Normative values for stool frequency and form using Rome III diagnostic criteria for functional constipation in adults: systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract

When designing clinical trials focused on functional constipation therapies, understanding the normative values of populations selected using the Rome III criteria is important for estimating baseline symptom severity, and for power analysis and sample size calculations. The objective of this review was to determine normative ranges for stool frequency and form in adults with functional constipation (Rome III criteria). Eligible studies reported stool frequency or form; random effects meta-analysis was performed with subgroup analyses to explore sources of heterogeneity. A total of 25 studies (43 groups, 2292 subjects) were included. Pooled estimates were 2.7 (95% CI 2.4-3.0) for weekly stools and 2.4 (95% CI 2.1-2.6) for stool form (Bristol scale). Heterogeneity was high for both outcomes (both I²=96%, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that weekly bowel movement frequency was higher in larger than in smaller studies (3.1 vs. 2.3, P<0.001) and in studies conducted in Europe compared with those in the Americas (3.1 vs. 2.2, P=0.02). For stool form, the use of a daily diary versus subject recall was the sole explanatory variable (2.5 vs. 2.1, P<0.05). We conclude that adults with functional constipation have significant variation in stool frequency and form, explained in part by geography and study design.

Introduction

Chronic constipation is a common disorder of colonic or anorectal function that affects 14% of adults worldwide [1]. While constipation may develop secondarily to disease, medication, or surgery, most cases are idiopathic in nature. Accurate diagnosis is often hindered by the heterogeneous presentation of symptoms and by the substantial symptom overlap with other gastrointestinal disorders, such as constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome [2,3]. The Rome Diagnostic Criteria have attempted to refine the diagnosis of functional gastrointestinal disorders by proposing more objective and standardized diagnostic guidelines. According to Rome III [4], a diagnosis of functional constipation is made when at least two of the following criteria are met for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis: a) straining on >25% of defecations; b) lumpy or hard stools on >25% of defecations; c) sensation of incomplete evacuation on >25% of defecations; d) sensation of anorectal obstruction/blockage on >25% of defecations; e) manual maneuvers on >25% of defecations; and f) less than 3 defecations per week. In addition, loose stools must be rarely present without the use of laxatives and irritable bowel syndrome must not be present. However, even when these criteria are applied, the spectrum of constipation symptoms may remain broad. This may cause problems in the design of clinical trials focused on functional constipation therapies, since estimating baseline symptom severity with reasonable accuracy is necessary for power analysis and sample size calculations. In accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) E6 guidance [5], normative test values should be established prior to execution of a clinical trial. To the authors’ knowledge, such data do not currently exist for common endpoints in functional constipation clinical trials, such as stool frequency and consistency. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine normative ranges for stool frequency and form in adults diagnosed with functional constipation according to the Rome III criteria. A secondary goal of this research was to identify potential sources of heterogeneity in these outcomes.

Materials and methods

Literature search

Medline (including in-process citations), EMBASE, and Scopus databases were searched for studies, regardless of study design, that reported stool frequency or stool form in adults with functional constipation according to the Rome III criteria. Search terms included “bowel function”; “chronic constipation”; “constipat*”; “functional constipation”; “functional gastrointestinal disorder”; “idiopathic constipation”; and “Rome III”. Additionally, manual searches were conducted using the Directory of Open Access Journals, Google Scholar, and the reference lists of included papers and other relevant meta-analyses. Searches were restricted to papers published between 2006 and 2016, the former date coinciding with the development of the Rome III guidelines. The final search was conducted in July 2016.

Study selection

Two researchers independently selected studies for inclusion in the review. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Titles and abstracts were screened to exclude all non-English papers, review articles, commentaries, letters, case reports, and obviously irrelevant manuscripts. Full-text versions of the remaining manuscripts were retrieved and reviewed. Studies of patients with functional constipation using the Rome III criteria that reported baseline stool frequency or stool form were included. Studies were excluded if subjects were less than 18 years of age; functional constipation was secondary to disease, surgery, or medication use; the Rome III diagnostic criteria were not applied; or the Rome III diagnostic criteria were modified to mandate additional study inclusion criteria involving thresholds for stool frequency or form. Data were extracted from eligible peer-reviewed articles by one author and then verified by a second author. Data extraction discrepancies were resolved by consensus.

Outcomes

Main outcomes were stool frequency and stool form. Stool frequency was defined as the number of self-reported bowel movements per week; data on spontaneous bowel movements and complete bowel movements were not considered. Stool form was extracted from studies that utilized the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) [6], where values of 1 or 2 indicate constipation, 3 and 4 are considered ideal, and 5 to 7 are indicative of diarrhea or urgency.

Data analysis

A random effects meta-analysis model was developed based on the a priori assumption that treatment effects would be heterogeneous among studies. The pooled estimate and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for each main outcome. A forest plot was used to illustrate the individual study findings and the random effects meta-analysis results. Heterogeneity of outcomes among studies was quantified with the I² statistic, where values of ≤25%, 50%, and ≥75% represent low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively [7]. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were undertaken to explore potential sources of heterogeneity in outcomes. For these analyses, values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 2.2 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA).

Results

Study selection

From a total of 407 records that were screened for eligibility, 25 studies (43 groups) representing 2292 unique subjects were included in the meta-analysis. A flow diagram illustrating the study identification and selection is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.

Study flow diagram

Study and patient characteristics

Median values were age 41 years (range: 21 to 82 years), 77% female (range: 0% to 100%), 25 kg/m² body mass index (range: 19-27 kg/m²), and 7 years symptom duration (range: 1-21 years). Functional constipation was diagnosed by a physician in 15 (60%) studies or via questionnaire only in 10 (40%) studies. Bowel symptoms were determined by daily diaries in 14 (56%) studies or by subject recall in 11 (44%) studies (Table 1).

Table 1.

Study and subject characteristics

Stool frequency

In 20 studies (35 groups), weekly stool frequency was 2.7 (95% CI 2.4-3.0), with a range of 1.1-4.6 (Fig. 2). Heterogeneity in stool frequency was high among studies (I²=96%, P<0.001). In subgroup analysis, statistically significant sources of heterogeneity included sample size and geographic location. Weekly bowel movement frequency was higher in larger than in smaller studies (3.1 vs. 2.3, P<0.001). Stool frequency also varied with geography, with 3.1 bowel movements per week in European studies compared with 2.2 in the Americas. No other study or subject factors influenced weekly stool frequency (Table 2).

Figure 2.

Weekly stool frequency in adults with functional constipation. Stool frequency estimates from random effects meta-analysis. A pooled estimate (diamond) and 95% confidence interval (diamond width) summarizes the effect size

Table 2.

Subgroup analysis of effects of study- and subject-related factors on stool frequency

Stool form

In 16 studies (26 groups), stool form on the BSFS was 2.4 (95% CI 2.1-2.6), with a range of 1.3-4.0 (Fig. 3). Heterogeneity in stool frequency was high among studies (I²=96%, P<0.001). By subgroup analysis, the only variable that contributed significantly to this heterogeneity was the method of bowel symptom assessment. BSFS scores were higher in studies that assessed bowel symptoms using a daily diary than in those that depended on subject recall (2.5 vs. 2.1, P<0.05). The use of a 1-week or a 2-week daily diary had no effect on the reported stool form. No other study or subject factors influenced stool form (Table 3).

Figure 3.

Stool form in adults with functional constipation. Stool form estimates from random effects meta-analysis. A pooled estimate (diamond) and 95% confidence interval (diamond width) summarizes the effect size

Table 3.

Subgroup analysis of effects of study- and subject-related factors on stool form

Relationship between stool frequency and form

In 12 studies (18 groups), stool frequency and form were reported. In meta-regression, a weak but statistically significant positive relationship was noted between bowel movements per week and stool form scores (R²=13%, P<0.001) (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

Meta-regression of relationship between stool frequency and form in adults with functional constipation. Percentage of explained variance = 13%, P<0.001

Discussion

This systematic review and meta-analysis attempted to establish normative ranges for stool frequency and form in adults with functional constipation according to the Rome III criteria. Despite the use of a common diagnostic tool in all studies, high heterogeneity in stool frequency and form was observed. Based on subgroup analysis results, differences in main outcomes among studies were mainly influenced by geography and study design factors, but not subject characteristics.

As expected, BSFS scores were lower than in healthy adults. Pooled stool form score on the BSFS was 2.4 in this meta-analysis, compared to 3.6 reported in a healthy population [8]. Similarly, pooled weekly stool frequency was 2.7, compared to 7.7 bowel movements per week in healthy adults [8]. It is not surprising that the correlation between stool frequency and form was weak, and that different factors influenced these outcomes. Stool frequency has been shown to be weakly related to stool form, a known surrogate for intestinal transit time [8].

The findings of this review are clinically meaningful for several reasons. First, although the clinical definition of constipation generally requires less than 3 bowel movements per week, 43% of the groups in this review had a stool frequency of 3 or more bowel movements per week. This finding is in agreement with a population-based study where the primary patient complaint was not stool frequency, but rather hard stools and straining [9]. Thus, stool frequency alone may be a poor indicator of constipation severity. Second, stool frequency and form are common primary endpoints in clinical trials of constipation therapies. Nearly 50% of patients express dissatisfaction with conventional constipation therapies [9] and clinical trials of alternative treatments are warranted. Accurate estimation of baseline stool frequency and form will help to determine sample size requirements. Third, study design and geography may influence baseline patient characteristics. For example, reported stool frequency was higher when daily diaries were used. This is in line with previous research showing that stool frequency is underestimated unless stool diaries are used [10]. In addition, the reported stool frequency in adults with functional constipation was independently influenced by geographic location. The reasons for this finding are unknown, but they may be related to unmeasured variables such as diet, lifestyle, or socioeconomic status. Another plausible explanation for this finding could be cultural or geographic differences in the interpretation and reporting of patients’ symptoms. Overall, the data presented in this review may assist clinical trialists in estimating baseline symptom severity and provide additional insight into the impact of study design, geography, and patient characteristics on these estimates.

The strengths of this meta-analysis include the use of a consistent diagnostic definition and the exploration of sources of heterogeneity in determining normative values for stool frequency and form in adults with functional constipation. There are also several important limitations of this research that should be highlighted. Unreported confounding factors, such as temporal symptoms, psychological issues, stress levels, diet, hydration, physical activity, or medical history, may have influenced outcomes. Importantly, these results apply only to adults diagnosed with functional constipation using the Rome III guidelines; therefore, their generalizability to all constipated adults is unknown. Finally, a number of potentially relevant studies were excluded because of insufficient data reporting.

In conclusion, adults with functional constipation according to the Rome III criteria report significant variation in stool frequency and form. The variability among studies may be explained by geography and by study design factors.

Biography

Miller Scientific Consulting, Inc, Asheville, NC, USA; DuPont Nutrition and Health, Kantvik, Finland