Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Scientific Reports logoLink to Scientific Reports
. 2017 Feb 27;7:43284. doi: 10.1038/srep43284

The influences of four types of soil on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Lycoris aurea (L’ Her.) Herb

Miaohua Quan 1,2,3,a, Juan Liang 1
PMCID: PMC5327428  PMID: 28240308

Abstract

Based on the characteristics of Lycoris aurea (L. aurea) natural distribution and local soil types, we selected four representative types of soil, including humus soil, sandy soil, garden soil and yellow-brown soil, for conducting the cultivation experiments to investigate key soil factors influencing its growth and development and to select the soil types suitable for cultivating it. We found that there existed significant differences in the contents of mineral elements and the activities of soil enzymes (urease, phosphatase, sucrase and catalase) etc. Among which, the contents of organic matters, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, Ca and Mg as well as the activities of soil enzymes in humus soil were the highest ones. In yellow-brown soil, except for Fe, the values of all the other items were the lowest ones. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn), biomass and lycorine content in humus soil were all the highest ones, which were increased by 31.02, 69.39 and 55.79%, respectively, as compared to those of yellow-brown soil. Stepwise multiple regression analysis and path analysis indicated that alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, and Ca etc. were key soil factors influencing Pn, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea. Thus, humus soil can be used as medium suitable for artificial cultivation of L. aurea.

Lycoris aurea (L’ Her.) Herb (L. aurea), also known as Golen Magic Lily, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Lycoris. It is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb plant1. Its bulb is rich in more than 10 types of alkaloids, including lycorine, galanthamine and lycoramine etc. and can be used to treat several important diseases such as poliomyelitis sequel, Alzheimer’s disease, and myasthenia Gravis etc. It also possesses certain anti-cancer effects and has been used in treating cancer. Thus, it has important medicinal value2. Lycorine belongs to pyrrolo-phenanthridine alkaloid within the class of isoquinoline alkaloids and is one of the major components of the anti-cancer alkaloids present in the plants in the family Amaryllidaceae3,4. Moreover, L. aurea is also a good groundcover and ornamental flower plant. Its bulb is also rich in starch and galanthus nivalis agglutinin. Thus, it is valuable to be widely applied in many fields, including landscape garden, industry and agriculture5. Its bulb contains many types of abundant components such as alkaloids and has relatively higher ornamental value. Thus, there is increasing market demand on L. aurea. However, in the recent years, the deterioration of the ecological environment and the over-artificial digging had led to the shortage of the resources of wild L. aurea. Thus, to initiate the artificial cultivation of L. aurea is of theoretical importance and practical significance for protection and proper utilization of the rare resource of wild L. aurea.

The quality of herb medicines is the comprehensive indicator reflecting certain cultivation technologies and ecological conditions under which the medicinal plants grow. Among which, soil serves as an essential medium for supporting plant growth and development, and thus, it has important influences on the growth, development and the medicinal quality of herb plants6. The nutritional elements (e.g. N, P, K, Ca, and Mg etc.) of soil are required for the growth of medicinal plants. These elements are not only the important sources of materials for building up the structures of plant tissues, but also are actively involved in the metabolic activities within plants7. For instance, Barlóg8 reported that magnesium and nitrogenous fertilizers were favorable for the growth, the biosynthesis and accumulation of alkaloids in Lupinus angustifolius. Ca2+ plays important roles in sequestration and signaling in regulating the activities of chloroplasts9,10. Plants require K+ for important intracellular physiological functions, including photosynthesis and nutrient transport11. Soil enzymes are one type of the most important biological components of the soil ecosystem. They play an important role in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling12. For instance, the hydroxylases (e.g. urease and sucrase etc.) can hydrolyze the macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, to form the simpler and smaller molecules that are easily absorbed by plants and to accelerate the nitrogen cycle and carbon cycle within the soil ecosystem. The activities of soil enzymes are closely related to soil physicochemical properties, soil types, and fertilizer application, cultivation and other agricultural measures13,14. Alkaloids are an important class of plant secondary metabolites and the result of the interactions between plants and their environments (both biotic and abiotic) during the long-term evolution process15,16. Different types of soil possess different textures and physiochemical properties while the demands of different types of medicinal herb plants for suitable soil conditions are quite different. Thus, the types of soil for cultivation of medicinal herb plants should be selected according to the particular physiological requirements of the particular plants6,17. Currently, most of the studies on L. aurea have mainly focused on the such aspects as biological evolution18,19, chemical compositions20,21,22, physiology and biochemistry23,24,25, pharmacology and pharmacodynamics2,26,27. In term of cultivation, Zeng et al.28 reported that L. aurea preferred the environments of shading, humidity, pleasantly cool, ventilation and penetrating light and had no strict requirement for soil type, but it grew better in sandy loam and calcific soil etc. that were fertile, porous, and rich in organic matter. However, the studies on the effects of soil conditions on the growth and development of L. aurea and the accumulation of the medicinal components have been barely available. Thus, it is necessary to select suitable soil conditions for artificial cultivation of L. aurea. In this study, based on the characteristics of its natural distribution patterns, we selected four representative types of soil with different textures and physiochemical properties for conducting the controlled experiments on the cultivation of L. aurea, aiming to study the correlations of the key soil factors with its growth, development and accumulation of medicinal component for providing the experimental basis for artificial cultivation of L. aurea.

Results

Comparison in physicochemical properties among different types of cultivation soil

As shown in Table 1, there were significant differences in pH value, the contents of soil moisture, organic matter, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, rapidly available phosphorus, rapidly available kalium, Ca and Mg etc. in different types of soil. Among which, the contents of organic matter, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, Ca and Mg were the richest ones in humus soil, which were 22.64, 7.99, 11.66 and 5.88 times those of yellow-brown soil, the poorest ones. The Fe content in yellow-brown soil was the highest one. The contents of soil moisture, rapidly available phosphorus, rapidly available kalium, Zn, Mn and Cu in garden soil were higher but its Mo content was extremely low. The Mo content in sandy soil was the highest one while the contents of the remaining compositions were between the other types of soil. The humus soil, sandy soil and garden soil were all alkalescent while yellow-brown soil was acidic.

Table 1. Physicochemical properties of different cultivar soil types.

Physicochemical properties Humus soil Sandy soil Garden soil Yellow-brown soil
pH 7.37 ± 0.02b 7.65 ± 0.03ab 7.88 ± 0.05a 5.16 ± 0.03c
Soil moisture(%, FW) 19.87 ± 0.31a 16.69 ± 0.22b 20.21 ± 0.27a 16.57 ± 0.15b
Organic matter (g kg−1 DW) 216.35 ± 12.87a 75.38 ± 5.45b 50.26 ± 3.33c 9.15 ± 1.06d
Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (mg kg−1 DW) 415.94 ± 21.41a 295.62 ± 15.73b 281.45 ± 11.70b 46.25 ± 3.47c
Rapidly available phosphorus (mg kg−1 DW) 144.16 ± 11.54b 92.17 ± 8.67c 157.80 ± 10.90a 20.43 ± 1.08d
Rapidly available kalium (mg kg−1 DW) 438.87 ± 17.09a 387.61 ± 15.68b 457.18 ± 18.81a 177.14 ± 10.23c
Ca(g kg−1 DW) 67.61 ± 5.91a 57.07 ± 4.59b 41.79 ± 3.95c 5.34 ± 0.79d
Mg(g kg−1 DW) 33.15 ± 2.51a 28.19 ± 2.48b 7.08 ± 0.64c 4.82 ± 0.32d
Fe(g kg−1 DW) 27.39 ± 1.69c 39.89 ± 2.94b 50.69 ± 3.87a 51.39 ± 3.92a
Na(mg kg−1 DW) 2567.53 ± 112.85a 2447.01 ± 101.58a 2252.82 ± 105.69bc 2213.35 ± 97.89c
Zn(mg kg−1 DW) 265.13 ± 15.59c 338.20 ± 21.50b 877.91 ± 32.93a 174.06 ± 10.35d
Cu(mg kg−1 DW) 126.00 ± 10.14c 140.41 ± 10.66b 407.90 ± 21.53a 76.99 ± 5.99d
Mn(mg kg−1 DW) 695.87 ± 28.77b 646.92 ± 19.65bc 777.31 ± 35.21a 559.43 ± 21.86d
Mo(mg kg−1 DW) 23.01 ± 1.26b 33.90 ± 1.81a 0.35 ± 0.02d 14.70 ± 1.07c
Open in a new tab

Data followed by different letters within the same line are significantly different (p < 0.05). Mean ± SM represents their standards of error, n = 5. DW represents dry weight.

Comparison and analysis on major agronomic trials of L. aurea among different types of cultivation soil

Different types of cultivation soil had different impacts on the major agronomic trials of L. aurea (Table 2). The biomass performances, the bulb diameter, floral axis height, leaf length and leaf width were all the highest ones in humus soil, which were increased by 69.39, 14.50, 11.74, 15.72 and 8.06%, respectively, as compared to those in yellow-brown soil in which their performances were poorest. The differences in these parameters between two types of soil were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Their performances in sandy soil and garden soil were between those of the humus soil and yellow-brown soil.

Table 2. Comparison of main agronomic characters of L. aurea in four types of soil.

Soil types Biomass (g · plant−1 DW) Bulb diameter (cm) Floral axis height (cm) Leaf
Length (cm) Width (cm)
Humus soil 17.43 ± 1.56a 3.79 ± 0.15a 64.7 ± 5.75a 44.9 ± 4.92a 2.68 ± 0.15a
Sandy soil 14.12 ± 1.24b 3.45 ± 0.12b 63.3 ± 5.14a 43.6 ± 3.85a 2.61 ± 0.12a
Garden soil 14.54 ± 1.26b 3.48 ± 0.13b 64.1 ± 6.01a 42.5 ± 4.08a 2.59 ± 0.10 a
Yellow-brown soil 10.29 ± 1.05c 3.31 ± 0.10c 57.9 ± 4.89b 38.8 ± 4.12b 2.48 ± 0.11b
Open in a new tab

Data followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05). Mean ± SM represents their standards of error, n = 15. DW represents dry weight.

Comparison and analysis on photosynthetic parameters of L. aurea among different types of cultivation soil

Different types of cultivation soil had different effects on photosynthetic parameters of L. aurea (Table 3). Among which, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll content, transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were all the highest ones in humus soil. Except for the lowest Tr value in sandy soil, the performances of all the remaining parameters in yellow-brown soil were the poorest ones. Compared to those in yellow-brown soil, Pn and chlorophyll content were significantly increased by 31.02 and 25.32%, respectively (P < 0.01).

Table 3. Comparison of photosynthetic parameters of L. aurea in different cultivar types of soil.

Soil types Pn (μmol · m−2 · s−1) Chl (a + b) (mg · g−1 FW) Tr (mmol · m−2 · s−1) Ci (molCO2 · mol−1) Gs (mol · m−2 · s−1)
Humus soil 11.15 ± 1.53a 1.93 ± 0.13a 2.98 ± 0.24a 327 ± 21.25a 0.239 ± 0.05a
Sandy soil 10.82 ± 1.48a 1.81 ± 0.12a 2.48 ± 0.21b 288 ± 23.47b 0.205 ± 0.02b
Garden soil 10.89 ± 1.12a 1.83 ± 0.13a 2.55 ± 0.19b 307 ± 26.83a 0.224 ± 0.02a
Yellow-brown soil 8.51 ± 1.15b 1.54 ± 0.11b 2.51 ± 0.14b 275 ± 19.82b 0.135 ± 0.01c
Open in a new tab

Data followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different (P < 0.05). Mean ± SM represents their standards of error, n = 15. FW represents fresh weight.

Comparison and analysis on the activities of soil enzymes among different types of cultivation soil

As shown in Table 4, there existed differences, to certain extend, in the activities of soil enzymes of L. aurea among four types of cultivation soil. Among which, the activities of soil enzymes in humus soil were the highest ones whereas those in yellow-brown soil were the lowest ones. Compared to those in yellow-brown soil, the activities of urease, sucrase, phosphatase and catalase were significantly increased by 9.63, 1.64, 4.03 and 1.95 times, respectively (P < 0.01). Among the soil enzymes tested, the activities of both urease and sucrase in four types of soil were also higher whereas the activity of catalase was the lowest one.

Table 4. Soil enzyme activities of different cultivation soil types.

Soil types Urease (mg NH3-N g−1 DW,24 h) Sucrase (mg glucose g−1 DW,24 h) Phosphatase (mg g−1 DW,24 h) Catalase (mL g−1 DW,20 min)
Humus soil 16.26 ± 1.08a 7.64 ± 0.51a 1.58 ± 0.12a 0.56 ± 0.06a
Sandy soil 12.43 ± 0.95b 7.51 ± 0.61a 1.56 ± 0.15a 0.41 ± 0.05b
Garden soil 7.58 ± 0.41c 4.12 ± 0.29b 0.98 ± 0.10b 0.48 ± 0.03ab
Yellow-brown soil 1.53 ± 0.11d 2.89 ± 0.24c 0.31 ± 0.04 c 0.19 ± 0.02c
Open in a new tab

Data followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05). Mean ± SM represents their standards of error, n = 5. DW represents dry weight.

Comparison and analysis on the lycorine content of L. aurea among different types of cultivation soil

The chromatogram of the bulb sample of L. aurea in cultivation soil were shown in Fig. 1b. The lycorine content of L. aurea in four types of cultivation soil was in the order from high to low as follows: humus soil (1.48 mg g−1 DW) >sandy soil (1.35 mg g−1 DW) >garden soil (1.27 mg g−1 DW) >yellow-brown soil (0.95 mg g−1 DW). Among which, the lycorine content of L. aurea in humus soil was significantly increased by 55.79%, as compared to that in yellow-brown soil (P < 0.01).

Figure 1. Chromatograms of lycorine reference substance (a) and bulb sample (b).

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

*The objective peak of lycorine.

Analysis on key soil factors significantly influencing the medicinal quality of L. aurea

Stepwide multiple regression analysis on soil factors significantly influencing the medicinal quality of L. aurea

The measured values of the soil nutrients and mineral elements were taken as the soil factor group while the measured values of Pn, biomass and lycorine content were taken as the L. aurea medicinal quality group. The soil factors, including pH (X1), soil moisture (X2), organic matter (X3), alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (X4), rapidly available phosphorus (X5), rapidly available kalium (X6), Ca (X7), Mn (X8), Fe (X9), Na (X10), Zn (X11), Cu (X12), Mn (X13), and Mo (X14), were taken as the independent variables, i.e. soil factor group while the leaf Pn (Y1), biomass (Y2) and lycorine content (Y3) of L. aurea were taken as the dependent variables, i.e. medicinal quality group. The soil factors were selected with stepwide multiple regression method. The stepwide multiple regression equations between the L. aurea medicinal quality and significant soil factors were formulated (Table 5). As shown in Table 5, the significant soil factors influencing leaf Pn were alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (X4) and Mo(X14) while the significant soil factor influencing the biomass was alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (X4); the significant soil factors influencing the lycorine content were alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (X4), Ca (X7) and soil moisture (X2). Thus, the significant soil factors influencing the medicinal quality of L. aurea are alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, Ca, Mo and soil moisture.

Table 5. Stepwide multiple regression analysis on significant soil factors influencing P n, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea.
Index Regression equation R2 t-test P-value
Pn (Y1) Y1 = 8.962 + 0.004X4 + 0.025X14 0.967 52.184 0.001
Biomass (Y2) Y2 = 9.228 + 0.019X4 0.964 15.123 0.004
Lycorine content(Y3) Y3 = 0.956 + 0.001X4 + 0.004X7 − 0.004X2 0.987 345.234 0.002
Open in a new tab

Path analysis on the key soil factors significantly influencing P n, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea

In order to further confirm the key soil factors significantly influencing Pn, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea, SPSS statistics analysis was conducted on the significant soil factors and the results were presented in Table 6. As shown in Table 6, the effects of alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen on Pn, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea were the greatest ones with determination coefficients of 0.927, 0.976 and 0.833, respectively, indicating that among these factors, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen is the most significant one; The determination coefficient for the effect of Ca on lycorine content of L. aurea was 0.666, which was ranked the second place among the factors tested, indicating that Ca has important effect on the accumulation of lycorine in L. aurea. Mo had little direct effect on leaf Pn of L. aurea (R2 = 0.015); Soil moisture had negative effect on the lycorine content as its determination coefficient was negative, indicating that soil moisture is a limiting factor. Thus, the key soil factors significantly influencing Pn, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea were alkaline-hydrolysable nitrogen and Ca etc.

Table 6. Path analysis on key soil factors significantiy influencing P n, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea.
Dependent variable Independent variable Correlation coefficient Path coefficient R2
Pn Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen 0.975 0.822 0.927
Mo 0.152 0.243 0.015
Biomass Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen 0.988 0.988 0.976
Lycorine content Soil moisture 0.565 −0.034 −0.040
Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen 0.994 0.600 0.833
Ca 0.996 0.425 0.666
Open in a new tab

R2 represents coefficient of determination.

Discussion

L. aurea has been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb plant to treat several important diseases. However, the increasing demand on L. aurea is contradictory to the limited supply source of wild L. aurea due to the deterioration of its inhabitant environment and over-artificial digging. One of the effective ways to resolve this contradiction is to artificially cultivate it in large-scale. Selection of appropriate types of soil for artificial cultivation of L. aurea is an essential step toward this solution. In the present study, we selected four representative types of soil, i.e. humus soil, sandy soil, garden soil and yellow-brown soil, to investigate their effects on the growth, development and accumulation of alkaloids of L. aurea. We determined that humus soil could be the suitable soil type for artificial cultivation of L. aurea, as supported by several lines of evidence as follows: (a) Humus soil contained the most abundant organic matter, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, Ca and Mg; (b) Humus soil displayed the best performances in several important agronomic trials, including biomass, the bulb diameter, floral axis height, leaf length and leaf width; (c) Humus soil contained the highest activities of soil enzymes including urease, sucrase, phosphatase and catalase; and (d) L. aurea grown in humus soil contained the highest content of lycorine, an important alkaloid. Furthermore, we also found that the key soil factors significantly influencing Pn, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea were alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen and Ca etc.

Different types of soil have quite different physicochemical and biological properties, which have substantial effects on the growth, development and the active constituents of medicinal plants29. Thus, different plants have different demands for appropriate type(s) of soil. For instance, Liu et al.6 reported that the types and texture of soil were closely related to the growth and development of medicinal plants and that loam soil was the relatively ideal type of soil for the cultivation of root/stem-types of medicinal plants. The results obtained from this study have indicated that the humus soil displays the best comprehensive performances in both agronomic trials and physiological and biochemical characteristics including Pn, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea grown among four different types of soil tested, followed by those of sandy soil, garden soil, and yellow-brown soil in the order from high to low. The differences in comprehensive performances are partially due to the significant differences in texture, pH value and organic matter etc. among the types of soil tested. In this study, measurement of the general physicochemical properties of cultivation soils revealed that humus soil was rich in organic matter content with its looser texture and better permeability. Humus soil, sandy soil and garden soil were all alkalescent while yellow-brown soil was acidic. The correlation analysis revealed that the soil pH value displayed a positive correlation with the lycorine content of L. aurea (Supplementary Information), indicating that the alkalescent soil is favorable for the accumulation of lycorine of L. aurea. This result was consistent with that obtained by Chao et al.30, who reported that the alkaline soil in North China was favorable for the accumulation of alkaloids while the acidic soil and yellow-brown soil in South China were unfavorable for the accumulation of alkaloids. Furthermore, path analysis indicated that value for the direct effect of soil moisture on the lycorine content was negative, implying that high soil moisture content may be unfavorable for the accumulation of alkaloids such as lycorine in L. aurea. This result was consistent with those obtained by El-Shazly et al.16 and Bustamante et al.31, who reported that drought environment could enhance the biosynthesis of plant alkaloids. The rich organic matter that was constantly decomposed in humus soil can provide the stable supply of nitrogen nutrients etc. for the growth of plants. The physicochemical properties of humus soil, i.e. rich organic matter, alkalescent pH value, the looser texture and thus, lower soil moisture, are favorable for the growth, biosynthesis and accumulation of alkaloids such as lycorine of L. aurea.

Deficiency or shortage of any of the nutritional elements (e.g. N, P, K, Ca, and Mg etc.) will certainly affect the normal growth and development as well as the internal and external qualities of plants7. Nitrogen is the most important element among all the nutritional elements required by plants32. For instance, the biosynthetic processes of alkaloids require nitrogen involvement. The increased, adequate or surplus nitrogen source was found to be favorable for the biosynthesis of alkaloids in Larkspur33. The present study indicated that the contents of alkaline-hydrolysable nitrogen and Ca in humus soil were higher than those in the poorest yellow-brown soil. Its biomass and the lycorine content were increased substantially. Stepwide multiple regression analysis and path analysis indicated that alkaline-hydrolysable nitrogen was the most important soil factor, and Ca is the secondary factor, implying that the higher contents of alkaline-hydrolysable nitrogen and Ca in humus soil are favorable not only for the growth and development of L. aurea but also for the accumulation of alkaloids including lycorine. These results also further confirm that nitrogen nutrient and Ca are the important environment factors stimulating plant growth and the biosynthesis of alkaloids. NO3-N and NH4-N are two major forms of nitrogen nutrients that are absorbed and utilized by plants. The effectiveness of these two forms of nitrogen element on the growth and development of plants are dependent on the types of plants, the concentrations of NO3-N and NH4-N and their ratio. The absorption, transport and assimilation during the metabolism processes and the effects on the growth, development and physiological processes are significantly different34. During the cultivation of crops, nitrogen nutrient and water supply are two very important controlling factors. Thus, how to maximize the effects of nitrogen nutrients, water and Ca2+ on stimulation of the growth, development, and the accumulation of alkaloids such as lycorine of L. aurea and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain to be further investigated.

The microorganisms inhabiting in soil (e.g. bacteria and fungi etc.) play extremely important roles in the formation of soil fertility and the inter-conversion of plant nutrients and also affect the permeability of root cells and root metabolism. They can modify the root secretion and change the rhizosphere nutrients35,36. In the present study, we found that among four types of soil tested, there existed significant differences in the activities of soil enzymes, including urease and sucrase. Among four types of soil, the humus soil was rich in nutrients, such as organic matter, The activities of its soil enzymes were also higher. But in the poorest yellow-brown soil, the mean activities of soil enzymes were lower. The higher activities of these soil enzymes in the humus soil may be mainly attributed to the higher abundance and activities of soil microorganisms, likely due to the favorable soil conditions for their growth. The high activities of these soil enzymes and active soil microorganisms can continuously drive the degradation and mineralization of soil organic matter and provide the stable supply of nitrogen nutrients etc. for the growth of plants and thus, they are favorable for the growth, development and formation and accumulation of alkaloids, including lycorine of medicinal plants.

Conclusion

In this study, we found that among four representative types of soil tested, the humus soil displayed the best comprehensive performances in terms of the agronomic, physiological and biochemical characteristics including Pn, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea, followed by those of sandy soil, garden soil, and yellow-brown soil in the order from high to low. This humus soil contained higher levels of organic matter, the activities of soil enzymes and mineral elements such as alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, rapidly available phosphorus, and Ca etc. Its texture was looser and its permeability was quite good. Thus, this type of humus soil was suitable for artificial cultivation of L. aurea. Stepwise multiple regression analysis and path analysis indicated that the key soil factors significantly influencing Pn, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea were alkaline-hydrolysable nitrogen and Ca etc. Soil moisture was a limiting factor, implying that high soil moisture content may be unfavorable for the accumulation of lycorine of L. aurea. Our findings provide not only the guidance for conducting artificial cultivation of L.aurea, but also the methods for accumulation of alkaloids including lycorine of medicinal plants.

Materials and Methods

Materials and Cultivation Plots

The material of Lycoris aurea (L’Her.) Herb is an acclimated cultivar original from Huaihau, Hunan Province, China. Given that different medicinal plants have different requirements for soil types suitable for their growth and development, in this study, based on the characteristics of the natural distribution of L. aurea, we selected four representative soil types with quite different textures and physicochemical properties, i.e. humus soil (looser texture and rich in nutrition), sandy soil (loose texture), garden soil (moderate texture) and yellow-brown soil (dense texture). These four types of soil were collected from the original ecological environment in August 2012 and placed on the same experimental field under the same climate conditions for artificial cultivation of L. aurea. This experiment was conducted in Botanical Garden of Huaihua University, Hunan, China. The coordinates of geographical location are 110°01’ E, 27°35’ N, and the level above sea is 267 m. The climate in this location belongs to subtropical humid monsoon. The mean annual atmosphere temperature was 16.9 °C and the mean annual rainfall was 1358.6 mm. A number of bulbs with uniform size were selected and cultivated in the spacing (20 × 20 cm) in the experimental plots. The area of the plot was 1 m2. Each experiment was repeated three times. All the other conditions, such as water and light, were the same. The plots were managed with conventional management. The experimental period was from August 2012 to December 2015. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different soil types on the growth, development and accumulation of alkaloids of L. aurea for finding out the appropriate soil type(s) and for providing the reference basis for artificial culture of L. aurea.

Experimental Methods

Measurement of the general physicochemical properties of cultivation soil

Soil sampling and measurement of the contents of elements

The soil samples (0–20 cm depth) were collected from the experimental plots in December 2014. The samples were air-dried at room temperature. After passed through a 2 mm sieve, the soil samples were used for analysis. The contents of elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn etc. in the samples were determined with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (Agilent7700, USA) in Hunan Food Test and Analysis Center, according to Agricultural Industry Standards or National Quality Standards NY/T 87–1988 and NY/T 296–1995 etc37.

Measurement of other factors of the soil samples

The contents of alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen, rapidly available phosphorus, rapidly available kalium were determined with diffusion method, NaHCO3 extraction-Mo-Sb colorimetric method, and NH4OAc extraction-flame spectrophotometry, respectively. The organic matters were determined with potassium dichromate oxidation heating method. The soil water content was measured with oven-drying methd38. The pH value was determined by using of PHS-3C precision acidity meter.

Measurement of major agronomic trails

Because L. aurea has the following characteristics: its flowers and leaves do not appear at the same time and it has summer dormancy. Its flowers blossom out in August, its leaf development starts in September and its vigorous growth stage is in December. Thus, the measurements of its agronomic trails in different types of cultivation soil were conducted in two stages. Its floral axis height was measured in August 2014 while its morphological parameters, including leaf length, leaf width and the bulb size were measured in December of the same year. The entire plants, including roots, leaves and bulb, were collected and dried by baking in oven to the constant weight and its biomass was weighted. The bulb samples were ground into powder with grinder (60 meshes) and stored under dry condition for subsequent analysis. Five healthy and strong plants were randomly selected from each sampling site and used as the measured subjects. Three repeat experiments were set.

Measurement of photosynthetic characteristics

Photosynthetic parameters, such as leaf Pn, Tr, Gs, and Ci, and other physiological factors were measured by using of Li-6400 portable photosynthesis measurement system with a red-blue light source (Li-cor, USA) under saturating light of 1 000 μmol m−2 s−1. The net photosynthetic rates were measured at least 30 min after the attainment of the temperature39. Given that an “afternoon relaxation of photosynthesis” phenomenon exists in L. aurea, measurement of photosynthesis was conducted in morning time. The same positions of the leaves of five randomly selected L. aurea were used to measure Pn during 9:00–11:00 am in December 2014 when the plant was in nutrition period24. Immediately after that, the corresponding leaves were collected and extracted in 95% ethanol and measured by spectrophotometric method (DU-800 spectrophotometer, Beckman Coulter, Inc.) at the wavelengths 665 and 649 nm. Contents of chlorophyll a and b were calculated by using the method of Lichtenthaler40.

Assays of activities of soil enzymes

In the middle 10 days of each month from January to December 2013, the soil samples at 2 cm below the surface soil nearby the root system of L.aurea were collected from various sampling sites. The enzymatic activities in these soil samples were assayed with the method reported by Guan et al.41 as follows: Urease activity was assayed with indophenol blue colorimetric method and expressed as the amount (in mg) of NH3-N/g of dried soil produced within 24 h incubation at 37 °C. Sucrase activity was assayed with 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry and expressed as amount (in mg) of glucose produced within 24 h incubation at 37 °C. Phosphotase activity was assayed with alkaline phosphatase colorimetric method and expressed as the amount (in mg) of phenol produced/g of dried soil within 24 h incubation at 37 °C. Catalase activity was assayed with potassium permanganate titration method and expressed as the volume (in mL) of consumption of 0.1 N KMnO4/g of dried soil within 20 min incubation at 37 °C. The mean annual activity of each of these enzymes was calculated.

Measurement of lycorine content

Conditions used in assays with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

HPLC was used to measure of lycorine content. The chromatographic conditions used were set as following: 20 μL of samples or standards were injected into the Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column at 25 °C and eluted with mobile phase of 0.1% phosphoric acid:methanol of 65:35 at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was at 288 nm24.

Linear regression

Lycorine content was measured with a LC-20AT HPLC (Shimadzu, Japan). 20 μL of lycorine standard (HPLC ≥ 98%, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control) solutions at concentrations of 20.0, 40.0, 60.0, 80.0 and 100.0 μg·mL−1 were injected into the column and separated under the above conditions. The equation of linear regression was as follows: y = 20648x + 11934, R2 = 0.9996. The chromatogram of the lycorine reference substance was shown in Fig. 1a. Its retention time of the objective peak was 5.833 min.

Sample preparation and measurement of lycorine content

The sieved samples of the bulbs were dried at 65 °C to constant weight. The sample was extracted with Soxhlet method24. The sample solution was separated as described above and lycorine content was calculated using the peak area according to the linear regression equation.

Data analysis

Data analysis was performed with Statistical Product and Service Solutions(SPSS). The correlation analysis was conducted with Pearson correlation coefficient method. The key soil factors influencing Pn, biomass and lycorine content of L. aurea were determined with multiple regression analysis42 and path analysis43,44. The multiple regression analysis was performed with a stepwide method to sequentially include variables in the model, using the following pre-established criteria: inclusion of a variable when its level of significance was <0.05 (p in <0.05), exclusion of a variable when its level of significance was >0.10. This method selects significant variables one by one, and every time a new variable is included, the rest of those previously selected are examined to check if any of them may be removed from the model. The significance of coefficients was evaluated by a t-test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Additional Information

How to cite this article: Quan, M.H. and Liang, J. The influences of four types of soil on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Lycoris aurea (L’ Her.) Herb. Sci. Rep. 7, 43284; doi: 10.1038/srep43284 (2017).

Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Information
srep43284-s1.doc (53.5KB, doc)

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31470403), Innovation Platform Open Fund in Higher Education Institutions of Hunan Province (No. 11K051) and the Foundation of Hunan Key Discipline Construction Projects. We sincerely thank Dr. L.J. Ou, A.P.A.N. He and A.P.S.H. Li for their helps in the experiments, Prof. X.J. Wu and Prof. C.W. She for the helpful discussions and constructive suggestions.

Footnotes

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Author Contributions M.H.Q. designed the study, analyzed data and wrote the paper; J.L. performed experiments and analyzed the data. All the authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.

References

  1. Hsu Y., Hu Z. B., Huang X. L. & Fan G. J. Lycoris in Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 1st edn, Vol. 16 (eds Pei C. et al.), 16–27 (Science press, 1985). [Google Scholar]
  2. Ji Y. B., Xin G. S., Qu Z. Y., Zou X. & Yu M. Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of alkaloids from plants of Lycoris Herb. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 47, 157–164 (2016). [Google Scholar]
  3. Qin K. M., Li X., Xu Z. & Cai B. C. A survey of the studies on pharmacological effects of lycorine and its derivatives. Journal of Beijing Union University (Natural Sciences) 23, 6–10 (2009). [Google Scholar]
  4. Mcnulty J., Nair J. J., Little J. R. L., Brennan J. D. & Bastida J. Structure–activity studies on acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the lycorine series of amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 20, 5290–5294 (2010). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Yang Z. L. & Tan Z. F. Utilization of Lycoris resource and suggestion on propagation-studying. Economic Forest Researches 21, 97–99 (2003). [Google Scholar]
  6. Liu Y., Zhang Z. S., He Y. L., Zhang B. G. & Li X. E. Quality of crude traditional Chinese drugs and ecological environment. Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Materia Materia-World Science and Technology 9, 65–69 (2007). [Google Scholar]
  7. Al-Humaid A. I. Effects of compound fertilization on growth and alkaloids of datura (Daturainnoxia Mill.) plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition 27, 2203–2219 (2005). [Google Scholar]
  8. Barlóg P. K. Effect of magnesium and nitrogenous fertilisers on the growth and alkaloid content in Lupinus Aangustifolius L. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 671–676 (2002). [Google Scholar]
  9. Brand J. J. & Becker D. W. Evidence for direct roles of calcium in photosynthesis. Journal of Bioenergetics & Biomembranes 16, 239–249 (1984). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Rocha A. G. & Vothknecht U. C. The role of calcium in chloroplasts – an intriguing and unresolved puzzle. Protoplasma 249, 957–966 (2012). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Jin S. H. et al. Effects of potassium supply on limitations of photosynthesis by mesophyll diffusion conductance in Carya cathayensis. Tree Physiology 31, 1142–1151 (2011). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Wang L. D. et al. Review: Progress of soil enzymology. Soils 48, 12–21 (2016). [Google Scholar]
  13. Han F. G. et al. Analysis of relationship between soil enzymes activities and fertilities in the field of grain for green in downstream of the Shiyang River. Chinese Journal of Soil Science 45, 1396–1401 (2014). [Google Scholar]
  14. Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M. & Kumar S. MEGA4: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24, 1596–1599 (2007). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Ainouche A., Greinwald R., Witte L. & Huon A. Seed alkaloid composition of Lupinus tassilicus Maire (Fabaceae: Genisteae) and comparison with its related rough seeded lupin species. Biochemical Systematics & Ecology 24, 405–414 (1996). [Google Scholar]
  16. El-Shazly A. M., Dora G. & Wink M. Alkaloids of Haloxylon salicornicum(Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss (Chenopodiaceae). Pharmazie 60, 949–952 (2005). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Xia G. J. et al. Influence of different soil types on reed growth and photosynthesis characteristics. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 34, 1252–1258 (2014). [Google Scholar]
  18. Chang Y. C., Choutou S. & Meichu C. Variations in ribosomal RNA gene Loci in Spider Lily (Lycoris spp.). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 134, 567–573 (2009). [Google Scholar]
  19. Quan M. H., Ou L. J., She C. W., Chen D. M. & Ye W. Analysis of interspecific relationships in Lycoris Herb based on trnH-psbA sequence. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 38,1589–1594 (2011). [Google Scholar]
  20. Yagi F., Noguchi S., Suzuki S., Tadera K. & Goldstein I. J. Purification and characterization of isolectins from Lycoris aurea. Plant & Cell Physiology 34, 1267–1274 (1993). [Google Scholar]
  21. Liu X. D. et al. Galantamine content determination of different organs of the artificial cultivation Lycoris aurea from different places. Journal of Hunan Univ. of CM 35, 31–33 (2015). [Google Scholar]
  22. Zhao Y. N., Song K., Peng S. & Xiao Z. B. Purification of lycorine from Lycoris aurea using zeolite molecular sieve. Natural product research and development 28, 289–292, 299 (2016). [Google Scholar]
  23. Meng P. et al. Growth and photosynthetic responses of three Lycoris species to levels of irradiance. Hortscience 43, 134–137 (2008). [Google Scholar]
  24. Quan M. H. et al. Photosynthetic characteristics of Lycoris aurea and monthly dynamics of alkaloid contents in its bulbs. African Journal of Biotechnology 11, 3686–3691 (2012). [Google Scholar]
  25. Xu S. et al. Physiological and antioxidant parameters in Two Lycoris species as influenced by water deficit stress. Hortscience 50, 1702–1708 (2015). [Google Scholar]
  26. Evidente A. et al. Biological evaluation of structurally diverse amaryllidaceae alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives: discovery of novel leads for anticancer drug design. Planta Medica 75, 501–507 (2009). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Liu R. F. et al. Lycorine hydrochloride inhibits metastatic melanoma cell-dominant vasculogenic mimicry. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 25, 630–638 (2012). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Zeng F. Z., Yang Y. K., Xiang J. Q. & Yin H. Q. Artificial cultivation technology of Lycoris aurea. Modern Chinese Medicine 16, 631–632 (2014). [Google Scholar]
  29. Li Q. L. & Xiao H. L. The interactions of soil properties and biochemical factors with plant allelopathy. Ecology and Environmental Sciences 21, 2031–2036 (2012). [Google Scholar]
  30. Chao Z., Wang E. Z. & Zhou X. J. Relationship between alkaloid contents and growth environment of motherwort (Herba Leonuri). Journal of Southern Medical University 20, 504–506 (2000). [Google Scholar]
  31. Bustamante R. O., Chacon P. & Ninmeyer H. M. Patterns of chemical defences in plants: an analysis of the vascular flora of Chile. Chemoecology 16, 145–151 (2006). [Google Scholar]
  32. Chen B. et al. Effect of N fertilization rate on soil alkali-hydrolyzable N, subtending leaf N concentration, fiber yield, and quality of cotton. Crop Journal 4, 323–330 (2016). [Google Scholar]
  33. Ralphs M. H. & Gardner D. R. Distribution of norditerpene alkaloid in tall Larkspur plant parts through the growing season. Journal of Chemical Ecology 29, 2013–2021 (2003). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Rosen C. J., Allan D. L. & Luby J. J. Nitrogen form and solution pH influence growth and nutrition of two Vaccinium clones. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, 83–89 (1990). [Google Scholar]
  35. Whipps J. M. Microbial interactions and biocontrol in the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany 52,487–511 (2001). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Compant S., Duffy B., Nowak J., Clément C. & Barka E. A. Use of plant growth-promoting bacteria for biocontrol of plant diseases: principles, mechanisms of action, and future prospects. Applied & Environmental Microbiology 71, 4951–4959 (2005). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Xu J. et al. Study on the major and trace elements in soil of Yunnan farmland. Agricultural Science & Technology 15, 2141–2144 (2014). [Google Scholar]
  38. Bao S. D. Analysis of Soil Agrochemistry, 22–108 (China Agriculture Press, 2000). [Google Scholar]
  39. Hanba Y. T., Kogami H. & Terashima I. The effect of growth irradiance on leaf anatomy and photosynthesis in Acer species differing in light adaptation. Plant Cell & Environment 25, 1021–1030 (2002). [Google Scholar]
  40. Lichtenthaler H. K. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology 148, 350–382 (1987). [Google Scholar]
  41. Guan S. Y., Zhang D. & Zhang Z. Soil Enzyme and its Research Methods, 274–323 (China Agriculture Press, 1986). [Google Scholar]
  42. Menéndez R., Nauffal D. & Cremades M. J. Prognostic factors in restoration of pulmonary flow after submassive pulmonary embolism: a multiple regression analysis. European Respiratory Journal 11, 560–564 (1998). [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Xu C. H., Zhang H., Zhang L. & Kang Y. R. Factors influencing photosynthesis of three typical plant species in Beishan Mountain of Lanzhou based on path analysis. Chinese Journal of Ecology 34, 1289–1294 (2015). [Google Scholar]
  44. Moghaddam M., Ehdaie B. & Waines J. Genetic variation and interrelationships of agronomic characters in landraces of bread wheat from southeastern Iran. Euphytica 95, 361–369 (1997). [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Information
srep43284-s1.doc (53.5KB, doc)

Articles from Scientific Reports are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES