Measurement of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and macular thickness in anisometropia using spectral domain optical coherence tomography: a prospective study

Abstract

Purpose

To study whether there is a difference in central macular thickness (CMT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between the two eyes of individuals having anisometropia >1 diopter (D) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Material and methods

One hundred and one subjects, 31 with myopic anisometropia, 28 with astigmatic anisometropia, and 42 with hypermetropic anisometropia, were enrolled in the study. After informed consent, detailed ophthalmological examination was performed for every patient including cycloplegic refraction, best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp, and fundus examination. After routine ophthalmic examination peripapillary RNFL and CMT were measured using spectral domain OCT and the values of the two eyes were compared in the three types of anisometropia. Axial length was measured using an A Scan ultrasound biometer (Appa Scan-2000).

Results

The average age of subjects was 21.7±9.3 years. The mean anisometropia was 3.11±1.7 D in myopia; 2±0.99 D in astigmatism; and 3.68±1.85 D in hypermetropia. There was a statistically significant difference in axial length of the worse and better eye in both myopic and hypermetropic anisometropia (P=0.00). There was no significant difference between CMT of better and worse eyes in anisomyopia (P=0.79), anisohypermetropia (P=0.09), or anisoastigmatism (P=0.16). In anisohypermetropia only inferior quadrant RNFL was found to be significantly thicker (P=0.011) in eyes with greater refractive error.

Conclusion

There does not appear to be a significant difference in CMT and peripapillary RNFL thickness in anisomyopia and anisoastigmatism. However, in anisohypermetropia inferior quadrant RNFL was found to be significantly thicker.

Introduction

Anisometropia, an interocular difference in refraction, is an important condition in children as it can lead to significant visual problems including impaired stereopsis,¹ amblyopia,² and strabismus.³ Although there is no defined value, an interocular difference of 1 diopter (D) or more is accepted as the threshold for anisometropia by most authors.^4–6 Anisometropia is broadly characterized as myopic, hypermetropic, and astigmatic. It represents unequal eye growth or stretch within a visual system which has presumably received the same visual input. Examination of the two eyes from the same subject allows for greater control of confounding variables like genetic and environmental influences. Anisometropia is therefore of great use in refractive error research.

Ocular parameters in different types of anisometropia have been well studied in the past.^4–6 Prior studies have established correlation of anisomyopia and anisohypermetropia with axial length,^4,6 and that of anisoastigmatism with corneal curvature.⁵ Anisomyopia has also been correlated to vitreous chamber depth.^7,8 Some studies have also found a significant difference in corneal curvature and anterior chamber depth between fellow eyes in anisohypermetropia.^9,10 However retinal architecture in anisometropia is still widely unexplored.

With the recent advancement of optical coherence tomography (OCT), we can reliably measure the retinal structures. OCT allows us to perform an optical biopsy of tissues by taking advantage of the differential optical refraction properties of the tissues.¹¹ It is a noncontact, noninvasive easily reproducible method that uses only light. Most of the studies in the past have focused on differences in central macular thickness (CMT) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between fellow eyes in anisometropic amblyopia.^12–15 Some studies found increase in RNFL thickness or macular thickness in the amblyopic eyes,^14,16–19 while others did not observe any difference.^20–23 Therefore the changes in RNFL thickness and macular thickness even in refractive amblyopia are not well established. Moreover, anisometropia per se has not been extensively studied using OCT in the past. Whether the differences in ocular anatomy in anisometropia have impact on retinal architecture needs to be explored further.

This study was therefore conducted to evaluate whether there was a difference in foveal and peripapillary RNFL between the two eyes of individuals having anisometropia >1 D.

Materials and methods

This prospective cross sectional study was performed from November 2013 to April 2015 in the Department of Ophthalmology of the University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS). The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee-human research (IEC-HR/13) of UCMS. Written informed consent was obtained from all adult patients and the parents or legal guardians of all minor patients prior to enrollment, according to guidelines set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.

The study included 202 eyes of 101 subjects between 10–40 years of age having anisometropia of 1 D or more. After informed consent, a detailed ophthalmological examination was performed for every patient including cycloplegic refraction, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit lamp, and fundus examination. To induce pupil dilatation, one drop of tropicamide 0.8% was instilled three times, 10 minutes apart and auto refraction was performed. The mean of three successful measurements was taken for analysis. The cycloplegic spherical equivalent,²⁴ (spherical component + half cylinder component) was used to calculate refractive error. An interocular difference of 1 D or more in cycloplegic spherical equivalent was considered anisometropia. Amblyopia was defined as visual acuity of 20/30 or worse, or a difference of two or more lines on Snellen’s chart between better and worse eye.

Subjects with any of the following ocular pathology were excluded from the study: corneal opacity, cataract, nystagmus, history of previous ocular surgery, any retinal pathology, and those who were not sufficiently cooperative for ocular examinations. Children undergoing amblyopia treatment and using glasses for their refractive error were included in the study.

To assess BCVA, the patients were retested 3 days after cycloplegic refraction and Snellen acuity was measured. In order to calculate and compare visual acuity, Snellen acuity was converted to logMAR according to the conversion table mentioned by Holladay.²⁵

All OCT scans were performed using Cirrus high-definition OCT (model 4000, Version 6; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Dublin, CA, USA). All the scans were performed using fast macular thickness and fast optic disc protocol. OCT scans with signal strength <6 out of 10 units and artifacts were excluded. In the fast macular thickness protocol, 6 mm lines in a radial spoke pattern are obtained in a continuous automated sequence. Internal fixation was used for all scans. The CMT was measured for each subject. The CMT is defined as the central circle of 1 mm diameter in the macular image. Peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured using the fast RNFL thickness (3.4 mm diameter) scan. The scans were obtained in high speed mode with the automated real time features enabled. The central circle of the RNFL scan which is called “global” and the inferior, temporal, superior, and nasal thickness were used to calculate the difference between the worse and the better eyes. The average of three sets of measurements was calculated and recorded for each parameter. All the data were extracted from OCT software; no manual measurements were made. Axial length was measured using an A scan biometer (Appa Scan-2000).

Refractive state of the eye is known to induce errors in RNFL or macular thickness OCT measurements.^26,27 To compensate for magnification factors, a modified Littmann formula is commonly used in order to rescale RNFL or macular thickness measures.²⁸ The application of Littmann’s formula incorporates only axial length in determining the magnification factor of the eye.^28,29 Littmann’s formula was used to compensate for the effect of ocular magnification.

For each participant, the worse eye with greater refractive error was compared to the better eye via paired t-tests using IBM software with P<0.05 considered significant. Correlations between parameters were studied using the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression.

Results and observation

The average age of 101 subjects was 21.7±9.3 years (range 10–40 years). There were 59 females and 42 males; the participant characteristics are presented in Table 1. The male:female ratio was 2:3 in anisomyopic and anisohypermetropic subjects, however in astigmatic anisometropia there were more females (71.42%) compared to males (28.57%). All the subjects had anisometropia of 1 D or more with 31 subjects having anisomyopia, 42 anisohypermetropia, and 28 anisoastigmatism. The mean anisometropia was 3.11±1.7 D in myopia, 2±0.99 D in astigmatism and 3.68±1.85 D in hypermetropia. The distribution of amblyopic subjects in the three groups is presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Participant characteristics

Type of anisometropia	Mean age (years)	Males, n (%)	Females, n (%)	Amblyopic subjects, n (%)
Myopia (n=31)	20.09	14 (45.16)	17 (54.83)	11 (35.4)
Astigmatic (n=28)	23.75	8 (28.57)	20 (71.42)	18 (64.28)
Hypermetropia (n=42)	21.52	20 (47.61)	22 (52.38)	40 (95.23)

The mean BCVA (logMAR) of the better and worse eye in the three groups of anisometropia is shown in Table 2. The interocular acuity difference was significant in all groups (P<0.05). Anisohypermetropes had the worst visual acuity in the affected eye, when compared to anisomyopes and anisoastigmatic subjects.

Table 2.

Mean BCVA (logMAR) of the worse and the better eyes in different forms of anisometropia

Anisometropia	Mean BCVA worse eye (logMAR)	Mean BCVA fellow eye (logMAR)	Interocular acuity difference
Myopic	0.351±0.361	0.1137±0.190	0.237 (P=0.00)*
Astigmatic	0.341±0.238	0.040±0.091	0.301±0.246 (P=0.00)*
Hypermetropic	0.941±0.432	0.068±0.164	0.872±0.452 (P=0.00)*

Notes:

^*P-value <0.05 significant. Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: BCVA, best corrected visual acuity; logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution.

There was a statistically significant difference in axial length of the worse and better eye in both myopic and hypermetropic anisometropia (P=0.00) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Mean axial length of the worse and the better eye in different forms of anisometropia

Anisometropia	Mean AL worse eye (mm)	Mean AL better eye (mm)	Mean difference (mm)	P-value
Myopic	25.7±1.3	24.117±1.21	1.05±0.889	0.00*
Astigmatic	22.766±1.12	22.789±0.85	0.023±0.705	0.869
Hypermetropic	20.97±1.20	22.11±1.05	−1.14±0.89	0.00*

Notes:

^*P-value <0.05 significant. Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviation: AL, axial length.

The mean central macular thickness and the peripapillary RNFL thickness are illustrated in Table 4. We found no significant difference in mean central macular thickness and global peripapillary RNFL thickness in any group. However inferior quadrant RNFL thickness was found to be significantly thicker in anisohypermetropic subjects.

Table 4.

Comparison of CMT and RNFL thickness of the three types of anisometropia

Type of anisometropia	Variable	Worse eye	Better eye	P-value
Anisomyopia	CMT	231.93±33.36	233.0±24.47	0.79
	RNFL	80.5±13.08	85.87±8.46	0.079
	Superior RNFL	95.27±25.129	101.20±22.94	0.16
	Inferior RNFL	98.87±25.083	108.37±20.54	0.15
	Nasal RNFL	64.10±17.39	65.37±13.23	0.78
	Temporal RNFL	61.03±19.78	59.13±7.812	0.151
Anisoastigmatism	CMT	233±34.36	228±33.41	0.16
	RNFL	89.7±10.77	90.107±8.94	0.90
	Superior RNFL	108±14.97	102.75±20.04	0.18
	Inferior RNFL	110.21±15.88	115.85±13.95	0.2
	Nasal RNFL	71.07±11.94	69.178±13.85	0.8
	Temporal RNFL	68.3±21.3	66.03±13.8	0.20
Anisohypermetropia	CMT	232±45.85	224±27.64	0.09
	RNFL	90.02±12.181	89.97±11.14	0.98
	Superior RNFL	105.74±26.882	109.02±28.81	0.56
	Inferior RNFL	124±17.411	117±14.636	0.011*
	Nasal RNFL	71.81±13.969	70.07±15.256	0.8
	Temporal RNFL	62.57±17.796	61.64±13.449	0.82

Notes:

^*P-value >0.05 significant. Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: CMT, central macular thickness; RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer.

Discussion

With the recent advancement of OCT, retinal structures can be measured reliably. OCT has been extensively used in the past to study involvement of retina and optic nerve in anisometropic amblyopia.^12–15 The earlier studies have shown conflicting results. In most studies,^14,16–18 amblyopic eyes tended to have a thicker retina and/or RNFL. Yen et al¹⁴ measured RNFL thickness in patients with unilateral amblyopia (strabismic and refractive) and found no significant difference between the eyes of strabismic amblyopes; however, they found RNFL to be significantly thicker in refractive amblyopes. They postulated that amblyopic eyes have a thicker retina due to the arrest of the physiological postnatal ganglion cell reduction. Similar results were reported by Yoon et al,¹⁹ who also reported that RNFL was significantly thicker in patients with amblyopia. Bozkurt et al,²⁰ using a third-generation retinal nerve fiber analyzer, reported no significant difference in the RNFL thickness in amblyopic and fellow eyes. Altintas et al²¹ reported that the RNFL thickness was thicker in amblyopic eyes, but that the difference was not statistically significant. Similar results were reported by Kee et al,²² Repka et al,¹⁷ and Firat et al.²³ In contrast to these studies Yalcin and Balci³⁰ however, found significantly greater mean foveal thickness and similar RNFL thickness in hypermetropic amblyopes. In our study hypermetropic anisometropes had thicker global RNFL in the worse eye but the difference was not found to be statistically significant. Only inferior quadrant RNFL was found to be significantly thicker than the fellow eyes. We postulate that as per the ISNT rule (that normal eyes show a characteristic configuration of disc rim thickness of inferior≥ superior ≥ nasal ≥ temporal),³¹ the inferior neuroretinal rim is the thickest and hence we found a significantly greater difference in inferior quadrant RNFL thickness. Our study corroborates with studies of Yen et al,¹⁴ and Yoon et al,¹⁹ as the majority of our anisohypermetropic subjects (40 out of 42) were amblyopes and these authors found a thicker RNFL in amblyopic eyes in their studies.

In the present study OCT measurements in anisomyopic subjects showed a thinner peripapillary RNFL in the more myopic eyes however the difference was not found to be statistically significant. Our study corroborated with previous studies,^32–34 which have documented a thinner RNFL in myopic subjects. However, some studies have reported a significantly thinner RNFL in more myopic eyes;³⁵ our study did not find a significant difference.

Previous studies^36,37 on CMT in myopia have reported varying results. Jiang et al³⁷ found CMT to be significantly thinner in the more myopic eyes. However, according to Vincent et al³⁶ choroidal thickness and not retinal thickness is decreased in the more myopic eyes of anisomyopia as they found no significant difference in CMT but significant difference in choroidal thickness. Pathogenesis of myopia is multifactorial and complex. As myopia is contributed to by axial elongation, the elongation may cause mechanical stretching and thinning of the retina.³⁸ This implies that extent of elongation of globe would be related to retinal thinning. We speculate that since our study excluded high myope patients with some pathological retinal findings, there were no significant differences in CMT. Jiang et al³⁷ revealed that in people with myopic anisometropia, the more myopic eyes had a thinner parafoveal region than their fellow eyes while the foveal thickness was similar between two eyes. Parafoveal area may play a more important role than fovea. This was supported by a hypothesis that the decrease in peripheral retinal thickness may compensate for stretching force over the entire retina to preserve CMT in progression of myopia.³⁹

In anisoastigmatism and anisohypermetropia, the central macula was thicker in the affected eye; however, the difference was not statistically significant in our study. Though most of the studies on CMT have been done on anisomyopia and refractive amblyopia, the CMT in anisohypermetropia and anisoastigmatism has not been explored much. Demircan et al,¹⁰ reported similar observations on CMT in anisohypermetropic subjects. To the best of our knowledge there are no studies in the literature on CMT in anisoastigmatism.

Thus we conclude that the majority of previous studies have found conflicting results using OCT in anisomyopia and anisohypermetropic amblyopia. There is no single consensus about the relation of OCT parameters with anisometropia. We believe that our study makes an addition to the literature examining all the three types of anisometropia, especially astigmatic anisometropia. We did not find any significant difference between the CMT and RNFL of fellow eyes in any type of anisometropia, thus the difference in ocular anatomy in anisometropia does not seem to contribute to variation in retinal architecture; except in hypermetropic anisometropia where we found a significantly greater inferior quadrant RNFL thickness, which may have been because the majority of subjects were amblyopic in this group.

Our study was limited by the small number of subjects. Moreover we did not have a control group of normal children and adults. A similar population based study on a larger group of subjects is needed to establish more statistically powerful results. Correlation between different parameters, specially with corneal curvature in anisoastigmatism will further improve our understanding in this field. Histopathological confirmation of the findings is needed in the future to further support our findings.