 0.52 (0.39, 0.69)*** | 0.46 (0.35, 0.61)*** | 0.30 (0.23, 0.40)*** | < 0.001 |
| Subgroup effects | |||||
| Age, years 40–64 | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.41, 0.94)* | 0.41 (0.27, 0.64)*** | 0.23 (0.14, 0.36)*** | < 0.001 |
| 65–74 | 1.00 | 0.33 (0.18, 0.58)*** | 0.45 (0.30, 0.67)*** | 0.22 (0.14, 0.35)*** | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 75 | 1.00 | 0.59 (0.34, 1.03) | 0.35 (0.19, 0.66)** | 0.39 (0.23, 0.67)*** | < 0.001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 1.00 | 0.28 (0.15, 0.53)*** | 0.44 (0.29, 0.68)*** | 0.30 (0.20, 0.45)*** | < 0.001 |
| Male | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.46, 0.88)** | 0.43 (0.30, 0.60)*** | 0.24 (0.16, 0.35)*** | < 0.001 |
| CCI+ | |||||
| 0 | 1.00 | 0.47 (0.27, 0.84)* | 0.32 (0.17, 0.58)*** | 0.29 (0.18, 0.49)*** | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 1.00 | 0.52 (0.32, 0.87)* | 0.53 (0.35, 0.82)** | 0.21 (0.12, 0.37)*** | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 1.00 | 0.44 (0.23, 0.83)* | 0.59 (0.36, 0.97)* | 0.28 (0.15, 0.50)*** | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 3 | 1.00 | 0.53 (0.29, 0.98)* | 0.23 (0.11, 0.48)*** | 0.25 (0.13, 0.46)*** | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.37, 0.71)*** | 0.46 (0.34, 0.63)*** | 0.22 (0.16, 0.33)*** | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.46 (0.25, 0.83)* | 0.33 (0.20, 0.56)*** | 0.30 (0.20, 0.47)*** | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 0.47 (0.33, 0.67)*** | 0.44 (0.32, 0.62)*** | 0.24 (0.16, 0.35)*** | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.53 (0.33, 0.86)* | 0.39 (0.25, 0.60)*** | 0.28 (0.19, 0.42)*** | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 1.00 | 0.50 (0.33, 0.75)*** | 0.50 (0.34, 0.73)*** | 0.22 (0.13, 0.36)*** | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 1.00 | 0.50 (0.33, 0.74)*** | 0.37 (0.25, 0.53)*** | 0.27 (0.19, 0.38)*** | < 0.001 |
| Nonstatin lipid-lowering drugs | |||||
| < 28 days | 1.00 | 0.53 (0.39, 0.73)*** | 0.42 (0.31, 0.58)*** | 0.25 (0.18, 0.35)*** | < 0.001 |
| 28–365 days | 1.00 | 0.49 (0.19, 1.26) | 0.46 (0.22, 0.96)* | 0.32 (0.16, 0.63)*** | < 0.001 |
| > 365 days | 1.00 | 0.50 (0.06, 4.18) | 1.47 (0.49, 4.38) | 0.70 (0.24, 2.02) | 0.644 |
| Metformin | |||||
| < 28 days | 1.00 | 0.53 (0.38, 0.72)*** | 0.42 (0.30, 0.58)*** | 0.27 (0.19, 0.38)*** | < 0.001 |
| 28–365 days | 1.00 | 0.29 (0.09, 0.93)* | 0.28 (0.10, 0.78)* | 0.25 (0.09, 0.69)** | < 0.001 |
| > 365 days | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.32, 1.71) | 0.78 (0.44, 1.38) | 0.38 (0.23, 0.65)*** | 0.001 |
| ACEI | |||||
| < 28 days | 1.00 | 0.56 (0.38, 0.84)** | 0.44 (0.29, 0.68)*** | 0.21 (0.11, 0.41)*** | < 0.001 |
| 28–365 days | 1.00 | 0.53 (0.30, 0.93)* | 0.68 (0.42, 1.10) | 0.32 (0.16, 0.63)*** | < 0.001 |
| > 365 days | 1.00 | 0.64 (0.35, 1.18) | 0.56 (0.34, 0.91)* | 0.51 (0.35, 0.74)*** | < 0.001 |
| Aspirin | |||||
| < 28 days | 1.00 | 0.44 (0.29, 0.67)*** | 0.39 (0.26, 0.60)*** | 0.30 (0.19, 0.47)*** | < 0.001 |
| 28–365 days | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.29, 0.89)* | 0.74 (0.47, 1.17) | 0.19 (0.09, 0.44)*** | < 0.001 |
| > 365 days | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.65, 1.97) | 0.52 (0.30, 0.92)* | 0.46 (0.30, 0.71)*** | < 0.001 |
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001.
a
HR: adjusted hazard ratio.
+
CCI: Charlson comorbidity index.
†
Main model was adjusted using propensity scores for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, urbanization level, and monthly income.
‡
Models were adjusted for covariates in the main model as well as each additional listed covariate.