ABSTRACT
Pseudomonas fluorescens ML11A, isolated from brook charr, showed a strong in vitro inhibitory effect against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, a bacterial fish pathogen. Its genome harbors gene clusters for siderophore and bacteriocin biosynthesis and shares 99% whole-genome identity with P. fluorescens A506, a biological control strain used in agriculture.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is an opportunistic pathogen of farmed salmonid fish with acute episodes resulting in fatal septicemia (1). An increasing number of strains of this bacterium are resistant to multiple antibiotics (2–5). Alternative control and prevention strategies are needed to limit the propagation of antimicrobial resistance (6). Since the host microbiota plays a major role in mitigating colonization and invasion by pathogens (7, 8), administering beneficial bacteria from the microbiota to susceptible hosts appears to be a promising solution against furunculosis, as proven in other host–pathogen combinations (9–12).
A bacterial strain, ML11A, was recovered from brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) skin mucus (Pisciculture de la Jacques-Cartier Inc., Cap-Santé, QC, Canada). This strain was initially identified as Pseudomonas sp. based on 16S rRNA homology with P. azotoformans (13). Pseudomonas sp. ML11A showed a strong in vitro diffusible inhibitory effect against 10 A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strains from North America and Europe. To further investigate the biological safety of Pseudomonas sp. ML11A for future use in fish farms and its mechanism of action against A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, its genome was sequenced.
Whole-genome shotgun paired-end libraries (2 × 300 bp) were prepared with a KAPA Hyper Prep Kit (Kapa Biosystems, Wilmington, MA, USA) and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq sequencer (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Sequence reads were quality-filtered, trimmed, and de novo assembled with the A5 pipeline (14). A total of 75 contigs were generated with an average coverage of 22.6-fold. The average contig size was 88,741 bp, and the N50 contig size was 176,212 bp. The size of the assembled genome is 6,655,593 bp with a G+C content of 59.5%, within range of known values for Pseudomonas genomes (15).
Pseudomonas sp. ML11A was subsequently identified as P. fluorescens on the basis of 99.2% shared average nucleotide identity (16) with P. fluorescens A506 (17), a strain approved in the United States and Canada as a biocontrol agent against fire blight of apple and pear (Erwinia amylovora) (18). The draft genome of P. fluorescens ML11A was annotated using the RAST annotation server (http://rast.nmpdr.org) and the NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/annotation_prok). It contains 6,054 protein-coding genes, 15 rRNA genes, and 64 tRNA genes. Of all the protein-coding genes, 51% were assigned to 547 SEED subsystems, among which putatively active gene clusters for antibacterial compounds such as colicin V (19) and siderophore pyoverdine (20) were found.
Accession number(s).
This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession number MRXZ00000000. The version described in this paper is the first version, MRXZ01000000.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Martin Llewellyn for the isolation of P. fluorescens ML11A and the Plate-forme d’Analyses Génomiques (Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada). This study is supported by an NSERC Discovery grant (to N.D.) and an Innovamer grant from the Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêches et de l’Alimentation du Québec (to N.D. and S.J.C.). S.J.C. is a research scholar of the Fonds de Recherche du Québec–Santé (FRQS).
Footnotes
Citation Gauthier J, Charette SJ, Derome N. 2017. Draft genome sequence of Pseudomonas fluorescens ML11A, an endogenous strain from brook charr with antagonistic properties against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Genome Announc 5:e01716-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01716-16.
REFERENCES
- 1.Cipriano RC, Bullock GL. 2001. Furunculosis and other diseases caused by Aeromonas salmonicida. Fish disease eaflet 66; U.S. Geological Survey. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Trudel MV, Vincent AT, Attéré SA, Labbé M, Derome N, Culley AI, Charette SJ. 2016. Diversity of antibiotic-resistance genes in Canadian isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: dominance of pSN254b and discovery of pAsa8. Sci Rep 6:35617. doi: 10.1038/srep35617. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Vincent AT, Trudel MV, Paquet VE, Boyle B, Tanaka KH, Dallaire-Dufresne S, Daher RK, Frenette M, Derome N, Charette SJ. 2014. Detection of variants of the pRAS3, pAB5S9, and pSN254 plasmids in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: multidrug resistance, interspecies exchanges, and plasmid reshaping. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:7367–7374. doi: 10.1128/AAC.03730-14. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Vincent AT, Emond-Rheault JG, Barbeau X, Attéré SA, Frenette M, Lagüe P, Charette SJ. 2016. Antibiotic resistance due to an unusual ColE1-type replicon plasmid in Aeromonas salmonicida. Microbiology 162:942–953. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Tanaka KH, Vincent AT, Trudel MV, Paquet VE, Frenette M, Charette SJ. 2016. The mosaic architecture of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida pAsa4 plasmid and its consequences on antibiotic resistance. PeerJ 4:e2595. doi: 10.7717/peerj.2595. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.WHO 2014. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz-Quezada S, Gómez-Llorente C, Gil A. 2012. Probiotic mechanisms of action. Ann Nutr Metab 61:160–174. doi: 10.1159/000342079. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Stecher B, Maier L, Hardt WD. 2013. 'Blooming’ in the gut: how dysbiosis might contribute to pathogen evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:277–284. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2989. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Boutin S, Bernatchez L, Audet C, Derôme N. 2012. Antagonistic effect of indigenous skin bacteria of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) against Flavobacterium columnare and F. psychrophilum. Vet Microbiol 155:355–361. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Boutin S, Audet C, Derome N. 2013. Probiotic treatment by indigenous bacteria decreases mortality without disturbing the natural microbiota of Salvelinus fontinalis. Can J Microbiol 59:662–670. doi: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Goulden EF, Hall MR, Pereg LL, Høj L. 2012. Identification of an antagonistic probiotic combination protecting ornate spiny lobster (Panulirus ornatus) larvae against Vibrio owensii infection. PLoS One 7:e39667. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039667. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Schubiger CB, Orfe LH, Sudheesh PS, Cain KD, Shah DH, Call DR. 2015. Entericidin is required for a probiotic treatment (Enterobacter sp. strain C6-6) to protect trout from cold-water disease challenge. Appl Environ Microbiol 81:658–665. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02965-14. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Anzai Y, Kim H, Park JY, Wakabayashi H, Oyaizu H. 2000. Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50:1563–1589. doi: 10.1099/00207713-50-4-1563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Tritt A, Eisen JA, Facciotti MT, Darling AE. 2012. An integrated pipeline for de novo assembly of microbial genomes. PLoS One 7:e42304. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042304. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Silby MW, Winstanley C, Godfrey SAC, Levy SB, Jackson RW. 2011. Pseudomonas genomes: diverse and adaptable. FEMS Microbiol Rev 35:652–680. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00269.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Konstantinidis KT, Tiedje JM. 2005. Genomic insights that advance the species definition for prokaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:2567–2572. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409727102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Stockwell VO, Johnson KB, Sugar D, Loper JE. 2010. Control of fire blight by Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 and Pantoea vagans C9-1 applied as single strains and mixed inocula. Phytopathology 100:1330–1339. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-03-10-0097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Health Canada - Pest Management Regulatory Agency 2011. ARCHIVED - Proposed Registration Decision PRD2011-18, Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain A506. http://hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pest/part/consultations/_prd2011-18/prd2011-18-eng.php#a11. [Google Scholar]
- 19.Cascales E, Buchanan SK, Duché D, Kleanthous C, Lloubès R, Postle K, Riley M, Slatin S, Cavard D. 2007. Colicin biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 71:158–229. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00036-06. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Schalk IJ, Guillon L. 2013. Pyoverdine biosynthesis and secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: implications for metal homeostasis. Environ Microbiol 15:1661–1673. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.12013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]