Abstract
[Purpose] This study investigated changes in neck and upper trunk muscle activities according to the angle of movement of the neck in subjects with Forward Head Posture. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty subjects with forward head postures were recruited. The activities of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles, upper trapezius muscle, and middle trapezius muscle during flexion and extension were assessed. [Results] The activity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle showed significant differences between the 30° flexed position and the full range of motion position, and between the neutral position and the full ROM position. The activity of the middle trapezius muscle showed a significant reduction in the 30° extended position and the full ROM position as compared to the neutral position. [Conclusion] In the full flexed position, sternocleidomastoid muscle activity increased significantly, and during extension position, the middle trapezius muscle reduced its activities.
Key words: Forward head posture, Neck muscle activity, Upper trunk muscle activity
INTRODUCTION
The sedentary life style easily leads to a forward head posture (FHP), and the clinical expenses related to FHP has increased1). FHP is a poor habitual neck posture that induces biomechanical changes in the head and spinal columns2, 3). FHP is strongly associated with various symptoms such as neck muscle pain and fatigue, headaches, and less motilities of the neck1, 2, 4,5,6).
Many researchers have studied FHP and its relationships with the neck muscles because of its prevalence in musculoskeletal disorders of the head and neck1, 2, 4,5,6,7). However, to our knowledge, no research has reported on the neck and scapular stabilizer muscle activations according to various neck flexion and extension angles in subjects with FHPs. The previous study8) have only been studied in healthy individuals or have focused on either the neck muscles or scapular stabilizer muscles in a specific neck position7, 9,10,11).
Therefore, in this study, we investigated upper trunk and neck muscle activities according to the angle of neck flexion and extension in subjects with FHPs.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Twenty college students with FHPs were the subjects of this study. Lateral views of each subject were photographed to measure the craniovertebral angle, which was defined as the angle between the horizontal line running through the C7 spinous process and the line connecting the tragus of the external auditory meatus and the C7 spinous process. Subjects with angles less than 53° were considered to have FHPs10). In this study, a TELEMYO 2400 (Noraxon, USA) was used to measure the activities of the muscles surrounding the neck. The muscle activity was measured three times in each of three positions (the neutral position, an angle of 30°, and a full ROM) in both neck flexion and extension in accordance with the protocols of the previous study8). The electrodes were attached over the sternocleidomastoid muscle, splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles, upper trapezius muscle, and middle trapezius muscle8, 10). The purpose and procedures of this study were explained to all subjects, and they provided written informed consent prior to participation. This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.
The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. SPSS ver. 20.0 was used to analyze the data. A repeated measure ANOVA and a post hoc LSD test were conducted to determine muscle activity according to neck movement angles. Statistical significance was accepted at values of p<0.05.
RESULTS
In the present study, we observed changes in neck muscle activity according to neck position. There were significant differences in the muscle activities of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and middle trapezius muscle (p<0.05) (Table 1). The activity of the sternocleidomastoid muscles showed significant differences between the 30° flexed position and the full ROM position, and between the neutral position and the full ROM position (p<0.05). For the activity of the middle trapezius muscle, it showed a significant reduction in the 30° extended position and the full ROM position compared to the neutral position (p<0.05).
Table 1. Comparison of muscle activities according to the neck position.
| Muscle | Action | Neutral | 30-degree angle | Full ROM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sternocleidomastoid muscle (%MVIC) | Flexion | 4.71 ± 4.09 | 5.36 ± 4.58 | 7.28 ± 6.15 b |
| Extension | 6.72 ± 4.77 a | 9.45 ± 8.82 | ||
| Splenius capitis & Splenius cervicis (%MVIC) | Flexion | 13.37 ± 16.63 | 14.98 ± 18.67 | 14.65 ± 13.25 |
| Extension | 12.16 ± 14.57 | 13.14 ± 13.26 | ||
| Upper trapezius (%MVIC) | Flexion | 5.31 ± 5.00 | 5.42 ± 5.62 | 5.36 ± 5.29 |
| Extension | 5.32 ± 5.29 | 5.23 ± 4.93 | ||
| Middle trapezius (%MVIC) | Flexion | 11.75 ± 8.11 | 12.61 ± 9.15 | 12.51 ± 8.55 |
| Extension | 11.18 ± 7.89 a | 10.69 ± 7.76 a |
Values are expressed as mean ± SD. a p<0.05 vs. neutral; b p<0.05 vs. 30° flexion
DISCUSSION
This study investigated upper trunk and neck muscle activities according to the angle of neck flexion and extension. We compared three neck flexion positions: (1) neutral neck position, (2) 30° degree neck flexion (3), and maximum neck flexion. We also compared three neck extension positions: (1) neutral neck position (2) 30° neck extension, and (3) maximum neck extension. The results showed that the sternocleidomastoid muscle and middle trapezius muscle activities are different according to neck position.
The first finding of this study was that the activation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was greatest in the full flexed position, but there were no significant differences between the neutral and middle ranged neck flexion. Lee et al.8) reported that sternocleidomastoid muscle activities between the neutral and middle range neck flexion also have significant differences in healthy adults. They suggested that the mean data of activations of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neutral position demonstrated 3.34 ± 2.2, which was lower than we found in our study. Therefore, we assumed that higher activations of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neutral position in subjects with FHP would not be able to cause significant differences between the neutral and middle range neck flexed position. We also presumed that the muscle activities of the sternocleidomastoid muscle were significantly activated in the full flexed position in subjects with FHPs. Cheng et al.7) reported that sternocleidomastoid muscle activities are significantly increased with the increasing flexion and extension angles, which is similar to the trends found in our study.
Moreover, we found that greater neck extension angles showed less muscle activation in the middle trapezius. A previous study9) reported that the activation of the middle trapezius increased significantly in the slouched sitting posture compared to the erect one. Furthermore, Gaffney et al.11) reported that scapular adduction was coupled with cervical extension. Therefore, we estimate that the middle trapezius is reduced in cervical extension because it may lead to scapular adduction.
The limitations of this study were that we did not measure the neck and scapular motion. Thus, we were not able to determine the relationships between scapular movements and neck motions, which could affect the upper trunk and neck muscle activities. However, the results of this study could provide fundamental data for understanding neck and scapular muscle activation in head flexed and extended positions in subjects with FHPs, which are commonly performed in daily life.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Youngsan University Research Grants in 2016.
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